2017届高三英语一轮语法专项学案：第11节 特殊句式

　　第十一节　特殊句式

　　(对应学生用书第269页)

　　考点一　倒装

　　1．全部倒装

　　(1)表示地点、方位或时间的副词或介词短语，如here，there，then，up，down，in，out，away，off，in the room，on the wall等置于句首，且主语是名词时。

　　At the foot of the mountain lies a village.

　　山脚下有一个村庄。

　　(2)表语置于句首，为保持句子平衡，或以示强调，或使上下文衔接需倒装。

　　Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授，还有许多其他客人。

　　2．部分倒装

　　(1)only所修饰的词、短语或从句位于句首作状语时。

　　Only then did he realize the importance of English.只是在那时他才意识到英语的重要性。

　　Only in this way can we learn English well.

　　只有这样我们才能学好英语。

　　Only when he came back did we find out the truth.只有当他回来时，我们才能查明事实真相。

　　【点津】　当only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。

　　Only you can solve the problem.

　　只有你能解决这个问题。

　　(2)含有否定意义的副词或短语如never，seldom，little，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，not until等位于句首时。

　　Never before have I seen such a moving film.

　　我以前从未看过这么感人的影片。

　　At no time should you give up studying.

　　在任何时候你都不应放弃学习。

　　(3)so/neither/nor置于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时。

　　They love having lots of friends, so do those with disabilities.

　　他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。

　　I don't know who he is, and nor does she.

　　我不知道他是谁，她也不知道。

　　【点津】　so表示“是的，确实”时，重复上文，表示赞同对方的观点时，主谓语不倒装。

　　—He works very hard. 他工作很努力。

　　—So he does. 他确实努力。

　　(4)so...that中的so位于句首时。

　　So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.

　　他说话声音这么大，楼上都听得见。

　　(5)though/as引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管”，通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前；若表语是名词，其前不用冠词。

　　Much as I like it, I don't want to buy it.

　　尽管我很喜欢它，但我不想买。

　　Try as he would, he might fail again.

　　尽管他还会尝试，但可能还会失败。

　　(6)当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或should等时，如将if省略，则要将had，were或should等移到主语之前。

　　Were I you, I would take his advice.

　　如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。

　　Should it rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off.

　　如果明天下雨，运动会就会被推迟。

　　考点二　强调

　　1．强调句型的基本形式为It is/was ＋ 被强调部分＋that/who＋ 其他成分。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。当强调部分为“人”时，可用that或who，其他情况下用that。

　　It was our English teacher that/who I met at the school gate.

　　我在校门口遇见的是我们的英语老师。

　　It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.

　　汤姆是在公园丢了他的手表。

　　【点津】　要注意强调时间的句型与时间状语从句的区别。

　　①It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.我昨天半夜才回到家。

　　②It was midnight when I got back home yesterday.昨天我回到家时，已是半夜了。

　　2．强调句型的疑问句形式

　　(1)一般疑问句：Is/Was it ＋ 被强调部分＋ that/who＋其他成分？

　　Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English?

　　是王教授教你们英语吗？

　　(2)特殊疑问句：疑问词＋ is/was it that ＋ 其他成分？

　　What is it that you want me to do?

　　你到底要我干什么？

　　3．“not ...until...”的强调句型为“It is/was not until...that从句．”。

　　It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.直到第二天，我才得知事情的真相。

　　4．谓语动词的强调

　　强调句型不能强调谓语，如果要强调谓语，需用助动词do，does或did。

　　He did write to you last week.

　　他上周确实给你写信了。

　　Do be careful when you cross the street.

　　过街时务必要小心。

　　考点三　省略

　　1．状语从句的省略

　　(1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句中有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。

　　While (I was) in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.在北京时，我游览了长城。

　　Though (it was) cold, he still wore a shirt.

　　尽管冷，他仍穿着件衬衫。

　　(2)常见if的省略句有：if so，if not，if any，if ever，if necessary等。

　　Errors，if any, should be corrected.

　　如果有什么错误，就应该改正。

　　2．不定式的省略

　　单独使用动词不定式符号to而省略to后的部分。

　　I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to(see the film)．我想请他看电影，但他不想去。

　　—Will you join us in the game?

　　你愿意加入我们的游戏吗？

　　—I'd be glad to. 我很高兴能加入。

　　【点津】　如果不定式中含有be，have时，be和have通常保留。

　　—Are you a sailor? 你是水手吗？

　　—No, but I used to be.不，但我曾经是。

　　考点四　主谓一致

　　1．就近原则

　　(1)由or，either... or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

　　Neither the teacher nor his students know how to work out the problem.

