2017年高考英语语法复习专题巧突破 第一部分 专项专讲：三大从句（含2017试题）

　　板块三　句法集释

　　三大从句

　　从句可分为定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句，它们是中学阶段的重要语法项目，其引导词的选择既是高考必考点，又是同学们学习与复习的一大难点。

　　定语从句是形容词性从句，相当于形容词的用法，其功能是修饰先行词，对其性质、特征进行描述，先行词在定语从句中一般充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。状语从句是副词性从句，相当于副词的用法，其功能是在复合句中作状语。根据状语从句的含义，状语从句一般可以充当时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，一般在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。

　　2011～2017课标区高考考点统计 考情解读

　　年份数量考点 2017 2017 2011 合计 三大从句的考查历年都是高考的重点，关联词的选择是高考的主要考点，定语从句中对which的考查，宾语从句中对what和that的考查，以及对让步、时间和条件状语从句的考查是重中之重。

　　定语从句 16 15 15 46

　　状语从句 12 17 15 44

　　名词性从句主语从句6 7 4 17 40

　　宾语从句 4 5 4 13

　　同位语从句 0 4 3 7

　　表语从句 1 0 2 3

　　定语从句中which的考查

　　1．(2017·江苏高考)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

　　A．whereB．which

　　C．what

　　D．when

　　解析：选B　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，“________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood”为定语从句，先行词是passion，且空处在从句中作宾语，因此选which。

　　2．(2017·安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017, ________ made one of the Chinese people's long­held dreams come true.

　　A．it

　　B．that

　　C．what

　　D．which

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。句意：莫言获得了2017年诺贝尔文学奖，这使得中国人民很久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句。it和what不能引导定语从句，可排除；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。

　　which既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，高考中的考查重点是which在非限制性定语从句中的应用。which引导非限制性定语从句时，常代指整个主句。

　　We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government, will succeed.

　　我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。

　　定语从句中where的考查

　　1．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________ I would

　　be staying.

　　A．what

　　B．when

　　C．where

　　D．which

　　解析：选C　考查定语从句。句意：当我到达时，布莱恩带我去看了我即将居住的房子。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where来引导。

　　2．(2017·江西高考)He wrote a letter ________ he explained what had happened in the accident.

　　A．what

　　B．which

　　C．where

　　D．how

　　解析：选C　考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中他解释了在那起事故中发生了什么。分析句子成分可知，空处引导定语从句，a letter是先行词，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。where在这里相当于in which。

　　3．(2017·重庆高考)Sales director is a position ________ communication ability is just as important as sales.

　　A．which

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句。position是先行词，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。

　　where引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语，主要有以下两种情况：

　　(1)表示具体的地点

　　Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.(2010·福建高考)

　　史蒂芬·霍金认为，地球可能不是唯一有生命进化的行星。

　　(2)表示模糊的地点和抽象意义的地点(常见的先行词有race, job, activity, case, situation, point, position, stage, degree等)，但这些词在从句中作主语或宾语时用that/which。

　　They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.(作状语)

　　他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

　　Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.(作宾语)

　　记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。 名词性从句中what的考查

　　1．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Police have found ________ appears to be the lost ancient statue.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．how

　　D．what

　　解析：选D　考查名词性从句。句意：警察找到的东西似乎是那尊丢失的古代雕像。分析句子成分可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用what。

　　2．(2017·北京高考)________ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.

　　A．That

　　B．What

　　C．Who

　　D．Which

　　解析：选B　考查主语从句。句意：让这本书如此非凡的是作者创造性的想象力。所填词引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，故选B。

　　what引导名词性从句时表示“所有……的事物/东西，凡是……的事物”，充当从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。

　　①The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of what others actually understand.(what在从句中作宾语)(2011·上海高考)

　　你想用语言所传达的信息可能与他人所理解的恰恰相反。

　　②Making mistakes is a part of life. What matters is what you do afterwards.

　　犯错误是在所难免的。重要的是你事后如何去应对。

　　名词性从句中that的考查

　　1．(2017·山东高考)It's good to know ________ the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.

　　A．what

　　B．whose

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　解析：选D　考查宾语从句。句意：得知我们离开时狗会得到很好的照顾真高兴。分析句子成分可知，所填词引导宾语从句，而且在从句中不作任何句子成分，故选D。

　　2．(2017·北京高考)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________ he could have expressed it differently.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．that

　　D．whether

　　解析：选C　 考查宾语从句。句意：Jerry不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达。that he could have expressed it differently是由that引导的宾语从句，作felt的宾语。that在从句中不作成分。

　　that引导名词性从句时，没有词义，不作句子的任何成分，只起连接词的作用。

　　Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. (2017·北京高考)

　　专家认为可以通过只有需要食物时才购物这一方法减少食物的浪费。

　　名词性从句中whether的考查

　　1．(2017·陕西高考)It remains to be seen ________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．whether

　　解析：选D　考查主语从句。句意：这个新形成的委员会的政策能否实施还有待观察。分析句子结构可知，It作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的从句“________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”；再根据句意来判断，此处表示“是否”的意思。故选D。

　　2．(2017·安徽高考)The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but________ he reaches these limits will

　　depend on his environment.

