2016年高考英语二轮复习专题讲练测：（讲）专题07 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题（解析版）

　　【构建知识体系】

　　篇章结构题考点

　　2017-2015年高考本专题考查分布明细统计

　　年份 篇章篇题号 主题 体裁

　　2017 0

　　2017 0

　　2017 1 全国卷Ⅰ，D 过度学习 议论文

　　【考纲解读】

　　考试大纲 要求 考纲解读

　　要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。

　　考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。 篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。

　　【剖析高考真题】——预测高考命题方向

　　[201·全国卷]    

　　Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

　　One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.

　　In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.

　　The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

　　The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.

　　68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.

　　A. presenting research findings

　　B. setting down general rules

　　C. making a comparison

　　D. using examples

　　【答案】68. D

　　【解析】

　　【高考预测】

　　纵观近几年高考试题，2016年高考试题①设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落②题型设置主要是让考生分析某一段落或全文的结构或写作方法，也可能让考生试着猜测紧接着最后一段可能会写什么内容。

　　【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点　

　　考点

　　篇章结构题

　　【例1】According to sociologists(社会学家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.

　　Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!

　　Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相应的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!

　　Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.(2017·陕西，C)

　　56．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

　　(P：Paragraph)

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】文章结构题。文章第一段总述三者对一个人社会等级的影响，然后依次分述class，power和status三个因素。文章是总分式，故选择A项。

　　【例】but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

　　One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.

　　In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.

　　The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

　　The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.

　　（2017全国卷Ⅰ，D）

　　68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.

　　A. presenting research findings

　　B. setting down general rules

　　C. making a comparison

　　D. using examples

　　【答案】68. D

　　【解析】

　　【例】The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water.With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the world’s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.

　　This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed.

　　Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.2010安徽卷E）

　　74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.Steps to improve water use management.

　　B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.

　　C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.

　　D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】篇章结构。文章论述了水资源匮乏的原因，可采取的措施及严峻的用水形式，本题A、B、C、D四项中极有可能再论述到的内容应是对有限的水资源的充分利用问题。

　　规律方法： 如何分析

　　解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段例、比较、类比等证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。【变式精练】2011安徽卷B）

　　Think about the different ways that people use the wind.You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat.Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources(来源)，as well as one of the oldest.Evidence shows that windmills(风车) began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC.They were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s，when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power.

　　For many centuries，people used windmills to grind(磨碎) wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground.When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s，people living in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity.This allowed them to have electric lights and radio.However，by the 1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States，windmills were rarely used.

　　During the 1970s，people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity.People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever.Then，wind was rediscovered，though it means higher costs.Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.

　　4.What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?

　　A.The advantage of wind power.

　　B.The design of wind power plants.

　　C.The worldwide movement to save energy.

　　D.The global trend towards producing power from wind.

　　【答案】D

　　【答案解析】篇章结构类。根据文章第三段最后一句“Today，there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.”可以推断下一步就要涉及风能在全世界的开发利用趋势，即“The global trend (趋势) towards producing power from wind.”。因此D项正确。