英语词法专题讲座八:动词及时态
一、一般现在时:
1. 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间,条件状语从句中表将来时(主将从现)
2. 时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3. 基本结构:
①be动词;am/is/are
②行为动词: 动词原形、第三人称单数。
4. 否定形式:
①am/is/are+not; ② don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+……
5. 一般疑问句:
①把be动词放于句首;② Do/Does +…+动词原形+…?
二、一般过去时:
1. 概念:
过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2. 时间状语:
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning
3. 基本结构:
①be动词;was/were …
②行为动词: 动词的过去式
4. 否定形式:
①was/were+not; ② didn’t +动词原形
5. 一般疑问句:
①was或were放于句首;② Did +…+动词原形……?
三、现在进行时:
1. 概念:
表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2. 时间状语:
now, at this time, these days, look, listen, can you see? Can’t you see ?之类的暗示语。
3. 基本结构:
am/is/are+doing
4. 否定形式:
am/is/are+not+doing.
5. 一般疑问句:
Is /Are …+doing sth ?
四、过去进行时:
1. 概念:
表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2. 时间状语:
at this/that time yesterday, at that time, at six yesterday evening, from eight o’clock to nine o’clock, last night
或以when/while引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/ 一般过去时+while +过去进行时/过去进行时+while +过去进行时)。
3. 基本结构:
was/were+doing
4. 否定形式:
was/were + not + doing.
5. 一般疑问句:
把was或were放于句首。
五、现在完成时:
1. 概念:
过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2. 时间状语:
recently, lately, since…for…, in the past few years, already, yet, never, ever, just, before, so far, once, twice etc.
3. 基本结构:
have/has + done
4. 否定形式:
have/has + not +done.
5. 一般疑问句: 把have或has放于句首。
6. 反义疑问句: 直接用has /have 进行反问
7. 注意:
1). have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别
have been to +地点
表示曾经去过某地,现人已返回。(once, twice ….)
have gone to +地点
表示人已去了某地,人还未返回。(where is sb ?)
have been in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。(for…../ since …..)
2). 与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。
Come/go to ------ be at /in
leave ----be away from
buy ----have
borrow /lend -----keep
open ---be open
close---be closed
die---be dead
start/begin ----be on
join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier
become –be
make friends ---be friend
get up ---be up fall asleep ---be asleep
catch a cold – have a cold
reach/get/arrive---stay/be
3). 现在完成时的四种句型:
A). 主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago
B). 主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for…./since …. ago .
C).
It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式
D). 时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式
His grandfather died two years ago .
His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years.
_____two years _____ his grandfather ____.
Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____.
4). 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与现在有关的时态,他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关,若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时,只能用一般现在时。
Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.
When ____ he _____(return) it ?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon .
六、过去完成时:
1. 概念:
以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2. 时间状语:
1).
before+过去时间,by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month…)
2).
by the time +从句(一般过去时),主句(过去完成时)
3).
用于由when,after, before 引导的时间状语从句中,前后两动作都发生在过去。
过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时
一般过去时+after +过去完成时
4). 用于宾语从句中。
3. 基本结构:
had + done.
4. 否定形式:
had + not + done.
5. 一般疑问句:
把had放于句首。
七、一般将来时:
1. 概念:
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2. 时间状语:
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ), soon, in+一段时间, by…, the day after tomorrow, this evening, tonight
3. 基本结构:
1).
am/is/are/going to + do;
2).
will/shall + do.
3).
用现在进行时表示将来,动词come, go, start, leave, fly, move, begin, get ….
4).
当主句为一般将来时,由if, as soon as, until, when, before, after, unless 引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
4. 否定形式:
①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5. 一般疑问句:
①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、过去将来时:
1. 概念:
立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2. 时间状语:
the next day(morning, year…), the following month(week…), by then ,
3. 基本结构:
①was/were/going to + do;
②would/should + do.
4. 否定形式:
①was/were/not + going to + do;
②would/should + not + do.
5. 一般疑问句:
①was或were放于句首;
②would/should 提到句首。
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