　　A．where

　　B．whether

　　C．that

　　D．why

　　解析：选B　考查主语从句的引导词。句意：一个人的智力极限，通常来说，出生时就已经定型了，但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他的生活环境。根据“depend on”可知，主语从句“ ________ he reaches these limits”中含有不确定因素，故用whether，选B。

　　whether为连词，在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否”。

　　It doesn't matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.(2017·山东高考)

　　在这家商店，你是用现金还是信用卡支付都没有关系。

　　让步状语从句的考查

　　1．(2017·江苏高考)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, ________ it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.

　　A．whatever

　　B．whoever

　　C．wherever

　　D．whichever

　　解析：选C　考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，“________ it is discovered”为状语从句，空处在从句中作地点状语，因此选wherever“无论在哪里”，引导让步状语从句。

　　2．(2017·辽宁高考)One can always manage to do more things, no matter ________ full one's schedule is in life.

　　A．how

　　B．what

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　解析：选A　考查状语从句。句意：一个人不论他生活中的日程有多么满，总是能设法做更多的事情。空后面的full是形容词，所以应该用how修饰，no matter how引导让步状语从句。

　　3．(2017·四川高考)He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son ________ he wants to.

　　A．even if

　　B．as if

　　C．because

　　D．before

　　解析：选A　考查状语从句。句意：他很忙。即使他想陪他的儿子也没有足够的时间。even if引导让步状语从句；as if引导方式状语从句；because引导原因状语从句；before引导时间状语从句。

　　4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I don't believe we've met before，________ I must say you do look familiar.

　　A．therefore

　　B．although

　　C．since

　　D．unless

　　解析：选B　考查连词。句意：虽然我必须要说你看起来很眼熟，但我不相信我们之前见过。前后两分句间为转折关系，故选although (虽然，尽管)。

　　让步状语从句的常用连词有 although, though, even if, even though, as (从句需要倒装), while (一般置于句首), no matter ＋疑问词， 疑问词＋­ever。

　　①While I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A．(2017·湖南高考)

　　尽管我一直觉得自己能通过考试，但是我从未想到会得A。

　　②However serious a problem you may have, you should gather your courage to face the challenge.(2010·上海高考)

　　不论你的问题有多严重，你都应该鼓起勇气，接受挑战。 时间状语从句的考查

　　1．(2017·安徽高考)It's much easier to make friends ________ you have similar interests.

　　A．unless

　　B．when

　　C．even though

　　D．so

　　that

　　解析：选B　考查状语从句的连接词。句意：当你们有相似的兴趣爱好时，你们会更容易成为朋友。本题需要根据句意和前后两个句子之间的逻辑关系来判断使用哪个关联词。unless“除非”，表示条件；when表示时间，有时也表示条件；even though“即使”，表示让步；so that“以便，因此”，表示目的或结果。

　　2．(2011·四川高考)As is reported, it is 100 years______Qinghua University was founded.

　　A．when

　　B．before

　　C．after

　　D．since

　　解析：选D　考查状语从句。since conj. “自……以来，从……以后”，引导时间状语从句。句意：据报道，自清华大学建立以来已有一百年了。It is＋一段时间＋since从句表示“自从……以来已有多长时间了”。

　　解析：选D　

　　1．when引导时间状语从句，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作。when构成的相关句型如下：

　　Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)

　　汤姆正要关窗户，这时他的注意力被一只鸟吸引住了。

　　2．下列结构表示“一……就……”：

　　as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner ...than ..., hardly/scarcely ...when ...

　　①The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming.

　　我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。

　　②He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.(2011·辽宁高考)

　　＝ No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.

　　他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。

　　3．before

　　(1)表示“还未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……就……”。

　　The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.(2010·福建高考)

　　小女孩还没来得及按门铃，门就突然开了，并且她的朋友冲出来问候她。

　　(2)It was＋一段时间＋before ...“过了多久才……”

　　It will be＋一段时间＋before ...“再过多久之后才……”。

　　It will be half a year before I come back.

　　还得再过半年我才能回来。

　　条件状语从句的考查

　　1．(2017·江西高考)She says that she'll have to close the shop ________ business improves.

　　A．if

　　B．unless

　　C．after

　　D．when

　　解析：选B　考查状语从句。句意：她说她将不得不关掉商店，除非生意好转。根据句意可知选B项。

　　2．(2017·重庆高考)________ we have enough evidence, we can't win the case.

