2017届高考英语一轮语法专题复习学案：第2部分 专题2 冠词（新人教版）

　　◆不定冠词的核心考点

　　1．表示数量“一”，相当于“one”。

　　I’ll return in a day or two.

　　2．表示“同一”，相当于“the same”。

　　The children are of an age.

　　3．表示泛指或类指，指人或事物的某一个、某一类。

　　He wants to be a doctor.

　　A dog is a faithful animal.

　　4．用于首次提到的单数可数名词前。

　　Yesterday I bought a novel.It cost me 30 yuan.

　　5．用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示“每一”。

　　We have meals three times a day.

　　6．用于专有名词前表示类似的一个或某一个，相当于“a certain”。

　　A Mr.Li is asking to see you.

　　7．与某些物质名词或抽象名词连用，表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵……”。

　　There is a heavy rain yesterday.

　　He gave us a big surprise.

　　8．用于序数词前表示“又一，再一”。

　　He wanted to try a second time.

　　9．表示季节、月份、日期、三餐的名词前有修饰语时，前面可用不定冠词。

　　We have a warm winter this year.

　　This evening I had a big supper.

　　10．用在某些固定词组中。

　　have a swimall of a sudden

　　once in a while

　　as a result (of)

　　in a hurry

　　as a whole

　　at a time

　　◆定冠词的核心考点

　　1．用于上文提到过的人或事物前。

　　I have bought a book.The book is very useful.

　　2．用于说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物前。

　　Close the window，please.

　　3．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前，如：the sun。

　　4．用于表示方位的名词之前，如：in the east。

　　5．用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，如：the first，the most interesting。

　　6．用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”中，表示“越……越……”。

　　The more the better.

　　7．用于表示两者相比“较……的那个人或物”的比较级形式前。

　　Of the two students，Mary is the cleverer.

　　8．用于形容词之前，使其名词化，表示一类人，如：the old，the poor，the dead。

　　9．用于由普通名词构成的专有名词(如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称)之前，如：the Great Wall，the United States等。

　　10．用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛等名词之前，如：the West Lake。

　　11．用于复数姓氏之前，表示“夫妇”或“全家”，如：the Whites。

　　12．用于作为课程或演奏等的西洋乐器名词前，如：play the piano，play the violin。

　　13．用于表示单位的名词前，如：by the day。

　　14．用于年代、朝代、时代名词前，如：in the 1970s。

　　15．用于某些固定词组中，如：all the time，at the age of，in the end，by the way，in the form of等。

　　◆不用冠词的情况

　　1．不含普通名词的专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词，如：China，America。

　　2．可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。

　　Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.

　　3．季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词，如：March，have supper。

　　4．称呼语前不加冠词。

　　What shall I do next，Mother?

　　5．表示独一无二的头衔、职务名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，一般不加冠词。

　　6．学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。

　　7．复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时，其前不加冠词。

　　8．在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。

　　9．连系动词turn后的表语单数可数名词前不加冠词。

　　The young worker has turned writer.

　　10．as，though引导的倒装让步状语从句中的表语(单数可数名词)置于句首时不加冠词。

　　Child as he is，he knows a lot.

　　11．某些固定词组中不加冠词，如：husband and wife，arm in arm。

　　注意下列词组的区别：

　　◆冠词与语法填空

　　冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。语法填空中，重点考查冠词的基本用法。另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查难点。

　　典题试做1

　　在空白处填入适当的冠词

　　1．The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even

　　most modern of architects and engineers.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　the

　　解析　空格之后为形容词的最高级形式，故填定冠词the。

　　2．He owned

　　farm，which looked almost abandoned.(2015·广东)

　　答案　a

　　解析　名词farm前缺少限定词，根据文意可知，Johnson先生和家人住在树林里，他拥有一个农场。故填不定冠词a，表示泛指“一个……”，修饰可数名词单数farm。

　　3．Now，years later，this river is one of

　　most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　the

　　解析　考查定冠词的用法。后面的most outstanding是最高级，其前面要用定冠词the修饰。

　　4．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on

　　top floor.(2017·广东)

　　答案　the

　　解析　考查固定搭配中的冠词。on the top floor在顶层。

　　5．In the beginning，there was only

　　very small amount of unfairness in the world，but everyone added a little，always thinking that it was only small and not very important，and look where we have ended up today.(2017·广东)

　　答案　a

　　解析　a small amount of少量的，为固定搭配。

　　6．But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her，it was probably the fact that she sat in

　　last row.(2017·广东)

　　答案　the

　　解析　“最后一排”为特指，要加定冠词the，即in the last row。

　　7．We had

　　amazing conversation.(2011·广东)

