2017届高考英语一轮复习顶尖学案：选修8 Unit 22　Environmental Protection　环境保护（北师大版）

　　2017届高考英语一轮复习顶尖学案： Unit 22　Environmental Protection　环境保护（北师大版）

　　核心词汇

　　1．We put the production under a ____________(联合抵制；拒绝参加)．

　　2．His nationality isn’t ____________(有关的；切题的)to whether he is a good lawyer.

　　3．The judge c____________the thief to one year of hard labor.

　　4．She s____________everything for her husband.

　　5．Home­made parts are being s____________for imported ones.

　　6．The flood in Venice was a major c____________.

　　7．The dispute has scared away ____________(潜在的，可能的)investors.

　　8．He was ____________(体贴的；体谅的)of everyone.

　　9．He a____________reforming the prison system.

　　10．I____________ is needed to make crops grow in dry areas so we have to i____________in a way.

　　1．boycott　

　　2.relevant　

　　3.condemned　4.sacrificed

　　5．substituted　

　　6.catastrophe　7.potential　

　　8.considerate　

　　9.advocates　10.Irrigation；irrigate

　　高频短语

　　1．__________________ 摆脱，脱离

　　2．__________________

　　超出……的控制；不受

　　……的控制

　　3．__________________

　　展望未来

　　4．__________________

　　提到；涉及；参考；查阅

　　5．__________________

　　依次；转而

　　6．__________________

　　引起，导致

　　7．__________________

　　采取行动

　　8．__________________

　　除……以外

　　9．__________________

　　(对已产生的不良后果)

　　负责任

　　10．__________________

　　要求结束……

　　11．__________________

　　实际上

　　12．__________________

　　代表……

　　13．__________________

　　掠去，夺走

　　14．__________________

　　总的来说

　　15．__________________

　　导致

　　16．__________________

　　祝一切顺利

　　1．break away from　2.beyond one’s control　3.look ahead　4.refer to　5.in turn　6.lead to　7.take action8．apart from　9.answer for　

　　10.call for an end to sth.

　　11．as a matter of fact　12.on somebody’s behalf

　　13．carry off　14.all in all　15.result in　16.all the best

　　重点句式

　　1．____________________，the sun’s rays would bounce back into space_____________________ the Earth cold and impossible to live on.

　　如果没有这些自然存在的气体，太阳的光线将会离开地球，返回到太空，使地球变得寒冷，人类将无法居住。

　　2．____________

　　this data，____________________ the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.

　　鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合。

　　3．________________________ the Titanic was the largest, the most beautiful, the most technologically advanced and the safest ship__________________________，and this made people believe that it was unsinkable.

　　人们声称泰坦尼克号是所造的最大、最豪华、技术最高超、最安全的船只，这就使人们相信它是不可能沉没的。

　　1．Without these naturally occurring gases；leaving

　　2．Given；it seems that　

　　3.It had been declared that；that had ever been built

　　知识详解

　　1 .beyond　prep.　超出，出乎　

　　adv.　在更远处；另外

　　(回归课本P6)．..something previously seen as beyond our control.

　　……在以前看来是我们不能控制的。

　　归纳拓展

　　beyond the mountain 在山那边

　　beyond midnight 午夜以后

　　beyond one’s control/ repair 不受……控制；无法修理

　　beyond one’s reach 够不着，超出……之外beyond one’s praise 夸不胜夸

　　beyond one’s power 超出某人权限

　　beyond one’s understanding 无法理解

　　例句探源

　　①(牛津P176)Our success was far beyond what we thought possible.我们的成功远远超出了我们估计的范围。

　　②Her beauty is beyond comparison.

　　她的美貌无与伦比。

　　③They crossed the mountains and travelled to the valleys beyond.他们越过群山，到了那边的山谷。

　　1．This new model of car is so expensive that it is________the reach of those with average incomes.