　　A．Once

　　B．As long as

　　C．Unless

　　D．Since

　　解析：选C　考查状语从句。句意：除非有足够的证据，否则我们就不能胜诉。unless“除非”；once“一旦”；as long as“只要”；since“既然”。根据句意可知C项正确。

　　3．(2017·江苏高考)One's life has value ________ one brings value to the life of others.

　　A．so that

　　B．no matter how

　　C．as long as

　　D．except that

　　解析：选C　考查连词。句意：只要一个人给别人的生活带来价值，那么他的生命就有价值。as long as意为“只要”，符合句意。so that意为“以便，结果”；no matter how意为“不管怎样”；except that意为“除了……”。

　　条件状语从句的常用连词有if, unless, as/so long as(只要), only if(位于句首主句要倒装), in case, on condition that等。

　　Once they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures.(2010·北京高考)

　　学生一旦决定上哪所大学，他们就应该了解一下入学手续。

　　1．(2017·昆明市高三一模)Mr.Green is a man with rich experience, ________， obviously, makes others respect him.

　　A．what

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．who

　　解析：选C　考查定语从句。句意：格林先生是一个有着丰富经验的人，这很明显会使他受到别人的尊敬。此处引导词引导非限制性定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词为 rich experience，故选C。

　　2．(2017·宝鸡市高三二模)He came to a point ________ there was no more road to follow, and before him he could see nothing but a thick forest.

　　A．where

　　B．what

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　解析：选A　考查定语从句。句意：他到达了一个地方，那里没有什么路可走，在他面前只有浓密的森林。point后为定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用where。

　　3．(2017·郑州市高三二模)—What do you think of the new iPhone 5 your mother bought for you?

　　—Wonderful! That's exactly ________ I wanted.

　　A．why

　　B．which

　　C．that

　　D．what

　　解析：选D　考查表语从句。句意：“你认为你的母亲给你买的iPhone 5如何？”“好极了！那就是我想要的。”此处引导词引导表语从句且在从句中作宾语，故用what。

　　4．(2017·四川绵阳市高三二模)There is no doubt ________ those working hard can pass the exam easily.

　　A．whether

　　B．if

　　C．that

　　D．what

　　解析：选C　考查同位语从句。句意：毫无疑问，那些努力学习的人会很容易就通过考试。There is no doubt that ...为固定句式，其中that引导的从句作doubt的同位语。

　　5．(2017·淄博市高三二模) ________ a new library is to be built has not been decided yet, because the project will cost a lot of money.

　　A．That

　　B．Whether

　　C．Where

　　D．How

　　解析：选B　考查主语从句。句意：新的图书馆是否修建还未确定下来，因为这项工程要花费大量金钱。此处用whether引导主语从句，表示“是否”。

　　6．(2017·哈六中考前适应性训练)________ the activities might seem childish, in reality they require a lot of strength and determination.

　　A．When

　　B．As

　　C．While

　　D．Once

　　解析：选C　句意：尽管这些活动可能看起来有些孩子气，但是事实上他们需要很多力量和毅力。此处用while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。

　　7．(2017·西安市西北工业大学考前模拟)Susan came to the party yesterday, but it was already half past eight ________ she turned up.

　　A．that

　　B．before

　　C．until

　　D．when

　　解析：选D　句意：苏珊昨天来参加了宴会，但她出现时已经8点半了。此处由when引导时间状语从句。

　　8．(2017·成都七中考前模拟)You may join the other kids in the summer camp ________ you promise to make full use of it.

　　A．as long as

　　B．as if

　　C．even if

　　D．even though

　　解析：选A　句意：只要你保证充分利用夏令营，就可以和其他孩子们一起参加。此处用as long as引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”。

　　9．(2017·北京市三十九中考前适应性训练)The question ________ you should take this medicine should be decided by your family doctor.

　　A．why

　　B．whether

　　C．if

　　D．that

　　解析：选B　句意：你是否应该服用这种药应该由你的家庭医生来决定。此处用whether引导同位语从句，表示“是否”。

　　10．(2017·宁夏银川一中高三二模)I was buried in reading Pride and Prejudice the whole day. It's ages ________ I enjoyed myself so much.

　　A．after

　　B．before

　　C．when

　　D．since

　　解析：选D　句意：我整天都在读《傲慢与偏见》，我已经有好几年没有这么快乐了。此处由since引导时间状语从句，根据句意选D。

　　定语从句与同位语从句的比较

　　(2017·江苏高考)The notice came around two in the afternoon________ the meeting would be postponed.

　　A．when

　　B．that

　　C．whether

　　D．how

　　解析：选B　考查同位语从句。分析句子成分可知，“________ the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，解释说明notice的具体内容，从句句意完整，且不缺少成分，所以用that引导。

　　判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。试比较：

　　The notice that meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句)

　　→The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.

　　The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句) 定语从句与状语从句的比较

　　1．(2017·北京高考)Many countries are now setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected.