　　答案　an

　　解析　句意为：我们进行了一次令人惊异的交谈。have a conversation为固定搭配；amazing以元音音素开头，故填an。

　　8．A young man，while traveling through a desert，came across a spring of clear water.

　　water was sweet.(2010·广东)

　　答案　The

　　解析　此处特指前一句中提到的泉水a spring of clear water，故用定冠词the。

　　应对策略1

　　在名词或“形容词＋名词”前缺少限定词时，要考虑冠词。不定冠词a/an表示泛指，可译作“一个/本/座/……”等；定冠词the表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。另外要注意：特指上文出现的或谈话双方心目中都知道的人或事物用the；在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，用the。

　　◆冠词与短文改错

　　短文改错中对于冠词的考查常涉及漏掉冠词、冠词错用与冠词多余这三种情况。

　　典题试做2

　　单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　countryside前加the

　　解析　城市生活与乡村生活对比，此处特指乡村，所以用in the countryside。

　　2．A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　a→the

　　解析　句意为：一位妇女看见他在哭然后告诉他让他在商店外边等着。这里说的“商店”是说话者与听话者双方都明白的那一个，即特指。故a应改为the。

　　3．I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.(2015·浙江)

　　答案　hurry前加a

　　解析　考查固定表达。in a hurry匆匆忙忙。

　　4．My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party...At a party，my coach，with a biscuit in his mouth，asked surprisingly who made them and joked，“I might have to retire again next year just to get some more of these biscuits.”(2015·陕西)

　　答案　party前的a→the

　　解析　由语境可知party再次出现，指的是前文他们一起参加的那个晚会，属于特指，故应用定冠词the。

　　5．As result，the plants are growing everywhere.(2017·新课标全国Ⅰ)

　　答案　as后加a

　　解析　as a result结果，为固定搭配。故as后应加a。

　　6．Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.(2017·辽宁)

　　答案　average前的a→an

　　解析　an average of...平均有……，为固定搭配。

　　7．Today，I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off.If you hear the alarm，...Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire.(2017·四川)

　　答案　put out后的a→the

　　解析　特指上句提到的a fire，故应用定冠词the。

　　8．That day I didn’t learn much about animals，insects or trees，but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity！(2017·陕西)

　　答案　a→an

　　解析　“学了印象深刻的一课”，故用不定冠词表“泛指”；impressive以元音音素开头，故a应改为an。

　　9．This custom soon became another meal of day.(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ)

　　答案　day前加the

　　解析　由句意可知此处指的是特定一天中的另一餐，因此day前应加定冠词the。

　　10．Now，we’re planning a small party for the next Sunday.There，Katia will introduce me to some of her friends，one of whom has been to China several times.(2011·重庆)

　　答案　去掉the

　　解析　根据现在进行时表将来可知，时间状语应为next Sunday。故去掉the。

　　应对策略2

　　判定冠词的方法：

　　(1)根据泛指和特指。若泛指“一个”，再根据单词的第一个音素来判定用a还是an；若特指，用the。

　　(2)根据固定搭配。注意固定搭配中不能多用或少用冠词。

　　◆书面表达中冠词易错点聚焦

　　由于受到汉语的干扰，疏漏冠词是我们中国学生在写作中的常见错误类型之一。存在的误区有以下几种：

　　1．对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误。

　　(误)The Christmas evening party was success.

　　(正)The Christmas evening party was a success.

　　2．冠词在一些固定结构中的误用。

　　(误)Mrs.Taylor has an eight­year­old daughter who has the gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.

　　(正)Mrs.Taylor has an eight­year­old daughter who has a gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.

　　(误)Our teacher is kind to us and he often has words with us.

　　(正)Our teacher is kind to us and he often has a word with us.

　　3．冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点。

　　(误)In many places in China，a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation.

　　(正)In many places in China，the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation.

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．Besides，shopping at this time of the year was not

　　pleasant experience：people stepped on your feet or pushed you with their elbows(肘部)，hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

　　答案　a

　　解析　a pleasant experience一次愉快的经历。不定冠词位于单数可数名词experience之前，表示“一次”。

　　2．There is

　　constant beat in rap songs.The beat accounts for the popularity of rap music in clubs.

　　答案　a

　　解析　在该句中beat是可数名词，意为“节拍”，故其前应加不定冠词a，表泛指。

　　3．Last weekend，I was travelling home from Bangalore.There was

　　distinct lack of buses，so I thought I would escape the crowd and go for refreshment.I decided to go to a hotel near the bus stand.

