2016年高考英语原创押题预测卷：03（浙江卷）（考试版）

　　绝密★启用前

　　120分。考试时间120分钟。

　　选择题部分　(共80分)

　　第一部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分30分)

　　第一节：单项填空（共20小题；每小题0.5分，满分10分）

　　从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

　　1. —Tom, don’t you see the headmaster is coming to us?

　　—____ I’m not doing anything against the school rules.

　　A. So what?

　　B. Just so so!

　　C. Why not？

　　D. Really?

　　2. Some NBA fans like ____ basketball player like James while ____ others one like Curry.

　　A. a；the

　　B. the；the

　　C. the；/

　　D. a；/

　　3. Jack is not good at sports, but when it comes ____ maths, he’s the best in the class.

　　A. about

　　B. to

　　C. from

　　D. for

　　4. I couldn’t believe a polite gentleman ____ shout at his wife in public that day.

　　A. could

　　B. must

　　C. should

　　D. need

　　5. As manufacturers, first, our products must ____ customers’ demand. Then we have to take other factors, such as their quality, cost, styles, into account.

　　A. consider

　　B. satisfy

　　C. know

　　D. realize

　　6. Before you dive into a river or lake, be sure to find out ____ the depth of the water is. Otherwise you’ll be badly hurt for it is not deep enough.

　　A. what

　　B. who

　　C. that

　　D. how

　　7. The problems he ____ at the meeting have already been solved.

　　A. put forward

　　B. came up

　　C. brought up

　　D. gave up

　　8. David told us in his email “It is 5 years since he served the IBM, and he ____ in the Lenovo.”

　　A. has worked

　　B. had worked

　　C. works

　　D. is working

　　9. Start out as early as possible at rush hour, ____ you’ll fail to get to work on time.

　　A. and

　　B. otherwise

　　C. however

　　D. in case

　　10. Stick to working hard at your lessons, and ____, you’ll make progress.

　　A. sooner or later

　　B. first of all

　　C. all in all

　　D. generally speaking

　　11. —You look upset. What’s the matter?

　　—I had my proposal ____ again.

　　A. turned down

　　B. turned on

　　C. turned off

　　D. turned over

　　12. I’d like a friend to come along and help me, but nobody has come because ____ must be too busy.

　　A. he

　　B. she

　　C. they

　　D. it

　　13. The proverb says “Rome wasn’t built in a day”, so we have to build up our vocabulary ____.

　　A. steadily

　　B. instantly

　　C. gradually

　　D. permanently

　　14. Mrs. Smith has lent David a large sum of money, for she considers him a ____ man.

　　A. considerate

　　B. sensitive

　　C. thoughtful

　　D. reliable

　　15. All Rose’s colleagues regard John as a man full of ____. That’s because he seems to need no rest.

　　A. ability

　　B. strength

　　C. energy

　　D. power

　　16. Such a large number of refugees from Syria (叙利亚) continue to ____ from the troubled region into Europe that the local governments have to face many challenges.

　　A. float

　　B. flow

　　C. crawl

　　D. emigrate

　　17. This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you _____ that if you smoked here you would be fined.

　　A. in general

　　B. in detail

　　C. in total

　　D. in advance

　　18. Having had a loose tooth to remove, I went to the dentist’s to get it ____ out yesterday.

　　A. pulled

　　B. to pull

　　C. pulling

　　D. being pulled

　　19. Everything _______ shines is not necessarily gold.

　　A. which   

　　B. when 

　　 C. what   

　　D. that

　　20. — Why don’t you buy a new car?

　　—

　　. After all, my old one is out of repair.

　　A. Because my money is tight

　　B. I couldn’t agree more

　　C. It depends on the price

　　D. No better suggestions

　　第二节：完形填空(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分)

　　阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从21—40小题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　One day I returned home to my daughter’s third-year birthday party to find her in the front room, grasping all of her presents, unwilling to let the other children play with them. The first thing I noticed was several parents in the room

　　21

　　this selfish display. I was embarrassed.

　　The atmosphere in the room was really charged—the children were

　　22

　　around my little daughter with their hands out, asking to play with the presents they had just

　　23

　　, and my daughter was absolutely refusing. I said to myself, “Certainly I should teach my daughter to

　　24

　　. The value of sharing is one of the most basic things we believe in.”

　　So I first tried a simple

　　25

　　. “Honey, would you please share with your friends the toys?”

　　“No,” she replied

　　26

　　.

　　My second method was to use a little

　　27

　　. “Honey, if you learn to share your toys with them when they are at your home, then when you go to their homes they will share

　　28

　　with you.”