　　A．when

　　B．which

　　C．whose

　　D．where

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。句意：许多国家现在正在建立国家公园，动植物可以在这里得到保护。where animals and plants can be

　　protected是定语从句，修饰先行词national parks，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。

　　2．(2017·天津高考)Everything was placed exactly ________ he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.

　　A．while

　　B．when

　　C．where

　　．though

　　解析：选C　考查状语从句。句意：在毕业典礼上，一切东西都放在他想放的位置。此处where引导地点状语从句。

　　当涉及“地点”时，判断是定语从句还是状语从句的依据：看句中是否有先行词。试比较：

　　Please make a mark where you don't understand while reading.(地点状语从句)

　　②Please make a mark in the place where you don't understand while reading.(定语从句，在句中作定语修饰先行词the place)

　　定语从句与并列句的比较

　　(2017·重庆高考)John invited about 40 people to

　　his wedding, most of ________ are family members.

　　A．them

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．whom

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。句意：约翰邀请了大约四十个人参加他的婚礼，其中大部分是家庭成员。该定语从句的先行词指人，且“most of ________”在从句中充当主语，空处位于介词后，故用关系代词whom引导。

　　区分定语从句与并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和连接词。如果句与句之间有并列连词and，but或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面内容的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。试比较：

　　①She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.(定语从句)

　　②She brought with her three friends, and none of them I had ever met before.(并列句)

　　定语从句与强调句的比较

　　1．(2017·重庆高考)It was with the help of the local guide ________ the mountain climber was rescued.

　　A．who

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．how

　　解析：选B　考查强调句。句意：在当地导游的帮助下，这个登山运动员才得以获救。强调句的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ...

　　2．(2009·福建高考)It's helpful to put children in a situation________they can see themselves differently.

　　A．that

　　B．when

　　C．which

　　D．where

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。先行词为situation，condition，state，point，case等时，且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语，此时常用where引导定语从句。

　　区分是定语从句还是强调句，看从句中是否缺少句子成分，如果去掉it is/was和that/who，结构仍完整，则为强调句，反之，则为定语从句。试比较：

　　①It was in the hospital that he came across a friend of his.(强调句)

　　②It was the hospital where he came across a friend of his.(定语从句)

　　此外，高考时常将定语从句与省略、强调结合起来在具体语境中进行考查，所以，我们在解题时不能只考虑语法，还应注意实际交际功能。如：

　　—Where did you get to know her?

　　—It was on the farm where we worked.

　　完整的答语应为：It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.

　　定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的比较

　　1．(2017·四川高考)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________ they live.

　　A．what

　　B．which

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。句意：现在人们更加关心他们所居住的环境。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为environment，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where。

　　2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)That evening, ________ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．when

　　解析：选B　考查定语从句。句意：那天晚上，我工作到很晚，我以后会告诉你更多相关的情况。which I will tell you more about later是非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作about的宾语，代指that evening。

　　关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

　　注意：先行词是地点名词时，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词时，关系词不一定用when；先行词是reason时，关系词不一定用why。试比较：

　　①This is the factory where I worked last year.

　　This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.

　　②I will never forget the day when I worked with them.

　　I will never forget the day (that/which) I spent with them.

　　③This is the reason why he was absent from school.

　　This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school.

　　以上例句中visit，spend和explain为及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导。

　　定语从句中which与as的比较

　　1．(2017·山东高考)There is no simple answer, ________ is often the case in science.

　　A．as

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　解析：选A　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该题为非限制性定语从句，所填词在从句中作主语。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，where和when不能作主语，所以选as。

　　2．(2017·天津高考)We have launched another man­made satellite, ________ is announced in today's newspaper.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．who

　　D．what

　　解析：选B　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：今天的报纸报道了我们发射了另外一颗人造卫星。此处which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，在定语从句中作主语。

　　which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别

　　which as

　　位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后

　　搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember, guess, hope等

　　句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”

　　①The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.(2017·福建高考)

　　正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。

　　②After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision.(2010·四川高考)

　　大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。

　　定语从句中who, whom与whose的比较

　　1．(2017·湖南高考)Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A．whom

　　B．who

　　C．what

　　D．which

　　解析：选B　考查定语从句。句意：幸福和成功往往降临到那些善于意识到自己优点的人的身上。先行词是those，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who引导定语从句，故答案为B。

　　2．(2017·浙江高考)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ________， for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.

　　A．which

　　B．who

　　C．where

　　D．whom

　　解析：选B　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，定语从句的先行词是a painter，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应该用关系代词who。

　　3．(2011·新课标全国卷)The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．whose

　　D．what

　　解析：选C　考查定语从句。句意：这个奖项会颁给作品最富有想象力的那位作家。此处whose引导的限制性定语从句修饰先行词the writer，表所属关系。故选C。that和which为关系代词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语；what不能引导定语从句。

　　who在引导的定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语，其中who也可以代替whom作宾语，但who不能位于介词后；who与whom只能指人，whose既可指人又可指物。试比较：

　　①He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.