　　A．over　B．within

　　C．beyond

　　D．below

　　解析：选C。beyond 在此意为“超出”。A选项有一定的干扰性，over 后跟数字，表示“多于”。

　　2 .claim　v．& n．　要求；声称；主张；断言

　　(回归课本P6)They claim that in the last 50 years，gases pumped into the Earth’s atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been speeding up...

　　他们声称，在过去的五十年间，工厂和汽车排放入地球大气层中的气体加速了……

　　归纳拓展

　　例句探源

　　①They claimed the reward for working for him.

　　为他工作他们要求报酬。

　　②The court claimed(that)he was innocent.

　　法庭宣布他无罪。

　　③The settlers claimed the land to be theirs.

　　殖民者声称土地是他们的。

　　2．Every citizen in our country may________the protection of the law.

　　A．announce　B．suggest

　　C．beg

　　D．claim

　　解析：选D。句意：我国的每一个公民都有得到法律保护的权利。announce 宣告，发表；suggest 建议，暗示；beg 请求，乞求。作为公民是有权利得到法律保护的，故claim符合句意。

　　3 .condemn　vt.　宣判死刑，注定毁灭；责难，责备

　　(回归课本P6)．..we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences.

　　……我们会是地球上正在被毁灭的生命，并且会出现预料中更严重的后果。

　　归纳拓展

　　be condemned to death 被判死刑

　　condemn sb.for sth. 因某事而谴责某人或告某人有罪

　　condemn sb.to do sth.

　　判某人做某事，迫使某人陷入不幸的境地

　　例句探源

　　①(朗文P343)He was condemned to death for murder and later hanged.

　　他因凶杀罪被判处死刑后被绞死。

　　②We condemned him for his bad conduct.

　　我们责备他行为不检点。

　　③As an old person, one is often condemned to live alone.

　　老年人常出于无奈而独自生活。

　　3．Poor education________many young people to lowpaid jobs.

　　A．caused　B．condemned

　　C．contributed

　　D．conducted

　　解析：选B。condemn sb. to sth.把某人逼到某种不幸的境地或状态。

　　21

　　4 .coincidence　n．　巧合；同时发生；一致

　　(回归课本P6) Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.

　　鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合。

　　归纳拓展

　　①By coincidence，we arrived here at the same time.

　　我们凑巧一同到达这儿。

　　②The two murder cases were so similar to each other；it was not a coincidence at all.

　　这两个谋杀案如此相似，绝不是巧合。

　　③(朗文P402)When our vacations coincided，we often holidayed together.

　　我们的假期要是碰巧凑在一起的话，我们常常会一起去渡假。

　　例句探源

　　4．用coincidence的适当形式填空

　　(1)I hadn’t seen him for years when a remarkable__________brought us together again.

　　答案：coincidence

　　(2)My views do not____________with theirs.

　　答案：coincide

　　5 .advocate　vt.　主张，提倡　n. 提倡者，拥护者

　　(回归课本P6)Experts advocate that each person play their part.

　　专家提倡大家各尽所能。

　　归纳拓展

　　5．完成句子

　　(1)你支持禁止汽车在市中心通行这一主张吗？

　　Do you ________ ________ ________ in the city centre?

　　答案：advocate banning cars

　　(2)我们主张用小容器包装这批货。

　　We ________ ________ ________ ________to pack the goods.

　　答案：advocate using smaller containers

　　6 .substitute　n.代替者；代用品　vt.用(……)代替

　　vi.　替代，取代

　　(回归课本P6)After all，there’s no substitute for our Earth.

　　毕竟，我们的地球无可替代。

　　归纳拓展

　　①Butter can be substituted with margarine in this recipe.

　　做这道菜可以用人造黄油代替黄油。

　　②He substituted as the typist in the office.

　　他代替做这个办公室的打字员。

　　③Can you substitute for the singer who is ill?