　　答案　a

　　解析　a lack of缺少，为固定搭配。

　　4．The International Red Cross/Red Crescent exists to help the victims of conflicts and disasters regardless of their nationality.

　　symbol of the organization was originally just the red cross.

　　答案　The

　　解析　后有定语“of the organization”修饰，特指“这个组织的标志”，所以用定冠词the，该空设于句首，首字母要大写，故填The。

　　5．There are lots of experiences in our lives.

　　most unforgettable one for me is the speech competition which was held last year.

　　答案　The

　　解析　最高级前用定冠词。

　　6．We have opened up

　　clothing shop called “Gifts of Grace” and advertised free clothing for anyone who has the need.

　　答案　a

　　解析　clothing shop是第一次提到的单数可数名词，故用a修饰，表泛指。

　　7．Guinness World Records editor Graig Glenday says，“This is

　　extraordinary world­record attempt that shows both spiritual dedication and true passion.”

　　答案　an

　　解析　attempt是可数名词，且extraordinary以元音音素开头，故用an。

　　8．One day in particular，a finely dressed gentleman stood outside the rich man’s door and said，“You’ve given me

　　second chance at life.With your generous gift，I was able to invest the money and pull myself out of my poverty.”

　　答案　a

　　解析　不定冠词用于序数词前表示“又一，再一”；second以辅音音素开头，故用a。

　　9．You should also be prepared to make changes in the diet and get accustomed to

　　local foods and the limited selection of familiar foods in the stores and restaurants.

　　答案　the

　　解析　特指当地的食物，应用定冠词the。

　　10．He was

　　unique manager who was followed by several waiters.

　　答案　a

　　解析　注意unique并非元音音素开头，所以用a不用an。

　　Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题1处错误)

　　1．Finally，there was a sudden pull at the pole and fish was caught.

　　答案　fish前加a

　　2．The teacher was angry because we had same answers in the test.

　　答案　same前加the

　　3．Yesterday afternoon，I paid visit to Mr.Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside his room I stopped.

　　答案　visit前加a

　　4．My mother is very kind and is friendly to everybody.So when I have the problem I will turn to her for help.

　　答案　the→a

　　5．I still remember when I was child，you always held me in your arms and told me stories till I fell asleep.

　　答案　child前加a

　　6．In the car park there Gina nearly got knocked over as car drove out far too quickly from behind a lorry.

　　答案　第二个car前加a

　　7．It is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of mine who is going to Beijing.

　　答案　such后加a

　　8．Therefore，I told them interesting stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.As a result，nobody knew truth.I still think that it was the right thing to do.

　　答案　truth前加the

　　9．Many countries in the world find they don’t have enough water.To deal with a problem，I think，we should first go all out to plant trees because trees will help save water.

　　答案　a→the/this/that

　　10．When，however，on Monday，January 16，a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on television，there was the immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States.

　　答案　immediate前的the→an

　　Ⅲ.语法填空

　　A(冠词专练)

　　I came to study in the United States 1.a year ago.Yet I did not know 2.the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after 3.the accident I had to see a doctor and go to court.

　　After the accident，my roommate called 4.a doctor for me.I was very thankful and decided to repay him one day.But 5.the next day，he asked me to pay him 200 for what he had done.I was astonished.He had good reason to charge me，he said.And if I wanted to collect money from 6.the person who was responsible for my injury，I’d have to have 7.a good lawyer.Now that he had helped me to find a good doctor，it was only fair that I should pay him.

　　But every time I went to see 8.the doctor，I had to wait about 50 minutes.He would see two or three patients at 9.the same time，and often stop treating one so as to see another.Yet he charged me 115 each time.10.The final examination report only contained ten lines，but it cost me 215.

　　B

　　One day，a wise man 11.named(name) Avanti said to a rich man，“Your sons are so stupid and know nothing about the world.After your 12.death(die)，how can they take your property over？”13.Hearing(hear) these words，the rich man became a little bit angry.He said，“Everyone 14.says(say) my sons are very smart and praises them for their good virtue.What you say is nonsense(胡说)！” “Then let’s test them.OK？” Avanti suggested.The rich man agreed.The father called his two sons before Avanti，who asked the question.“Do you know 15.where rice comes from？” The elder son smiled and answered，“Anyone with sense knows the answer that rice comes from the kitchen.” The 16.younger(young) son blinked(眨眼) and said，“No! How can you say rice comes from the kitchen! It indeed comes from the bag.” The rich man looked 17.at his sons and turned red with 18.anger(angry)．“You both are so silly! Why don’t you ask me 19.to help(help) you when you don’t know the right answer? You are both wrong! Rice comes neither from the kitchen 20.nor from the bag，it comes from the barn(谷仓)！”