　　②Do you know the man who(m) Mr. Black talked with just now?

　　Do you know the man with whom Mr. Black talked just now?

　　③We live in the room, whose window faces the south.

　　名词性从句中what与that的比较

　　1．(2017·四川高考)________ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.

　　A．When

　　B．How

　　C．What

　　D．That

　　解析：选C　考查名词性从句。句意：你在会上所说的话描述了公司的光明前景。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故用what。

　　2．(2017·江西高考)It suddenly occurred to him ________ he had left his keys in the office.

　　A．whether

　　B．where

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　解析：选D　考查连词。It occurs/occurred to sb. that ...是固定句型，表示“某人突然想起……”。it是形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。

　　that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何含义；what引导名词性从句时，在从句中要充当一定的句子成分。试比较：

　　①What he considered a great proposal was turned down by the boss at the meeting.(what在从句中作宾语)

　　他认为一个很好的提议在会议上被老板否决了。

　　②That Putin visited China led to the closer relationship between the two countries.(that不作任何成分)

　　普京访问中国让两国之间的关系更加密切。

　　名词性从句中whether与if的比较

　　(2017·天津高考)It doesn't matter ________ you turn right or left at the crossing — both roads lead to the park.

　　A．whether

　　B．how

　　C．if

　　D．when

　　解析：选A　考查名词性从句。句意：在十字路口无论你向右转还是向左转都没关系，两条路都通向公园。句中的It是形式主语，whether引导主语从句。whether ... or ...意为“是……还是……，不管……还是……”。

　　whether和if在宾语从句中经常可以互换，但与or或or not连用时只能用whether，从句作介词宾语时只能用whether。在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般用whether不用if。试比较：

　　①I wonder whether/if you would like to join us in the outing this weekend.

　　②I have no idea whether he will come to help us.

　　③Whether you can come or not makes a difference.

　　名词性从句中whichever与whoever及whatever的比较

　　1．(2017·江西高考)________ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.

　　A．Whoever

　　B．Whatever

　　C．Whichever

　　D．Wherever

　　解析：选C　考查主语从句。句意：你们中任何一人打破窗户都必须赔偿。根据题干中的one of you可知，此空要用whichever修饰one，指“你们中的任何一个人”。

　　2．(2017·陕西高考)As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ________ suits you best.

　　A．whatever

　　B．whichever

　　C．whenever

　　D．wherever

　　解析：选B　考查宾语从句。句意：提供给你五门功课，你可以自由选择最适合于你的课程。宾语从句中缺少主语，故排除C、D两项。因为前面已提出有五门课程，是有固定范围的，故用whichever。whatever是没有范围的，不符合题意。

　　3．(2017·辽宁高考)The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ________ he could find about Mark Twain.

　　A．wherever

　　B．however

　　C．whatever

　　D．whichever

　　解析：选C　句意：这位新来的人前几天进入一家图书馆搜寻他能找到的有关马克·吐温的东西。此处为介词for后面的宾语从句，且从句中缺少及物动词find的宾语。whichever侧重在已知项中进行选择，不合句意。故C项正确。

　　whoever与whatever表泛指，意为“无论谁”，“无论什么”；whichever表示在特定范围内选择，意为“无论……的哪一个/哪一些”。试比较：

　　①We have plenty of books. You may take whichever you like.

　　It's generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.

　　②Whichever of them gains the most points wins the competition.

　　Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.

　　名词性从句中who与whoever的比较

　　(2017·福建高考)We promise ________ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.

　　A．who

　　B．whom

　　C．whoever

　　D．whomever

　　解析：选C　考查连接代词。句意：我们承诺给参加聚会的人一个同电影明星照相的机会。此处考查宾语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故排除B、D两项。whoever 相当于anyone who，强调任何一个人，故选C。

　　who在名词性从句中表示“谁”；whoever相当于anyone who或those who。试比较：

　　①Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

　　②Who broke the glass is still unknown.

　　名词性从句中why与because的比较

　　(2017·安徽高考)From space, the earth looks blue. This is ________ about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．because

　　D．whether

　　解析：选C　考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为它表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。此处考查的是表语从句的引导词，主要涉及because和why引导表语从句时的区别。分析前后两句之间的逻辑关系可知，此处为“前果后因”，应用because，故选C。

　　why引导名词性从句时意思是“为什么”，可引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或同位语从句；because意思是“因为”，只引导表语从句。试比较：

　　①He was late. That's because he was stuck in the traffic jam.

　　②He was stuck in the traffic jam. That's why he was late.