　　老师和他的学生们都解不出那道题。

　　Not only you but also I am interested in the book.

　　不光是你，我也喜欢这本书。

　　【点津】　当主语后面有with，together with，along with，as well as，rather than，but，except等连接的短语时，其谓语动词的单复数要与它们前面的主语保持一致。

　　Tom as well as his friends is anxious to visit China.汤姆和他的朋友们都渴望访问中国。

　　(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

　　There is a pencil and two pens in the pencil－box.

　　在文具盒内有一支铅笔和两只钢笔。

　　2．常见谓语动词用单数的情况

　　(1)由连词连接的并列成分指的是同一概念作主语时用单数。

　　The worker and writer is from Wuhan.

　　那位工人兼作家来自武汉。

　　(2)当被every，each，no，many a等修饰的名词用and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。

　　Each boy and each girl wants to look nice.

　　每个男孩和女孩都希望长得好看。

　　(3)不定式、动名词或句子作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。

　　To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是一个好习惯。

　　What we need is more time.

　　我们需要的是更多的时间。

　　(4)主语为表示时间、距离、金钱等整体概念的名词时用单数。

　　Ten miles is not a long way for me.

　　二十英里对我来说不算太远。

　　3．常见谓语动词用复数的情况

　　(1)由and连接的两个并列成分表示不同的概念。

　　Both bread and butter are sold out.

　　面包和黄油都卖完了。

　　(2)people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词作主语。

　　The police are searching for a thief.

　　警察正在捉小偷。

　　(3)“the ＋ 形容词”表示一类人时。

　　The old are taken good care of in our country.

　　在我们国家，老年人得到了很好的照顾。

　　(4)“quantities/amounts of ＋ 名词”作主语时。

　　Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain.

　　雨水把大量的泥沙冲下山坡。

　　4．谓语动词单复数视情况而定

　　(1)单复数同形的名词如means，works，sheep，fish，deer等作主语时，要根据具体情况而定。

　　Every means has been tried.＝All means have been tried.所有的方法都已经试过了。

　　(2)“分数/百分数或the rest等＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词要和of后的名词在数上保持一致。

　　Two thirds of the books are about science.

　　有三分之二的书是关于科学的。

　　Only 60% of the work was done yesterday.

　　昨天只干了60%的活儿。

　　(3)由“a kind of，many kinds of＋名词”和“名词＋of this kind”等，以及type，sort等构成的同类型短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前面的名词保持数的一致。

　　This kind of animals is dangerous. ＝ Animals of this kind are dangerous. 这种动物很危险。

　　考点五　反意疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和there be

　　结构

　　1．反意疑问句的主要考点

　　(1)一般情况下，陈述部分肯定，反意疑问句否定，反之亦然。

　　He has passed the exam, hasn't he?

　　(2)当陈述部分有seldom，hardly，scarcely，never，few，little等否定或半否定词时，反意疑问句用肯定形式。

　　He could hardly walk without a stick，could he?

　　没有拐杖他几乎不能走路，是吗？

　　(3)当陈述部分的主句谓语动词为think，believe，suppose，expect等，且主句主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致；主句的主语为第二、三人称时，后面的疑问句与主句的主语、谓语一致。

　　I don't believe he will succeed，will he?

　　我认为他不会成功，是吗？

　　Tom doesn't believe they will succeed, does he?

　　汤姆不相信他们能成功，对吗？

　　(4)祈使句的反意疑问句

　　①肯定祈使句，＋ will/won't you?

　　Open the door，will/won't you? 把门打开，好吗？

　　②否定祈使句，＋will you?

　　Don't smoke in the meeting－room，will you?

　　不要在会议室吸烟，好吗？

　　③Let's ...，＋ shall we?

　　Let's go for a walk，shall we? 我们去散步，好吗？

　　④Let us...，＋ will/won't you?

　　Let us go home now，will/won't you?

　　(你)让我们回家，好吗？

　　(5)must，may，can't等表示推测时，其反意疑问句不是根据情态动词变化，而是根据去掉情态动词之后的实意动词的形式而变化。

　　He must be in the room，isn't he?

　　他一定在屋里，是吗？

　　He can't have seen the film, has he?

　　他不可能看过这部影片，是吗？

　　2．祈使句的主要考点

　　(1)带主语的祈使句

　　①为了加强语气或明确表明向谁提出命令或要求，需加主语“you”。

　　Tom, you water the flowers. 汤姆，你去浇花。

　　②祈使句的主语除了you外，还可用everybody，everyone等。

　　Be quiet, everyone. 大家请安静。

　　(2)重要句式：“祈使句＋ and/or ＋ 陈述句”。

　　Work hard and you'll succeed.