　　你能代替那位生了病的歌手吗？

　　例句探源

　　易混辨析

　　replace，substitute

　　(1)replace多指以新换旧，以好换坏，常与介词with 连用。

　　replace A with B　用B替换A

　　(2)substitute多指“暂时代替或代理”的意思，常与介词for连用。

　　①(牛津P2016)Nothing can substitute for the advice your doctor is able to give you.

　　②(牛津P1688)Teachers will never be replaced

　　by computers in the classroom.

　　6．It is wise of you to________welltrained workers ________untrained ones in the assembly line.

　　A．substitute；for　B．substitute；with

　　C．replace；by

　　D．replace；with

　　解析：选A。substitute...for...用前者代替后者，其余三项均为用后者代替前者。

　　7 .insignificant　adj.无关紧要的，价值不大的，无意义的

　　归纳拓展

　　①(朗文P1015)Looking at the Earth from space makes you realize how small and insignificant we all are.

　　从太空看地球，会使你发现我们都是多么渺小。

　　②(朗文P1848)So far, research has not produced anything of very great significance.

　　迄今为止，研究尚未产生任何具有重大意义的结果。

　　例句探源

　　7．完成句子

　　　这种新药对治疗这种疾病有重大的意义。

　　The new drug has great________________the treatment of the disease.

　　答案：significance for

　　8 .means　n．　 方法，手段

　　(回归课本P10)People in agricultural areas，without any means to earn their living，move to the cities，...

　　农业区的人们没有谋生手段时便向城市进发，……

　　归纳拓展

　　【温馨提示】　means表示“方法，方式，手段”时，其单复数同形。当means作主语且有every，each等词修饰时谓语动词用单数；有some，several，many，few等词修饰时谓语动词用复数。

　　①All possible means have been tried.

　　＝Every possible means has been tried.

　　所有(每一种)可能的办法都已经试过了。

　　②This plan must be realized by all means.

　　这个计划必须完成。

　　③Thoughts are expressed by means of words.

　　思想靠语言来表达。

　　④By no means should he be left alone.

　　绝不能把他单独留下。

　　例句探源

　　8．(2010年高考江苏卷)—Do you think their table tennis team will win the first place at the coming Asian Games?

　　—________.Ours is much stronger than theirs.

　　A．Of course

　　B．It depends

　　C．Don’t mention it

　　D．By no means

　　解析：选D。by no means表示绝不；It depends表示看情况而定。

　　9 .considerate　adj.　体贴的；想得周到的

　　(回归课本P133)We can all help by being more considerate and thinking of our neighbours.

　　我们都可以通过更体贴的多想想我们的邻居来提供帮助。

　　归纳拓展

　　①Since I am now preparing for the College Entrance Examination，my mother is very considerate of me.

　　自从我在为高考做准备，妈妈就对我的照顾很细心。

　　②It’s very considerate of you to remember my birthday.

　　你想的真周到还记得我的生日。

　　例句探源

　　9．用consider的适当形式填空

　　(1)You should be________to others.

　　答案：considerate

　　(2)He is very energetic，________his age.

　　答案：considering

　　(3)Take everything into________，I decided to accept the job.

　　答案：consideration

　　(4)All things________，this is really a good plan.

　　答案：considered

　　10 .refer to 　提到，涉及；查阅

　　(回归课本P6)Global warming refers to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature...

　　地球变暖是指地球气温的平均上升……

　　归纳拓展

　　①Don’t refer to the matter again.不要再提这件事了。

　　②Refer to the dictionary when you don’t know how to spell a word.

　　当你不知道怎么拼写一个单词时，查阅一下词典。

　　③He referred his success to the good teaching he had had.

　　他把他的成功归于他以前所受的良好教育。

　　例句探源

　　10．(2011年泰安模拟)On AIDS Day，the minister of Health Department demanded that the problems ________paid special attention to.