　　让步状语从句中as与although的比较

　　1．(2017·陕西高考)Hot ________ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

　　A．although

　　B．as

　　C．while

　　D．however

　　解析：选B　考查倒装句。句意：尽管夜间的空气很热，但我们睡得很沉，因为长途旅行之后，我们太累了。as引导让步状语从句时，从句用倒装语序，其结构为：名词/形容词/副词/动词＋as＋主语＋谓语动词。although与while也可以引导让步状语从句，但它们不能用倒装语序。

　　2．(2011·天津高考)______ regular exercise is very important, it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

　　A．If

　　B．As

　　C．Although

　　D．Unless

　　解析：选C　考查连词。句意：尽管有规律的锻炼是很重要的，但是在临近就寝的时候进行锻炼绝不是一个好主意。根据句意可知，此处是一个让步状语从句，故用 although 引导。

　　although引导的让步状语从句为正常语序，而as引导的让步状语从句需倒装。试比较：

　　①Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam.

　　②Hard as he worked, he failed in the exam.

　　时间状语从句中since与before的比较

　　1．(2017·陕西高考)I have heard a lot of good things about you ________ I came back from abroad.

　　A．since

　　B．until

　　C．before

　　D．when

　　解析：选A　考查连词的用法。句意：自从我从国外回来，我就听说了很多关于你的好事。since“自从”，引导时间状语从句，符合语境。

　　2．(2017·湖南高考)You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason ________ you reach any decision.

　　A．although

　　B．before

　　C．because

　　D．unless

　　解析：选B　考查时间状语从句。句意：做任何决定之前你都要顾及自己的情感和理智。此处用before引导时间状语从句。“顾及自己的情感和理智”与“做任何决定”是一种先后关系，前者在后者之前，因此用before。

　　since引导时间状语从句表示“自从……以来”，主句常用完成时；before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还未来得及……就……”等，常构成句式：It was some time before ...，It will be some time before ...等。试比较：

　　①He hung up before I could explain what had happened.

　　②It is/has been three years since he came to work in our school.

　　③It will be two weeks before they finish the work.

　　1．(2017·济南市一模)The Voice of China has set up a stage ________ some people can achieve their dreams.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．that

　　D．when

　　解析：选B　句意：《中国好声音》建起了一个舞台，在这里一些人可以实现他们的梦想。此处由where引导定语从句且在从句中作地点状语。

　　2．(2017·哈六中考前模拟)Would you be kind enough to help the boy ________ Chinese is really hard to learn?

　　A．who

　　B．whose

　　C．for whom

　　D．which

　　解析：选C　句意：你能帮助这个男孩吗？对他来说汉语真的很难学。此处用for whom引导定语从句，表示“对这个男孩来说”。

　　3．(2017·潍坊市高三二模)We should always bear in mind ________ many traffic accidents arise from drunk driving.

　　A．what

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．whether

　　解析：选B　句意：我们应该牢记，很多事故都是由酒后驾驶造成的。此处由that引导bear的宾语从句，that在从句中不作成分。

　　4．(2017·重庆一中高三二模)________ the city's public school system should be open to the children of migrant workers has become the focus of discussion.

　　A．That

　　B．What

　　C．Whether

　　D．If

　　解析：选C　句意：这个城市的公共教育系统是否应该向打工者的子女开放成为讨论的焦点。此处由whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，if表示“是否”时不能位于句首。

　　5．(2017·德州市一模)—Is the new job a real challenge for him?

　　—Well, ________ difficulties he meets, I believe he will never lose heart.

　　A．whenever

　　B．however

　　C．whichever

　　D．whatever

　　解析：选D　句意：“这个新工作对他来说是一个挑战吗？”“无论他遇到什么困难，我相信他都不会失去信心。”此处用whatever引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”，而whichever意为“无论哪一个”。

　　6．(2017·洛阳市高三二模)The notice says ________ you are, you must show your tickets to enter the exhibition.

　　A．whoever

　　B．who

　　C．however

　　D．whom

　　解析：选A　句意：告示上说，无论你是谁，都必须出示票之后才能进展览馆。此处whoever相当于no matter who引导让步状语从句，意为“无论谁”。

　　7．(2017·昆明市高三二模)The reason for his absence yesterday was ________ he did have something to do.

　　A．what

　　B．that

　　C．why

　　D．because

　　解析：选B　句意：他昨天缺席的原因是他确实有事要做。考查the reason ... was that ...意为“……的原因是……”，注意，前面有reason时，不能用because作表语。

　　8．(2017·成都七中考前模拟)The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time ________ we meet them again.

　　A．after

　　B．before

　　C．since

　　D．when

　　解析：选B　句意：这方面的研究要花费琼和保罗5个月的时间。要过很长时间我们才能再见到他们。before此处意为：过一段时间之后才……。

　　“介词＋定语从句”中介词的选择及其后关系词的选择

　　1．(2011·江西高考)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ______had taken more

　　than three years.

　　A．for whichB．with which

　　C．of which

　　D．to which

　　解析：选C　句意：她带着游客参观这座博物馆——花了三年多才建成的建筑。 the construction of(……的建筑)，which指代 the museum。

　　2．(2017·天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ________ help I would never have got this far.