　　Again, the immediate reply was “No!”

　　I was becoming

　　29

　　embarrassed, for it was

　　30

　　I was having no influence. The third method was to

　　31

　　rewards. Very softly I said, “Honey, if you share, I’ll give you a candy.”

　　“I don’t want that!” she exploded.

　　Now I was getting

　　32

　　. For my fourth attempt, I started to fear and

　　33

　　. “Not sharing, you will be in real trouble!”

　　“I don’t care!” she cried. “These are my things. I don’t have to share!”

　　Finally, I tried to

　　34

　　. I merely took some of the toys and gave them to the

　　35

　　kids. “Here, kids, play with these.”

　　But at that moment, I valued the opinion those parents had of

　　36

　　more than the growth of my child and our relationship together. I simply made an

　　37

　　judgment that I was right; she should share, and she was

　　38

　　in not doing so.

　　My experience has been that there are times to teach and times not to teach. When relationships are

　　39

　　, an attempt to teach is often considered as a form of judgment and

　　40

　　. But to take the child alone, quietly, when the relationship is good and to discuss the teaching or the value seems to have much greater impact.

　　21. A. watching

　　B. feeling

　　C. realizing

　　D. witnessing

　　22. A. standing

　　B. sitting

　　C. playing

　　D. crowding

　　23. A. brought

　　B. given

　　C. purchased

　　D. possessed

　　24. A. share

　　B. play

　　C. communicate

　　D. company

　　25. A. argument

　　B. proposal

　　C. request

　　D. demand

　　26. A. straightly

　　B. immediately

　　C. delightedly

　　D. surprisingly

　　27. A. criticizing

　　B. warning

　　C. reasoning

　　D. complaining

　　28. A. them

　　B. themselves

　　C. toys

　　D. theirs

　　29. A. more

　　B. thoroughly

　　C. especially

　　D. extremely

　　30. A. true

　　B. actual

　　C. evident

　　D. available

　　31. A. supply

　　B. offer

　　C. display

　　D. design

　　32. A. upset

　　B. puzzled

　　C. worried

　　D. angry

　　33. A. frighten

　　B. encourage

　　C. threat

　　D. convince

　　34. A. force

　　B. forbid

　　C. allow

　　D. order

　　35. A. selfish

　　B. waiting

　　C. unselfish

　　D. other

　　36. A. me

　　B. mine

　　C. them

　　D. children

　　37. A. fundamental

　　B. initial

　　C. accurate

　　D. necessary

　　38. A. skillful

　　B. interested

　　C. wrong

　　D. generous

　　39. A. unharmonious

　　B. nervous

　　C. harmonious

　　D. abnormal

　　40. A. approval

　　B. rejection

　　C. permission

　　D. rebellion

　　第二部分：阅读理解（第一节20小题，第二节5小题；每小题2分，满分50分)

　　第一节：阅读下列材料，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　A

　　Since Amy Chua took the world of Chinese parents by storm with her book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, in 2011 it seems more Chinese mothers have turned into “tiger moms”. Several young Chinese mothers are my friends. But rarely any of them is free for lunch or other activities, because they appear to have become their children’s “slaves”.

　　One of these young mothers moved from Hebei province to Beijing just to get her daughter admitted to a private and very expensive kindergarten. She closed her booming business and her husband shifted his office to Beijing, where they have bought a house. Another young mother is divorced and always busy with her daughter’s dance, piano or English class. And a couple, both professionals in high positions, left their jobs, sold their Beijing house and moved to Australia when their son started going to school.

　　The offspring of tiger moms rarely play sports, exchange ideas with their peers(同龄人), take part in social projects, clean their rooms or wash clothes. Since everything such children do is under the guidance of their protective mothers, they don’t learn how to manage their time or plan a project. As such, their education is far from complete. They are unable to defend an idea—let alone come up with one—deal with opposing views, accept defeat or organize their life.

　　Tiger moms want their children to be more competitive so that they can enter the best schools. But school is only one period in a person’s life. What about real life? What kind of independence will these children have once they grow up?

　　Today, children don’t get the chance to discuss or choose what they want: learn to play the violin or piano; take up drawing or swimming. Their tiger moms decide for them.

　　Ideally, parents should discuss with their children, give them a choice and explain to them that they will have to finish what they start. This would help children develop not only their judgment but also their sense of responsibility.

　　The solution to this problem is total reform of the education sector. And the government knows that. But reform needs time. We can only hope the reform is completed before today’s children become the “sacrificed generation”.

