2016届高考英语二轮复习语法专项突破：第8节 定语从句（北师大版）

　　第八节　定语从句

　　考点一

　　定语从句的基本用法

　　1．限制性和非限制性定语从句

　　限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句与先行词之间往往由逗号隔开。

　　He has two sons who work in the same company.他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)

　　He has two sons，who work in the same company.他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。(He has only two sons.)

　　2．关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，as引导的定语从句

　　(1)who指人，在定语从句中作主语，也可作宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)。

　　My brother who works in the hospital often looks after the patients carefully.

　　我在医院工作的哥哥经常细心照看病人。

　　(2)whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)。

　　That is the man (whom) I met at the school gate yesterday.

　　他就是我昨天在学校门口碰见的那个人。

　　My brother，whom you met the other day，has gone abroad.

　　前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟出国了。

　　(3)whose指人和物，在定语从句中作定语。

　　She's the student whose handwriting is the best in my class.她就是我的班里书法最好的学生。

　　I live in a room whose windows face the south.

　　我住在一个窗户朝南的屋子里。

　　(4)that指人和物，不引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作主语、宾语(可省略)和表语。

　　These are the pictures (that) I took in China.

　　这些是我在中国拍的照片。

　　[名师点津]　as指人或物，在非限制性定语从句中可指整个句子，一般作主语、宾语和表语。

　　As is known to us all，China is a developing country.

　　众所周知，中国是个发展中国家。

　　3．关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句

　　(1)when在定语从句中作时间状语。

　　I still remember the days when we stayed in England.

　　我仍然记得我们在英国的那些日子。

　　(2)where在定语从句中作地点状语。

　　This is the place where they used to take a walk after supper.

　　这就是他们过去在晚饭后经常散步的地方。

　　(3)why在定语从句中作原因状语。

　　The reason why he was late is that his mother was ill.

　　他迟到的理由是他母亲病了。

　　考点二

　　三组重点关系词的区别

　　1．关系代词与关系副词的区别

　　关系代词与关系副词的区别主要是在定语从句中的不同作用，关系代词在从句中作主、宾、表和定语，而关系副词在从句中作状语。关系副词有时可相当于“介词＋关系代词”。

　　Do you still remember the days (that/which)we spent in Qingdao?

　　你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？

　　Do you still remember the days when(＝in which) we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?

　　你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？

　　2．that与which的区别

　　(1)只用that不用which的情况

　　先行词是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时。

　　All that can be done has been done well.

　　能做的都已经做好了。

　　先行词被only，any，few，no，very，little等修饰时。

　　This is the only thing that I can do now.

　　这是现在我仅能做的事。

　　先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。

　　It is the last train that will go to Shanghai.

　　这是去上海的最后一趟火车。

　　先行词为人、物并用时。

　　Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？

　　当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。

　　Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

　　上海已不再是过去的那座城市了。

　　(2)只用which不用that的情况

　　引导非限制性定语从句时。

　　His jokes didn't even raise a smile，which was embarrassing.

　　听了他讲的笑话都没人笑一下，真是太尴尬了。

　　关系代词前有介词时。

　　I bought a beautiful skirt，the price of which was very cheap.我买了件漂亮的裙子，其价格非常便宜。

　　3．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别

　　which as

　　位置上 只能放在先行词的后面 位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后

　　搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等

　　句意上 意为“这一点” 表示“正如……，正像……的那样”

　　The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.

　　正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。

　　After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.

　　大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。

　　考点三

　　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句

　　1．“介词＋关系代词”中介词后的关系词只能是which或whom

　　Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now?

　　你认识刚才和布莱克先生谈话的那个人吗？

　　2．“介词＋关系代词”中介词的确定

　　(1)与定语从句中的动词构成搭配，但需注意，有些固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。

　　We can't find the house in which we used to live.

　　我们找不到过去曾经住过的房子。

　　This is the person (whom) you are looking for.

　　这就是你找的那个人。(for不能提前)

　　(2)与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。

　　The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.

　　他正在使用的那种工具叫作锤子。

　　(3)当“复合介词短语＋which”引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用倒装语序。

　　He lives in a big house，in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有棵大树。

　　[名师点津]　“of＋which/whom”表示所属关系。

　　Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。

　　考点四

　　定语从句的其他要点

　　1．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句

　　有时我们可以见到“介词＋where”引导的定语从句，此时要与“介词＋which”引导的定语从句加以比较。

　　He hid himself behind the door，from where he saw the man take a photo of something on the desk.