　　A．who

　　B．whose

　　C．whom

　　D．which

　　解析：选B　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。

　　3．(2009·陕西高考)Gun control is a subject________Americans have argued for a long time.

　　A．of which

　　B．with which

　　C．about which

　　D．into which

　　解析：选C　考查定语从句。argue about sth.“对……展开争论”，由此可知C项正确。

　　1．介词后的关系代词主要有which，whom和 whose。

　　2．在“介词＋定语从句”中，介词的选择常常依据下面三点：

　　(1)根据语境选介词

　　(2)根据谓语部分的搭配选介词

　　(3)根据先行词选介词

　　In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.

　　在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。(to与从句谓语动词构成搭配turn to“求助于”)

　　②Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(＝ whose price) was very reasonable.

　　最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。

　　分隔式从句

　　1．(2017·江苏高考)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.

　　A．which

　　B．who

　　C．where

　　D．what

　　解析：选B　考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，“________

　　urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词who。

　　2．(2017·重庆高考)Evidence has been found through years of study ________ children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．whether

　　D．that

　　解析：选D　考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后面的部分是解释说明evidence的内容的，是evidence的同位语从句，从句中不缺任何成分，故选连词that。

　　3．(2011·天津高考)The days are gone______ physical

　　strength was all you needed to make a living.

　　A．when

　　B．that

　　C．where

　　D．which

　　解析：选A　考查定语从句。句意：体力是谋生所需的一切的日子已消逝了。根据句意可知此处是when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The days，且when在从句中作时间状语，故选A项。

　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时为了行文的需要，先行词与定语从句直接也会被同位语、状语、谓语等成分分开，解决这类题目的关键是把分隔部分去掉，并能够正确查找先行词。同位语从句也有类似情况，且数量更多。

　　①I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.(定语从句和先行词被in my school隔开)(2010·湖南高考)

　　我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。

　　②When the news came that the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.(同位语从句与中心词news被came隔开)(2011·辽宁高考)

　　当战争的消息传来时，他决定参军。

　　从句中句子的语序

　　1．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)“You can't judge a book by its cover，” ________.

　　A．as the saying goes old

　　B．goes as the old saying

　　C．as the old saying goes

　　D．goes as old the saying

　　解析：选C　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：正如古语所说，“你不能以貌取人”。此处as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。

　　2．(2011·辽宁高考)No matter how________， it is not necessarily lifeless.

　　A．a desert may be dry　B．dry a desert may be

　　C．may a desert be dry

　　D．dry may a desert be

　　解析：选B　考查句子语序。句意：无论沙漠多么干，它并不一定没有生命存在。首先，how 后面紧跟的应是其修饰的形容词dry，故排除A、C两项；此外，此处要用陈述句语序，故B项正确。

　　从句一般采用陈述语序，引导词及其修饰词置于从句句首，但注意有些时候要用倒装语序，如as/though引导的让步状语从句。

　　What worries me most is that he is always changing his mind.

　　最让我担忧的是他总是改变他的想法。

　　1．(2017·兰州市高三二模)In the company, there are 150 members, ________ one third are female.

　　A．in whom

　　B．in them

　　C．of whom

　　D．of them

　　解析：选C　句意：这个公司有150名员工，其中三分之一是女性。表示“……的”用of；介词后用whom引导定语从句。

　　2．(2017·开封市高三二模)My mother has two brothers, both of ________ graduating from Beijing University.

　　A．whom

　　B．them

　　C．which

　　D．who

　　解析：选A　句意：我母亲有两个弟弟，都毕业于北京大学。此处为定语从句，排除B项；which不能指人，也应排除；who不能直接用于介词后，故答案为A。

　　3．(2017·烟台市一模)A good advertisement often uses words ________ people attach positive meanings.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．with which D．to which

　　解析：选D　句意：一个好的广告经常使用一些被人们赋予积极意义的词汇。attach ... to ...意为“把……依附于……”，故选D。

　　确定是否为三大从句

　　1．(2017·浙江高考)The children, ________ had played the whole day long, were worn out.

　　A．all of what　B．all of which

　　C．all of them

　　D．all of whom

　　解析：选D　考查定语从句。句中定语从句的先行词是the children，此处关系词在定语从句中作宾语，故应该用关系代词whom，故选D项。

　　2．(2017·山东高考)Maria has written two novels, both of ________ have been made into television series.

　　A．them

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．what

　　解析：选C　考查“介词＋which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句中的先行词是two novels，而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则both前需要有并列连词and或者是独立主格结构(both of them made into ...)。

　　有时学生容易混淆定语从句与并列句，以至于无法判断是用人称代词还是关联词，解题的关键是看题干中的横线前有无and。试比较：

　　①They live in a small house, in front of which stands an orange tree.(定语从句)

　　They live in a small house, and in front of it stands an orange tree.(并列句)

　　②The team is made up of 20 scientists, most of whom are from China.(定语从句)

　　The team is made up of 20 scientists, and most of them are from China.(并列句)

　　确定是何种从句

　　1．(2017·陕西高考)________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.