　　A．referred to beingB．referred to be

　　C．refer to being

　　D．refer to be

　　解析：选B。referred to为过去分词作后置定语；demand后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即should＋动词原形的形式，这里省略了should。

　　11.answer for sth.　对某事负责；为某事受谴责

　　(回归课本P132)Hunters in general have a lot to answer for in terms of endangered animals.

　　就濒危动物而言，猎人通常应付许多责任。

　　归纳拓展

　　in answer(to sth.)＝as a reply 作为回应answer(sb.)back 反驳；回嘴；顶嘴；还口

　　answer to sb.(for sth.) 向某人(为某事)负责；对某人承担(某事的)责任

　　①They shall answer for their behavior.

　　他们应对自己的行为负责。

　　②The doctor came at once in answer to my phone call.

　　医生一接到我的电话立刻就来了。

　　③(朗文P60)Stop answering your mother back!

　　不准和母亲顶嘴！

　　例句探源

　　11．You may get away with this kind of thing now，but you will have to ________it some day.

　　A．answer back　B．answer to

　　C．answer for

　　D．answer up

　　解析：选C。句意：现在你可以逃过此事，但日后你将必须对此承担责任。answer for对……负责，符合句意。

　　12 .on somebody’s behalf 　代表……

　　(回归课本P132)We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good.

　　在它们永远消失之前，我们需要代表它们公开站出来说出心声。

　　归纳拓展

　　on behalf of sb.＝on sb.’s behalf

　　in behalf of sb.＝in sb.’s behalf [US]

　　都可表示“做某人的代表或代言人；为了

　　帮助某人”。

　　①I’m here on behalf of my family to give our regards to you.

　　我在这里代表我们全家向你问候。

　　②I paid the money on your behalf.

　　我替你付了钱。

　　③We collected money in behalf of the poor students.

　　我们为帮助贫困学生而募捐。

　　例句探源

　　12．完成句子

　　(1)I am appealing________________________(代表)the famine victims.

　　答案：on behalf of

　　(2)________________________(代表)my colleagues and myself I’d like to give a warm welcome to you all.

　　答案：On behalf of

　　句型梳理

　　1【教材原句】　Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving_the_Earth_cold_and_impossible_to_live_on.(P6)

　　如果没有这些自然存在的气体，太阳的光线将会离开地球，返回到太空，使地球变得寒冷，人类将无法居住。

　　【句法分析】　(1)without 在本句中表示一个假设的条件，后面的主句中用“would＋do”表示对将来的虚拟，像这样表假设条件的介词还有but for；连词or, otherwise，它们引导的句子在英语中称为含蓄条件句。

　　①Without/But for your help, I wouldn’t have done it well.

　　没有你的帮助我不会干得很好的。

　　(2)leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on 为现在分词短语作结果状语。

　　②Football is played in over 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.

　　在80多个国家里都有足球这项体育活动，使它成为世界上最受欢迎的一项运动。

　　③They have been discussing the problem for 2 hours, reaching no agreement at last.

　　他们对这个问题一直讨论了两个小时，最后也没达成协议。

　　13．The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，________in the natural light during the day.

　　A．to letB．letting

　　C．let

　　D．having let

　　解析：选B。考查现在分词作伴随状语；如选A表动词不定式作目的状语，必须把题干中的逗号省略。

　　2【教材原句】　Given

　　this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.(P24)

　　鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合。

　　【句法分析】　本句中given为介词，意思为“鉴于……”(表示原因)。另外，它还可以表示假设，意为“倘若；假定”。

　　①Given the present conditions，I think she’s done rather well.

　　考虑到目前的条件，我认为她已做得相当出色。

　　②Given her interest in children/Given that she is interested in children，I am sure teaching is the right career for her.

　　考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。

　　③Given the chance，I’ll do it again.

　　如果有机会，我会再做一次。

　　归纳拓展

　　类似的还有regarding(关于，有关)/considering( 鉴于，考虑到)/concerning(关于，涉及)/provided/providing(假定)； judging from...(根据……来判断)等。

　　④Considering the strength of the opposition，we did very well to score two goals.

