2016武汉市高考英语阅读理解和书面表达一轮练习（12）及答案

　　阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Decision- making under Stress

　　A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative(负面的) consequences of a decision.

　　The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.

　　“Stress affects how people learn, ”says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress. ”

　　For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images (影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.

　　This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress—at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also less easily recalled.

　　The research also found that stress appears to affect decision- making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.

　　Men who had been stressed by the cold- water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk- taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better; when caution weighs more, however, women will win.

　　This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.

　　1. We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to　.　

　　A. keep rewards better in their memory

　　B. recall consequences more effortlessly

　　C. make risky decisions more frequently

　　D. learn a subject more effectively

　　2. According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their　.　

　　A. ways of making choices　B. preference for pleasure　

　　C. tolerance of punishmentsD. responses to suggestions

　　3. The research has proved that in a stressful situation,　.　

　　A. women find it easier to fall into certain habits

　　B. men have a greater tendency to slow down

　　C. women focus more on outcomes

　　D. men are more likely to take risks

　　【参考答案】　1—3、AAD

　　阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。

　　(2017·太原市二模，C)

　　Facebook has been tricking people into using its socalled “fun, free service”.

　　Users, however, are actually paying an unconscious high price—the leak of their personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages.

　　Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they're paying for Facebook because people don't really know what their personal data is worth.

　　The biggest problem is that the company keeps changing the rules. Early on, you could keep

　　everything private. That was the great thing about Facebook—you could create your own little

　　private network. Last year, the company changed its privacy rules so that many things—your

　　city, your photo, your friends' names—were set to be shared with everyone on the Internet.

　　According to Facebook's vicepresident Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to

　　improve its service, and if people don't share information, they have a “less satisfying experience”．

　　Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money.

　　Its original

　　business model, which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the pages, was a total

　　failure. Who wants to look at ads when they're online connecting with their friends?

　　The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington.

　　In April,

　　Senator Charles Sehumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy.

　　He also urged the

　　Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for socialnetworking sites.

　　Whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it's only the beginning, and that is

　　why I'm considering closing my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I'm upset by the idea that

　　my information is in the hands of people I don't trust. That's too high a price to pay.

　　文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。Facebook是一个世界上很受欢迎的免费社交网站，然而其用户的个人信息却在不知不觉中被运营商出卖并滥用。本文对此进行了讨论。

　　12．According to the passage, the majority of Facebook users are unconscious that Facebook ________.

　　A．makes big financial gain by selling their personal data

　　B．makes its free service possible by selling ad space

　　C．profits by sending targeted messages

　　D．profits by offering personal information to its users

　　答案：A　细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二、三句“Users, however, are actually paying an unconscious high price—the leak of their personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their

　　data to advertisers...”可知，A项正确。

　　13．What can be learned from the passage?

　　A．Facebook rule changes are indeed meant for the good of users.

　　B．With its trick exposed, Facebook will see its users reduced sharply.

　　C．The original business model did not bring Facebook the desired benefits.

　　D．Few Facebook users care about the leak of their personal information.

　　答案：C　推理判断题。根据文章第五段第二句“Its original business model, which involved selling ads and putting them at the side of the pages, was a total failure.”可推知，C项正确。

　　14．Which of the following is true according to the last two paragraphs?

　　A．The writer and Senator Schumer disagree sharply on this issue.

　　B．Facebook's privacy policy has the support of the government.

　　C．Socialnetworking sites like Facebook are under strict state control.

　　D．Senator Schumer is not satisfied with Facebook's privacy policy.

　　答案：D　推理判断题。根据文章第六段第一句“The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington.”和倒数第二段中Senator Charles Schumer的呼吁可推知，D项正确。

　　15．Why does the author plan to close his Facebook account?

　　A．To escape Facebook's membership fee.

　　B．To avoid his personal data being abused.

　　C．To protect the safety of his bank account.

　　D．To support Senator Schumer's call.

　　答案：B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段倒数第二句“... but I'm upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don't trust”可推知，B项正确。

　　阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。

　　(2017·长沙市二模，B)

　　These days, there are very few wild animals left

　　in the UK. The wolves have gone. The bears have been hunted to extinction.

　　Fortunately, there are a few badgers (獾)—Oh, well, actually, not for long as the British government has just decided to kill them too! But why?

　　Badgers are fascinating creatures.