　　A．It

　　B．That

　　C．What

　　D．As

　　解析：选D　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：对于孩子来说经常会有这样的情况发生，当医生到达时，Amy(比之前)好多了。根据句意并分析句子成分可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个句子，又因为在句首，所以要用as引导该定语从句，as在从句中作主语。

　　2．(2017·重庆高考)________ struck me most in the movie was the father's

　　deep love for

　　his son.

　　A．That

　　B．It

　　C．What

　　D．Which

　　解析：选C　考查主语从句。句意：这部电影最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。“________ struck me most in the movie”为主语从句，所填词在从句中作主语，表示“什么”，故用what引导。

　　三大从句存在一定的关联性，应抓住关键点，确定是何从句。试比较：

　　①It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句)

　　As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.(定语从句)

　　What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句与表语从句)

　　②The news (that/which) they won the match is true.(同位语从句)

　　The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定语从句)

　　③This is such a difficult problem as few of us can solve.(定语从句)

　　This is such a difficult problem that few of us can solve it.(结果状语从句)

　　④He has found the book (that/which) he lost.(定语从句)

　　He has found the book where he lost it.(地点状语从句)

　　根据三大从句各自的特点确定关联词

　　1．(2011·陕西高考)________ all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.

　　A．Since

　　B．While

　　C．If

　　D．As

　　解析：选B　考查状语从句。句意：虽然他们都是很强的候选人，但是只有一个人能被选来担任这一职务。根据句意应该选B, while 此处意为“虽然” 引导让步状语从句。

　　2．(2011·上海高考)There is clear evidence ________ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.

　　A．what

　　B．if

　　C．how

　　D．that

　　解析：选D　考查同位语从句。句意：有确凿的证据表明，所有感觉中最难解释的是身体上的痛苦。分析句子结构可知空格处引导的是evidence的同位语从句，从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。

　　3．(2010·新课标全国卷)As a child, Jack studied in a village school, ________ is named after his grandfather.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．what

　　D．that

　　解析：选A　考查定语从句。题干中先行词的后面有逗号，故后面的定语从句为非限制性定语从句，而定语从句中is前缺少主语，故只能用关系代词which。

　　定语从句的引导词有关系代词和关系副词之分；名词性从句连接词分为连词、连接代词和连接副词。状语从句的连词也有意义和结构之分，因此，选择关联词要综合各方面因素来考虑。注意以下几点：

　　1．what不能引导定语从句。

　　2．whether/if不能引导定语从句。

　　3．that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

　　4．that既可引导定语从句也可以引导同位语从句，但that在定语从句中可作主语、表语和宾语，而that在同位语从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。

　　5．which在定语从句中常可以替换that，但在名词性从句中不可以替换。

　　1．(2017·福建泉州质量检查)________ is well known to everyone, I should say, is that a man becomes learned by asking questions.

　　A．Who

　　B．It

　　C．As

　　D．What

　　解析：选D　考查名词性从句。句意：我应该说，众所周知要长学问，就得多问。句中的I should say是插入语，因此空处应填引导主语从句的连词what。

　　2．(2017·乌鲁木齐市第一中学考前模拟) ________ the Internet is of great help, I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.

　　A．If

　　B．As

　　C．Because

　　D．While

　　解析：选D　句意：尽管因特网很有帮助，但我认为花太多的时间在上面不是一个好的主意。 此处while意为“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。

　　3．(2017·长春市高三二模)________ she was invited to the ball made her very happy.

　　A．Whether

　　B．That

　　C．Because

　　D．What

　　解析：选B　句意：她被邀请参加舞会使她很高兴。________ she was invited to the ball 为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，没有任何含义，只起连接词的作用，故选that。

　　4．(2017·宝鸡市高三质检)We all like our English teacher, ________ we have learned a lot.

　　A．of which

　　B．of whom

　　C．from whom

　　D．from that

　　解析：选C　句意：我们都喜欢英语老师，并且从他那里学到了很多东西。learn sth.from sb.意为“从某人那里学到……”，定语从句中that不能直接放在介词后，故选C。

　　5．(2017·昆明市高三二模)—Do you think it wise for parents to do everything for their children?

　　—No. That's ________ they're mistaken.

　　A．whether

　　B．when

　　C．what

　　D．where

　　解析：选D　句意：“你认为父母为孩子们做所有的事情明智吗？”“不，那就是他们的错误所在。”此处由where引导表语从句且在从句中作地点状语。

　　6．(2017·重庆一中高三二模)Tell your doctor with a detailed medical history ________ he can give you the accurate treatment.

　　A．even if

　　B．so that

　　C．in case

　　D．as though

　　解析：选B　句意：你应该把病情详细地告诉医生，以便他能够做出准确的诊治。so that“以便，为了”，引导目的状语从句。