　　他躲在门后面，从那里他看见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西。(from where 指from behind the door而不是from the door)

　　2．当先行词是case，condition，situation，position，point，stage等表示抽象意义的名词时用关系副词where引导定语从句。

　　They have reached the point where they have to finish the task in 5 days.

　　他们已经到了不得不5天内完成这项任务的地步了。

　　3．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。

　　What surprised me was not what he said but the

　　wayhe said it.

　　让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。

　　The way he explained to us was quite simple.

　　他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。

　　4．先行词是time，若time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during＋which引导定语从句。

　　This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.

　　这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。

　　This was a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.

　　这是一个没有收音机、没有电话，也没有电视的时期。

　　5．whose和of which/whom引导的定语从句

　　whose和of which/whom可以相互代替，但顺序不同，whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of which/whom。

　　This is the scientist whose name(the name of whom)is known all over the world.

　　这就是那位世界闻名的科学家。

　　6．分隔式定语从句

　　定语从句有时不直接跟在先行词之后，而是中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。

　　There is an expression in her eyes that I can't read.

　　我不能理解她眼神中表达的东西。

　　[名师点津]　定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。

　　试比较：

　　He is one of the students who have passed the driving test.他是通过驾照考试的学生之一。

　　He is the only one of the students who has passed the driving test.

　　他是唯一一位通过驾照考试的学生。

　　[本节小结]

　　从历年的高考试题来看，主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词的选择、关系代词which和that的区别、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句的用法、引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词as和which的区别等方面。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时为了行文的需要，先行词与定语从句直接也会被同位语、状语、谓语等成分分开，解决这类题目的关键是把分隔部分去掉，并能够正确查找先行词。

　　针对训练

　　.用适当的关系代词、介词＋关系代词或副词填空

　　1．(2017·安徽高考) The exact year________Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

　　【答案】　which/that

　　2．(2017·北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，________my classmates recommended to me.

　　【答案】　which

　　3．(2017·福建高考)Students should involve themselves in community activities

　　________

　　they can gain experience for growth.

　　【答案】　where/in which

　　4．(2017·湖南高考)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

　　【答案】　when /on which

　　5．(2017·江苏高考)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work________ a good impression is a must.

　　【答案】　where

　　/in which

　　6．(2017·江西高考) Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.

　　【答案】　which/ that

　　7．(2017·山东高考)A company ________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

　　【答案】　whose

　　8．(2017·陕西高考)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.

　　【答案】　that

　　9．(2017·四川高考)Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，________ is quite unexpected.

　　【答案】　which

　　10．(2017·天津高考)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of ________ uses it differently.

　　【答案】　which

　　.语篇填空

　　用适当的关系词完成下列短文

　　Do you know the man 1.________ wrote this book? He was Jason，one of the engineers 2.________ came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same

　　factory 3.________ my

　　father

　　once worked.When he came to China，the first thing 4.________ he did was to visit the factory 5.________ did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason 6.________ China was so backward in it.

　　Then he spent every minute 7.________ he could spare to help China develop transportation.8.________ is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner 9.________ made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to 10.________ we should say thanks.

　　【答案】　1.who　2.who　3.where　4.that　5.which/that　6.why　7.that　8.As　9.who/that　10.whom

　　综合演练

　　语法填空

　　用适当的关系词完成下面短文

　　I have a good friend 1.________ name is Liu Mei.2.________ everyone agrees，she is a nice little girl，3.________ works hard at her lessons and does well in schooling.We are very good friends and there is much 4.________ we have in common.

　　One evening，she told me an accident 5.________ suddenly occurred，when her parents were out.At the moment，she was doing her homework when she smelt something 6.________ was burning.She stopped to look at the kitchen room，7.________ she found a cloud of smoking.

　　Fortunately，she didn't lose her head and all 8.________ she could do was to call for police.So she made an emergency call in the same way 9.________ she is often instructed at school.

　　So，be careful of fire，most of 10.________ comes all of a sudden and will eventually cause serious damage.

　　【答案】　1.whose　2.As　3.who　4.that　5.that(which)　6.that　7.where　8.that　9.as　10.which