2015届高考英语一轮基础语法专项训练：专题八 《特殊句式》(1)（人教版）

　　专题八　特殊句式

　　◆主谓一致的考查要点

　　1．就近一致原则

　　(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

　　Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.

　　(2)here/there引导一个句子而主语又不止一个时，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。

　　Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.

　　2．意义一致原则

　　(1)谓语动词必须用单数的情况

　　①表示学科的名词以及works(工厂)，news(消息)等作主语时，虽然本身为复数形式，但表示单数意义时，谓语动词仍用单数。

　　Politics is his favorite subject.

　　②表示某些组织机构的名词、书/报名、国名、地名等作主语时，虽然形式上是复数，但所表示的意义是单数，所以谓语动词用单数。

　　Do you know when the United Nations was set up?

　　(2)谓语动词必须用复数的情况

　　表示总称意义的名词，如people，police，public，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

　　The police are searching for the murderer.

　　(3)谓语动词的形式依据主语表示的意义而定

　　①集体名词，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主语时，谓语动词

　　的形式根据其在语境中表示的意义而定。当其表示集体意义，强调整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；当其表示集体中各个组成部分，强调个体概念时，谓语动词用复数。

　　As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.

　　②“the＋形容词/分词”表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数。

　　The poor were looked down upon in the old days.

　　3．语法一致原则

　　(1)由and连接的两个名词作主语

　　①“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋名词单数”表示一个人(双重身份)，谓语动词用单数。

　　The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.

　　②“a/the＋名词单数＋and＋a/the＋名词单数”表示两个人，谓语动词用复数。

　　The teacher and the poet have just arrived.

　　③“every＋名词单数＋and＋every＋名词单数”表示每一个人，谓语动词用单数。

　　Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.

　　④通常由两个部件组成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

　　Bread and butter is not to his taste.

　　(2)表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词，尽管有时是复数形式但常被看作是一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。

　　Is fifty pounds enough?

　　(3)“分数/百分数＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据of后的名词的形式来定，如果名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式；如果名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式。

　　Two­thirds of the books are about science.

　　Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.

　　题组训练1

　　用所给词的适当形式填空

　　1．The writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.

　　2．He or I am(be) to go.

　　3．Are(be) not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?

　　4．Ten years is(be) a moment in history.

　　5．A third of his compositions have(have) been corrected.

　　6．The unknown is(be) always something to be feared.

　　◆倒装句的考查要点

　　1．全部倒装

　　(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。

　　Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.

　　(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主语是名词而不是代词时，用完全倒装。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。

　　There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.

　　(3)such作表语置于句首时。

　　Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist.

　　(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。

　　“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.

　　(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。

　　In the center of the square stands a monument.

　　(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。

　　Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

　　2．部分倒装

　　在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。

　　(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。

　　Little does he care about what others think.

　　(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。

　　Neither does he drink nor smoke.

　　(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。

　　Only then did I find I had made a mistake.

　　(4)在so/such...that...从句中，当so＋形容词/副词或such＋名词位于句首时。

　　So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.

　　(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“so/as＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也是……”。

　　Times have changed and so have I.

　　(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用“neither/nor＋be动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语”，表示“……也不……”。

　　They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.

　　(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把助动词were，had，should提到主语前面。

　　Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much.

　　(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。

　　Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open.

　　(9)“may＋动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。

　　May you succeed!

　　题组训练2

　　1．Successful as he is (他虽然成功)(as)，he is not proud.

　　2．Only when he reached the teahouse did he realize(他才意识到) it was the same place he’d been in last year.

　　3．—It’s nice.Never before have I had such a special drink(我以前从没喝过这么特别的饮料)!

　　—I’m glad you like it.

　　4．Up jumped the cat(猫跳起来) and caught the mouse.

　　5．Not until he finished his work did he go home(他才回家)．

　　◆强调句的考查要点

　　1．使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。

　　First impressions really do count.

　　2．运用强调句型来强调除谓语动词以外的其他句子成分。

　　强调句型的基本句型结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语、表语、同位语等成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：

　　(1)强调句型中的主谓一致

　　在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式It is/was...，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。

　　It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.

　　(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。

　　It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.

　　(3)强调句型的疑问句

　　在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分”改为“Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑问词＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”结构。

　　Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?

　　When was it that she changed her mind?

　　(4)在对not...until...结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。

　　I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.

　　题组训练3

　　1．Was it on a lonely island that(是在一个荒凉的岛上) he was saved one month after the boat went down?

　　2．It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that(不是我们做了多少，而是我们对所做的事情注入了多少爱) benefits our work most.

　　3．—Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?

