第11讲
特殊句式(倒装句、反意疑问句、省略句和it句型)
倒装句
考点归纳1:完全倒装的情况
1. 以then,here, there,out, in, up, down, away, off等副词开头的句子,且句子主语是名词时,句子用完全倒装。若主语为代词,则不用倒装;
2. 地点状语放句首+谓语+主语;
3. There be/ lie/ exist/ stand/ live/ appear/ remain…+主语+…(there be 句型);
4. 表语+系动词+主语。
考点归纳2:部分倒装的情况
1. 含有否定意义的词和短语(如:never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means, at no time, neither, nor,under no circumstances, in no way等)放在句首时,其后用部分倒装;
2. only+状语(如:副词/介词短语)或状语从句放在句首时,其后用部分倒装;
3. so/such…that结构中,将so/such 置于句首时,主句用部分倒装。
4. so放在句首表示前面所说的肯定情况也适合于另一人或物时,用“so+be 或助动词或情态动词+主语”的倒装句式。要注意如果一个并列句中含有两个性质不同的谓语, 另一个省略的倒装结构要用“so it is/was with sb. /sth. ” 或 “it is/was the same with sb. /sth. ”来表示。
5. 当虚拟条件句含有had, should, were时,可省略if,将had, should, were 放在句首而构成倒装,具体结构如下:
(1)动词原形+as/though+主语+might/may+主句。
(2)副词+as/though+主语+谓语动词+主句。
考点归纳3:其他形式的倒装
1. as引导的让步状语从句中,可将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面而构成倒装。若提前的表语是名词,一般不用冠词。
2. 当such用作表语时,通常采用倒装语序。
3. 有时为了强调而将谓语部分的分词或不定式置于句首,从而构成倒装。
反意疑问句
考点归纳1:
反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un, im, in, dis, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时,陈述部分要视为肯定含义,问句部分用否定形式。
Your father is unhappy, isn't he? (不能用is he?)
考点归纳2:否定陈述句+简略肯定问句
这种反意疑问句,在进行回答时,一定要注意答语前后要一致,尤其注意汉语的翻译。
— He didn't come to the party last night, did he?
— Yes, he did.
(汉语:不,他昨晚来参加晚会了。相当于 Yes, he came to the party last night. )
— No, he didn't.
(汉语:是的,他昨晚没有来参加晚会。相当于No, he didn't come to the party last night. )
考点归纳3:
陈述部分用must (may, might)+have+v. ed表示推测时,若句中带有明显的过去时间的状语,问句部分动词用过去时形式。陈述部分用must(may, might)+have+v. ed表示推测时,若句中没有过去时间状语,问句部分动词用现在完成时形式。
He might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn't he? (不用mightn't he?/ hasn't he?)
省略句
考点归纳1:
在when, while, if, as if, though(或although), as, until, once, whether, unless, where等连词连接的状语从句中,常省略跟主句相同的主语和be动词。
考点归纳2:代替性省略
I'm afraid, I hope, I'm sure后跟否定的宾语从句时,只有一种形式,即I'm afraid not, I hope not, I'm sure not. 而I expect/ imagine/ suppose/think 的否定式有两种,即I expect / imagine/ suppose/think not 或I don't expect/imagine/ suppose/think so。
考点归纳3:当省略不定式的内容时,则须保留to。
it句型
考点归纳1:it指代时间时,有如下一些句型:
(1)It is (about/ high) time
for sth.
(for sb. ) to do sth.
that从句(should do/did,必须用虚拟语气)
(2)It is /has been + some time + since从句(从句用一般过去时)(注意从句中延续性动词意义为否定。)
(3)It/This is the first /second…time+that从句(必须使用现在完成时)(这是某人第……次做了某事)
(4)It was +时间点+when从句
(5)It was / will be some time+before从句
考点归纳2:it 作形式主语
代替由不定式、动名词或从句所表示的真正主语;由于在翻译时,汉语习惯上会加上“这、那”之意,所以常见的干扰项就是this 和that。
1.
It's +adj. /n. for sb. to do sth.
常见形容词:easy, difficult, convenient, possible 等。
2.
It's +adj. +of sb. to do sth.
常见形容词:kind, good, nice, wrong, careless, honest,wise, foolish, polite, clever, right, unwise, stupid, thoughtful, rude, silly, impolite等表示某人的品行的词语。
3.
It is no use / no good /useless / senseless + doing sth.
4.
It is + adj. /n. + that从句
5.
It is + v. ed + that从句
常见过去分词:said, reported, known, expected, thought, believed, considered, suggested等。
注意:当过去分词表示命令、建议、坚持、忠告等意义的词时,从句要用虚拟语气(should+)do。
6.
It doesn't matter/ makes no difference+特殊疑问词/whether引导的从句
7.
It seems/ appears+that从句:似乎/好像……
8.
It happens+that从句:碰巧,恰巧……
考点归纳3:it作形式宾语
1. 主语+think/ consider/ find/ feel/ believe/ regard/ make +it+adj. /n. (for sb. ) to do.
2. 主语+believe/ imagine/ think/ consider/ find/ feel/ make/ regard/ +it+ adj. /n. + that从句
3. 主语+think/ consider/ find /feel +it+ no good/ use doing sth.
4. 主语+hate/ dislike/ love/ like +it + when从句(表示对某一情况的喜好或厌恶)
5. 主语+appreciate + it+ if从句
6. 主语+see to/answer for it+that从句:确保……
主语+depend on it +that从句:指望,确信……
4、5、6为特殊句型:用it 代替其后的整个句子,it等于整个句子,但不能省略。
考点归纳4:it在强调句型中的运用
1. 如果被强调的部分是人, 可用that 或who,其他情况一律用that。
2. 强调句的一般疑问句形式:Is/Was it + 被强调部分 + that + 句子的其余部分。
强调句的特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+ is/was it+ that + 句子的其余部分。
3.
特殊疑问词的强调句型在从句中的使用。如:Can you tell me what_it_is_that makes this book so popular?
例1:(2011·福建卷)
— It's nice. Never before______ such a special drink!
— I'm glad you like it.
A. I have had
B. I had
C. have I had
D. had I
【解析】C 否定词never放在句首句子用部分倒装。
例2:(2011·陕西卷)It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do______benefits our work most.
A. who
B. which
C. that
D. what
【解析】 C 考查强调句型。所填词与it is构成强调句型,被强调部分是not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do,指物,用that,选C。
例3:(2011·四川卷)Was it on a lonely island______he was saved one month after the boat went down?
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. what
【解析】B 考查强调句。此处为强调句的一般疑问句。强调句的一般疑问句构成是:is/was it + 被强调部分+that+其他部分。故选B项。句意:他是不是在船沉没一个月后在那座孤岛上被救起的?
例4:(2010·江西卷) Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.
A. did he begin
B. had he begun
C. he began
D. he had begun
【解析】 A not until放在句首要用部分倒装,可还原为正常语序:He didn't begin to know how important the family was for him until he left his home.
例5:(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)The doctor thought ______ would be good for you to have a holiday.
A. this
B. that
C. one
D. it
【解析】D it的两个重要用法是作形式主语和形式宾语。本题中it在宾语从句中作形式主语,it在这里代指后面的真正主语to have a holiday。
【小结】
特殊句式是必须掌握的难点知识:倒装句主要考查全部倒装和部分倒装的使用情况。反意疑问句在高考中考查的比较少。省略主要考查从句中某些引导词或某些句子成分的省略。it句型考查it作形式主语、形式宾语以及它在强调句中的运用。
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