　　The black and white mammals live underground in “setts”， which they dig out of the earth. They are extremely brave, fighting off larger animals such as bears and wolves.

　　The problem is that some badgers carry “Bovine Tuberculosis”(BTB), an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Bovis (M. Bovis) which can cause TB in some other animals, including cattle.

　　For farmers, this is a serious issue. In 1998 in the UK, almost 6 000 cows were killed to control the disease. And in 2010, more than 30 000 animals were destroyed. It's expensive too. Bovine TB costs the UK about ￡100 million per year. And some believe that the disease could end up costing the economy ￡9 billion over the next 40 years if nothing is done about it.

　　Experts say that badgers are responsible for about 50% of the infected cattle.

　　So, after much debate, the government has agreed to a badger cull (杀戮). This will mean about 30 000 of the innocent creatures will be wiped out to fight the disease.

　　Environment Secretary Caroline Spelman admitted that there was

　　“great strength of feeling”

　　about it, but said, “I believe this is the right way forward.”

　　Of course, many are against the measure, including conservationists and animal rights activists. They claim that killing the badgers in controlled zones wouldn't work because badgers from neighboring areas would simply move into the empty setts and become infected too. Furthermore, they believe that the way cattle are raised intensively, and transported around to lots of different farms during their lives is probably the biggest cause of the spread of the disease.

　　Most ordinary people are against the measure too. A survey suggests about twothirds are against killing the badgers, with majorities against killing them regardless of age, region and gender. One of the alternatives to the cull involves using vaccine (疫苗) on badgers. However, this costs an average of ￡2 250 per year per square kilometer. Trapping and shooting badgers costs ￡2 500 per year, but shooting freerunning badgers only costs about ￡200 per year (per square kilometer)．

　　So, with that in mind, it's easy to see how the government arrived at their decision. Money talks!

　　文章大意：本文是一篇资讯报道。在英国，一些獾身上携带TB病菌，这种病菌会传播给牲畜，从而给农民带来巨大的损失。政府不顾多数人的反对，决定采取行动来杀掉獾，因为对他们来说，这样做的代价相对来说较低。

　　16．Why does the government want to kill the badgers?

　　A．Because there is no other choice to cut the spread of the disease.

　　B．Because badgers carry TB, a disease which can infect other animals.

　　C．Because they almost wiped out an entire population of cattle.

　　D．Because it might be an effective way to fight TB at the least expense.

　　答案：D　细节理解题。根据文章第二段中第四句“The problem is that some badgers carry ‘Bovine Tuberculosis’ (BTB)．..”及倒数第二段最后一句“... shooting freerunning badgers only costs about ￡200 per year (per square kilometer)．”可知，杀死獾可能是以最低价来对抗TB传播的有效办法。故答案选D。

　　17．Which of the following statements is TRUE?

　　A．Some people object to culling because it costs much more to trap and shoot badgers.

　　B．In the following four decades, ￡9 billion will be spent on TB.

　　C．Based on the survey, people of different age groups, regions and both genders are against

　　killing the badgers.

　　D．Caroline Spelman thought badgers should be culled despite people's strong reaction.

　　答案：C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第二句“A survey suggests about twothirds are against killing the badgers, with majorities against killing them regardless of age, region and gender.”可知，一项调查表明来自不同年龄、地区和性别的人，大多数都反对屠杀獾。故答案选C。

　　18．Who is strongly for killing the badgers according the passage?

　　A．The government.

　　B．Most ordinary people.

　　C．Conservationists.

　　D．Animal rights activists.

　　答案：A　细节理解题。根据文章第四、五、六段及文章最后一段中“it's easy to see how the government arrived at their decision. Money talks！”可知，政府对屠杀獾是非常支持的，因为这样做的代价最低。故答案选A。

　　19．What is the author's attitude toward government's decision?

　　A．Supportive.

　　B．Critical.

　　C．Objective.

　　D．Unconcerned.

　　答案：B　推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句中“actually, not for long as the British government has just decided to kill them too！”及最后一段“So, with that in mind, it's easy to see how the government arrived at their decision. Money talks！”可知，政府不顾多数人的反对，只考虑钱的问题。从中可以看出，作者对政府的决定是持批评态度。故答案选B。

　　20．Which is the best title for the passage?