　　努力工作，你就会成功。

　　3．感叹句的形式

　　①What＋(a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

　　②How＋形容词＋a/an＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

　　③How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！

　　What a hot day it is！多么热的天气呀！

　　How fast he runs！他跑得多么快呀！

　　4．there be结构

　　(1)there be结构的谓语形式

　　there be结构中的谓语动词可用seem to be，happen to be或remain，stand，lie，exist，live等转换。

　　There seems to be a misunderstanding between us.

　　我们之间好像有些误会。

　　There lies a small town at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一个小镇。

　　(2)there be结构的非谓语形式

　　there be的非谓语动词形式主要有两种there to be和there being。

　　We expect there to be more discussion about this.

　　我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。

　　I never dreamed of there being any good chance for me.我做梦也没想到我会有好机会。

　　(对应学生用书第272页)

　　Ⅰ.请改正下列句子中的错误，每句一处错误

　　1．Nowhere else you will find so many contented people.

　　2．No sooner we had got there than it became dark.

　　3．East of our city lie a very beautiful lake with a very moving story.

　　4．Not only I am interested in photography，but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.

　　5．Only when the teacher came back we found out the truth.

　　【答案】　1.you will→will you　2.we had→had we

　　3．lie→lies　4.I am→am I　5.we found out→did we find out

　　Ⅱ.补充下列反意疑问句

　　1．You must have watched the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games last night，________________？

　　2．Please don't forget to wear your new school uniform tomorrow，________________？

　　3．He said that he would come to my graduation ceremony，________________？

　　4．Let us go for a picnic the day after tomorrow，________________？

　　5．You used to sleep with the windows open，________________？

　　【答案】　1.didn't you　2.will you　3.didn't he

　　4．will you　5.usedn't/didn't you

　　Ⅲ.句型转换

　　1．I got back home alone at midnight yesterday.

　　It was ________________ got back home alone at midnight yesterday.

　　2．He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock.

　　It ________________________________ that he ________ to bed.

　　3．Unless we are asked，we'd better keep silent.

　　________________，we'd better keep silent.

　　4．The villagers found a great many dead fish in that lake.

　　It was ________________________________ the villagers found a great many dead fish.

　　5．If you practise hard，you will deliver a successful speech next month.

　　________________，and you will deliver a successful speech next month.

　　6．The questions the students asked were quite puzzling.

　　________________ the questions the students asked were!

　　7．I didn't want to see the film，and Lin Tao didn't want to see the film，either.

　　I didn't want to see the film，________________Lin Tao.

　　8．He was determined to carry out the plan，no matter what the cost was.

　　He was determined to carry out the plan，________________________．

　　9．Get up early tomorrow.If you don't get up early，you will miss the first bus.

　　Get up early tomorrow，________________，you will miss the first bus.

　　10．When I was walking in the street，I heard my name called again and again.

　　________________ in the street，I heard my name called again and again.

　　【答案】　1.I that/who　2.wasn't until ten o'clock；went　3.Unless asked　4.in that lake that

　　5．Practise hard　6.How puzzling　7.neither/nor did　8.whatever that cost　9.if not　10.When walking

　　Ⅳ.根据汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子

　　1．直到我们观看了地球日的电视节目，我们才了解了大量关于全球变暖的问题。

　　Not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV ________________________ much about global warming.(learn)

　　2．他们昨天晚上一定熬夜到很晚，不是吗？

　　They must have stayed up too late last night，________________？(they)

　　3．只有到家时他才能打开朋友送给他的礼物。

　　Only when he arrived at his house ________________________________________ give by his friend.(open)

　　4．你绝对不应该在父母面前撒谎。

　　By no means ________________________________ before your parents.(tell)

　　5．要是你过去工作努力的话，你现在就不会这么焦虑了。

　　________________________ hard，you would not be so anxious now.(work)

　　6．除非你有必要，你最好别乱用零花钱。

　　________________，you'd better not waste your money on other things.(necessary)

　　7．是他的坚持不懈和诚实吸引了我。

　　________________________________________ that appeal to me.(it)

　　8．尽管很累，他还是继续做手中的活。

　　________________________________，he still continued doing his work at hand.(as)

　　9．听说他没有拐杖也能走路了，是吗？

　　I heard that he could walk without using a stick，________________？

　　10．已经两天没有水了，这些游客们口渴得很厉害。

　　________________________ no water for two days，and the travellers were all very thirsty.(there)

　　【答案】　1.did we learn　2.didn't they　3.could he open the present　4.should you tell lies　5.Had you worked

　　6．Unless necessary　7.It's his perseverance and honesty

　　8．Tired as he was　9.couldn't he　10.There had been