　　就对方的实力而论，我们能进两个球就很不错了。

　　⑤We did more work concerning the aging population.

　　我们关于老龄人口的工作进一步开展。

　　⑥Provided/Providing the price is right，we’ll buy everything you produce.倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部产品。

　　14．________that you are right，we won’t be able to do anything about it.

　　A．Giving　B．Considered

　　C．Given

　　D．Seen

　　解析：选C。句意：倘若你正确的话，我们就不能做任何事了。given在此意为“倘若”，后面可跟名词、代词和that从句。

　　2【教材原句】　 ...，Titanic，was on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City，when_it_struck_an_iceberg and sank about 153 km south of Newfoundland.(P17)

　　……，泰坦尼克号在作首次航海，从南安普敦开往纽约城，突然间撞上冰山，在纽芬兰岛南153公里的地方沉船。

　　【句法分析】　when it struck an iceberg and...在此为时间状语从句，when“这时，就在这时突然间……”，不可用while代替。

　　①I was thinking of this when I heard my name called.

　　我正想着这件事时，突然听到有人叫我的名字。

　　②He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.他刚要走就有人敲门。

　　③We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang.

　　我们刚刚入睡，铃声就响了起来。

　　归纳拓展

　　15．完成句子

　　I had just gone out ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (这时风就把门关上了)．

　　答案：when the wind had the door closed

　　作文指导

　　图画类作文

　　【体裁导航】

　　图画类的材料直观、形象、生动，具有很大的自由发挥空间，所以，近几年一直是高考英语写作题的考查形式。

　　图画类材料的图片可能是一幅或几幅，也可能以漫画形式出现；其写作体裁更不固定，可以记叙，可以说明，也可以议论。但无论是何种形式，何种体裁，其写作的过程及要求基本相同。

　　1．认真观察图片所表达的内容或内涵，分清图与图之间的关系，甚至要考虑到图片表达的是何时、何地、什么人、什么事、过程和结果等。

　　2．考虑用什么样的体裁来写(记叙、说明、议论都有可能)，从而确定你的写作模式。是日记、通知，要注意其格式；是书信、E­mail，要注意其特定的要求或组成部分；是议论，则要把握好论点的设立，论据的选择和论证的拓展等。

　　3．文章的过渡词、过渡段在图画类的书面表达中起着关键的“润滑”作用，可见，如何串点成文，整体划一，关联词必不可少。

　　4．如何开头才能做到“先声夺人”，怎样结尾才能令人“回味无穷”，也是要通盘考虑的问题。

　　【写作示例】

　　请仔细观察以下五幅图，根据图中信息用英语写一篇有关第三中学优秀学生方芳的短文。

　　要求：1.要点齐全，适当增加细节；

　　2.条理清晰，行文连贯；

　　3.词数：150左右。

　　【写作要领】

　　本篇书面表达属于看图说话类。写作时，首先看清要求，认真审题，确定文体、人称和时态。这是一篇故事性的记叙文，主体时态应为一般过去时，应用第三人称来写。

　　其次，通过对五幅图的认真观察，得出故事的主要情节：一天夜里，风刮得很大。方芳凌晨两点钟起床，赶到学校，把窗户关好后回家。

　　然后仔细观察每一幅图，注意图画之间的内在联系，不放过每一处细节，如图画中钟表的时间为两点钟。

　　最后，根据以上的观察和分析，开始用英文进行写作。写作时注意不但要把每一幅图的信息表达出来，还要注意图画之间的衔接，注意使用必要的连接词并照顾到首尾呼应。

　　【金点模板】

　　第一幅和第二幅图(两幅图可根据需要放在一起进行描述)

　　One night，at about 2 o’clock，it began to blow outside./It was at 2 o’clock in the early morning that it began to blow.

　　The wind was so strong that the noise woke up Fang Fang.

　　The wind stuck the window open，and she felt a bit cold.