　　A．The Control of TB

　　B．The Voice of the Badgers

　　C．Badger Danger

　　D．The Threat of the Badgers

　　答案：C　标题概括题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲了英国政府不顾人们的反对，已经决定杀死獾，从而使獾处于危险之中。因此，短文的最佳标题应是Badger Danger。故答案选C。

　　【深圳市2017高考英语综合能力测试题（1）】

　　基础写作（共1小题，满分15分）

　　你接受了一项写作任务，要为英语校报写一篇中国载人宇宙飞船“神舟号”的简介。

　　【写作内容】

　　请根据以下信息，写一篇关于“中国载人宇宙飞船辉煌10年”的简讯。

　　时间 成功发射 航天员 标志性成就与突破

　　2003年10月1 5日 神州五号 杨利伟 世界第三个载人进太空的国

　　家 中国第一艘载人飞船

　　2003-2017年 三艘载人飞船 7男1女 中国航天科技迅速发展 各自圆满完成任务

　　2017年6月11日 神州十号 聂海胜、张晓光、王亚平（中国第二位女航天 员） 王亚平完成多项科学实验，进行了中国首次太空授课

　　目

　　的 为将来探索月球、火星做好准备

　　【写作要求】

　　1．只能使用5个句子表达全部内容；

　　2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。

　　【评分标准】

　　句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。

　　【参考范文】基础写作 (One possible version)

　　The last decade has witnessed the rapid development and splendid achievements in China’s manned spacecrafts to prepare for the exploration of the moon and Mars in the future. On October 15, 2003, Shenzhou V, China’s first manned spacecraft was launched into space with China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei, which made China the third country to send man to space independently. Since then, another three manned spacecrafts have sent 7 men and 1 woman astronauts into space, accomplishing their own tasks successfully with rapid development in science and technology. Most proudly, Shenzhou X took off carrying a crew of three astronauts: Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping on 11 June, 2017. During this voyage, Wang Yaping, China’s second female astronaut, successfully conducted some scientific experiments and delivered China’s first space lecture to Chinese students by live television broadcasts.

　　【深圳市2017高考英语综合能力测试题（1）】

　　读写任务（共l小题，满分25分）

　　阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

　　Benefits of honesty

　　Sarah Darling met a homeless man called Billy Ray Harris and gave him her purse, with all her change in it. It was not until the next morning she realized that she had left her diamond ring in the purse. To her surprise, when she and her husband Bill Krejci found Billy, Billy immediately returned the ring. The grateful couple paid him back for his honesty by emptying out their pockets.

　　However, Bill Krejci, a web designer, felt that he needed to do something more for this honest man. He set up a special page for him on money- raising site "Give Forward" with a goal of raising $1,000 in 90 days. In just four days, the donations rose to over $85,000.

　　That was not all. Because of all the media coverage, Billy reunited with his elder brother, Edwin Harris who he had not met for 27 years. The two talked for 45 minutes on the phone and Edwin was planning to take Billy to his home in Lubbock, Texas.

　　All this good fortune came just because Billy did the right thing - He returned something that did not belong to him. Honesty is surely the best policy!

　　【写作内容】

　　1．以约30个词概括短文的内容；

　　2．以约120个词就“因诚实而得到的收获”发表你的看法。内容包括：

　　(1)简述你对Billy Ray Harris事例的理解或看法：

　　(2)记述一次你（或你的朋友）“诚实待友”的经历：

　　(3)你对“诚实待友”的建议或方法。

　　【写作要求】

　　1．在作文中可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；

　　2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。

　　【评分标准】

　　概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。

　　__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　【参考范文】读写任务 (One possible version)

　　The passage is a story about honesty. Billy Ray Harris was given many donations after he honestly returned a diamond ring to Sarah Darling. Moreover, he got the opportunity to reunite with his long-lost brother.

　　　I appreciate Billy Ray Harris very much. His honesty touched Sarah Darling and her husband as well as the whole society. The donations offered to him have proved that “one good turn deserves another”.

　　　As far as honesty is concerned, I have had an unforgettable story to tell. About ten years ago, my friend Susan brought a beautiful pen, which I loved so much that I stole it. That night, I was filled with regrets. After struggling for the whole night, I decided to tell her the truth. I was much surprised that Susan was not angry at me. So I have understood that honesty can clear misunderstanding and promote friendship.

　　　As a matter of fact, we should be honest with our friends, because only in this way can we win their trust.