　　—Of course，I have.It was in our village that it was made(这部电影是在我们村里制作出来的)．

　　4．If you have a job，do devote yourself to it(务必全身心地投入到工作中) and finally you’ll succeed.

　　5．It’s not what we do once in a while that(不是我们偶尔做的事情) shapes our lives，but what we do consistently.

　　◆省略句的考查要点

　　1．状语从句中的省略

　　由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词为be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和be可省略；或从句的主语为it，谓语动词为be时，也可省略从句中的it和be。

　　When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.

　　If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.

　　2．不定式的省略

　　单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，则要保留be，have，have been。

　　—Will you please look after my house when I’m away?

　　—I’m glad to.

　　—Are you a sailor?

　　—No.But I used to be.

　　Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been.

　　3．常考的几个省略形式

　　if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等。

　　4．并列句中的省略

　　并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。

　　He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.

　　My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.

　　题组训练4

　　1．Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight and Tom won’t either(汤姆也不想加入)．

　　2．It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine.If so(如果这样的话)，we’d better take it to the garage immediately.

　　3．What a strange plant (多么奇怪的植物啊)! I’ve never seen it before.

　　4．While walking along the street(当沿着大街走的时候)，I heard my name called.

　　5．I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to(他不想去)．

　　◆注意事项

　　1．如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。

　　He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.

　　2．强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。

　　在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句It is/was...保持一致。

　　It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it?

　　3．强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。

　　在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构“强调句型与定语从句”。

　　It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.

　　4．强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。

　　当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”，原句仍然完整；而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。

　　It was at 14∶28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)

　　It was 14∶28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(状语从句)

　　◆语法与写作

　　根据提示翻译下面的句子

　　1．只有这种方式他们才能长大独立，变得真正成功。(使用only放句首引起的倒装句)(2017·福建·书面表达)

　　Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.

　　2．只有到那时我才意识到话语有积极和消极的力量。(使用not until放句首引起的倒装句)(2017·湖北·短文写作)

　　Not until then did I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.

　　3．如果你需要更多的信息，务必也让我知道。(do放在祈使句前表强调)(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ·书面表达)

　　Also，do let me know if you need further information.

　　4．它不仅让我们接近自然，让我们从繁重的学业中得到放松，同样还促进了我们之间的友谊。(not only放句首引起的倒装句)(2017·江西·书面表达)

　　Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy schoolwork，it also promoted the friendship among us.

　　5．儿子，穿得很好，在中间自豪地挥舞着……(使用省略句)(2017·福建·书面表达)

　　The son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle...

　　◆语法填空

　　A

　　An old man who lived in a small street in the city of Mumbai had to put up 1.with the nuisance(烦心事) of having boys play cricket outside his house at night.

　　One evening when the boys were 2.particularly (particular) noisy he went out to talk to them.He explained that he was happiest 3.when he could see or hear boys playing his favourite game，cricket.He said he would give them 25 rupees(卢比) each week to play in the street at night.

　　The boys were thrilled.They were being paid to do something they enjoyed! At the end of the first week，they 4.knocked(knock) at the old man’s door and asked him to pay them，and so he did.

　　The second week when they asked for 5.payment (pay)，he said he had run out of money and sent them away with only 15 rupees.The third week the man said he had not 6.yet received his pension and gave them only 10 rupees.The boys were very 7.disappointed (disappoint)，but there was not much they could do about 8.it.The fourth week the man said he could not afford to pay them 25 rupees 9.as he had promised but would give them 5 rupees each week without fail.This was too much for the boys.

　　“You expect us to play seven days 10.a week for a merely 5 rupees！” they yelled.“Go to blazes.” They stormed away and never played on the street again.

　　B

　　This is a true story that happened in Japan.In order to repair 1.a house with a history of 10 years，someone in Japan tore open the hollow(中空的) wooden walls.

　　While tearing down the walls，he found 2.that there was a lizard(蜥蜴) stuck there because a nail from outside had been hammered into one of its feet.3.Seeing(see) this，he felt sorry and at the same time curious.When he checked the nail，he found it was nailed 10 years ago 4.when the house was first built.

　　What had happened？The lizard had survived in the dark wall partition(夹层) for 10 years without 5.moving(move)！He stopped his work and 6.observed(observe) the lizard：What had it been doing and what had it been living on？Later，he didn’t know from where another lizard appeared，7.with food in its mouth.He was astonished and touched 8.deeply(deep)．The lizard that was stuck by the nail had been fed by this free lizard.Just imagine it had been doing this for 10 tiresome years，without giving up hope for its partner!

　　9．How beautiful the love is between the two little 10.creatures(creature)！Such love has done a wonder！It teaches us never to abandon our loved ones.