　　She knew a heavy rain would soon arrive.She thought of her classroom.

　　She wondered whether the students on duty had closed the windows properly.

　　She got up and put on her clothes.

　　第三幅图

　　She decided to go out right away and get to the school before the rain came.

　　She opened the door and rushed out into the dark to the school.

　　On the way，the strong wind made it difficult for her to go forward quickly.In spite of this，she ran as fast as possible，and finally she got to the school.

　　第四幅图

　　She hurried to her classroom and opened the door.

　　She turned on the lights and found that all the windows were open.

　　The strong wind made it difficult for her to shut up all the windows.It was difficult for her to .../She made great efforts to...

　　She made sure that all the windows were closed properly.

　　第五幅图

　　She turned off the lights and left the classroom.

　　As soon as she got home，the rain started to pour down.

　　No sooner had she got home than the rain began to pour down.

　　Hardly had she got home when the rain began to pour down.

　　Upon/On getting home，she found the rain began to pour down.

　　【范文点评】

　　①It was nearly at 2 o’clock in the early morning that the wind began to blow outside.It was so strong that the noise woke up Fang Fang.②The wind blowing through the windows that were struck open made her feel a bit cold.She realized that a heavy rain would soon arrive.③Suddenly she thought of the windows in the classroom and wondered whether the students on duty had closed the windows properly or not.④Without hesitation，she began to put on her clothes，opened the door and rushed out into the dark to her school.⑤On the way，the strong wind made it difficult for her to go forward.

　　In spite of this，she ran as fast as possible and finally managed to get to the school before the rain came.⑥She hurried to her classroom，turned on the lights，and found that some of the windows were open.⑦She made great efforts to shut up all the windows one by one，fighting against the heavy wind.⑧After making sure that all the windows were properly closed，she turned off the lights and left the classroom.Hardly had she got home when the rain started to pour down.⑨Tired and sleepy as she was，she felt happy about the meaningful thing she had done.

　　①该句使用强调句型，突出事件发生的时间是凌晨两点。

　　②现在分词作定语修饰the wind，更加生动形象；用定语从句强调风大。

　　③使用并列复合句，使文章句式更加多样化。

　　④介词短语用得恰到好处；一系列谓语动词的并列使用展现出她当时急切的心情和迅速的动作。

　　⑤it作形式宾语。

　　⑥三个并列谓语表明动作的连贯与迅速，符合她当时的心情。

　　⑦短语make efforts to do 的使用非常贴切；现在分词作伴随状语，突出她当时关窗的难度之大。

　　⑧准确地应用了hardly...when...句式。

　　⑨使用as引导的倒装句式，使文章句式丰富。

　　【类题尝试】

　　(2010年北京海淀区第二学期期末考试)假设你是某中学的学生，3月22日(世界水日)你参加了你班开展的一系列节水宣传活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，以日记的形式记录当天的活动内容。注意：词数不少于150。

　　参考词汇：宣传材料—leaflets；危机—crisis

　　March 22,2010Monday　Sunny

　　Today is World Water Day.________________________________________________________________________

　　One possible version：

　　March_22,2010　Monday　Sunny

　　Today_is_World_Water_Day.In the morning，we had a class meeting talking about what to do on this special day.Finally，we reached an agreement and immediately began to make preparations for the afternoon’s activities.

　　At 2∶00 p．m.，we went to the neighboring community to hand out leaflets，calling on people to save water.Around 3 o’clock，the expert we invited made an excellent speech on the current water crisis in China.He talked about the draught in the Southeast and the severe shortage of water in out city.The speech had a strong appeal to all the people present，including me.

　　After the speech，we had a discussion with our neighbors about various ways of saving water in our daily life.I suggested turning off the tap water immediately after use，and a granny came up with the idea of reusing the water from kitchen，for example，the water after washing fruits and vegetables can be used to water flowers and so on.

　　Today，I have had a better understanding of the importance of saving water and really learned a lot about saving water