　　But we need to reform the existent mindset(思维模式) more than the education sector(部门). Education is not only about memorizing books and taking exams. Therefore, we should stop seeing kindergartens as “schools”, and ensure all schools have the same standards, and bookish knowledge is enriched by knowledge from other sources, from society and life itself.

　　Mothers are not to be blamed for the present situation, for in their desire to provide the best education for their children they become victims of social trends. But let’s hope the Chinese view of education will change, gradually if not rapidly, to the benefit of children, families and society as a whole.

　　This is my wish on Mother’s Day.

　　41. The last sentence in the 1st paragraph means that _________.

　　A. Chinese mothers have become their children’s slaves

　　B. Chinese mothers are too busy in serving their children

　　C. Chinese mothers have to serve their children

　　D. Chinese mothers are not free to serve their children

　　42. What is the function of the 2nd paragraph?

　　A. To tell us what “tiger moms” means.

　　B. To show us how unselfish tiger moms are.

　　C. To tell us what tiger moms do.

　　D. To give us some examples of tiger moms.

　　43. The underlined word “offspring” in Paragraph 3 means almost the same as _________.

　　A. ancestors

　　B. children

　　C. relatives

　　D. neighbours

　　44. What enable children to develop both their judgment and their sense of responsibility?

　　A. Making choices and completing what they should do on their own.

　　B. Reforming both the existent mindset more than the education sector.

　　C. Changing tiger moms into ones normally concerned about their children.

　　D. Defending an idea, accepting defeat and organizing their life by themselves.

　　45. The author wrote the passage for _________.

　　A. Chinese children

　　B. Chinese people

　　C. Chinese mothers

　　D. Chinese education authority

　　B

　　On an August afternoon last year, Pamela Rivers, 40, and her friend Rita Graham, 38, were stopped at a red light on Cobb’s Creek Parkway in South Philadelphia when a white SUV traveling in the opposite direction turned across traffic in front of them. It then jumped the curb (围边) and rushed through a grassy expanse (绿化带) before plunging down an embankment (护堤) toward Cobb’s Creek. Pamela quickly pulled over, jumped out of her car, and dialed 911.

　　Kenny Gibson, 23, and his friend Taron Green, 25, were driving home from a job when Rita flagged them down. Kenny stopped, and the men got out of the car and looked over the cliff. The SUV had landed upside down in five feet of water. A woman’s leg could be seen swinging out the driver’s side window.

　　“I have a fear of water,” Kenny said now. “I almost drowned when I was nine.” Even so, he and Taron hurried down the 50-foot embankment into the muddy water. “I couldn’t just leave her,” he adds.

　　The men waded out to the car and saw that the woman, Cheryl Allison, 61, was partially in water. Kenny tried unsuccessfully to open the door. Then he broke the window. But when he reached in to pull out Cheryl, he found she was trapped by the seat belt.

　　“Run back to the truck and grab a box cutter(切割机),” Kenny yelled to Taron. Meanwhile, Kenny tried in vain to push the car onto its side to create an air pocket for Cheryl.

　　That’s when mechanic Marcell Porter approached the site. “I flipped into rescue mode,” he said. When Taron returned, Kenny cut through the seat belt with the box cutter. He and Marcell tried to pull Cheryl out, but she wouldn’t come out.

　　Marcell broke the rear window with a rock, hoping to rescue her from the back. Then he saw that she was still strapped in by her shoulder belt. Marcell reached for the box cutter and cut the remaining strap in two. Kenny leaned in, grabbed Cheryl by the waist, and pulled her out feet first. Marcell grasped Cheryl’s legs, and they managed to drag her lifeless body onto a rock.

　　“Give her CPR!” Pamela yelled down to them. But the two men had no idea what to do. “Put your mouth on her mouth and breathe,” she shouted to Marcell. And to Kenny, “Pump her chest!”

　　“We tried three times,” said Marcell. Finally, Cheryl brought up water and started moving her fingers. The men rolled her over onto her stomach to let out more water.

　　Soon an ambulance arrived and transported Cheryl to the hospital, where doctors treated her. They never discovered what caused her to pass out, but she assumes it had something to do with the burning summer heat.

　　Over the next few days, they took turns visiting Cheryl in the hospital, where they shared hugs and tears. “We couldn’t believe she was all right,” said Pamela.

　　“It’s just amazing that these people came together,” said Cheryl. She stays in touch with her “angels” via frequent phone calls. “They are really beautiful people,” she said.

　　46. Which telephone number do Chinese dial in the case like that where Pamela in the passage dialed “911”?

　　A. 121.

　　B. 120.

　　C. 114.

　　D. 12315.

　　47. Kenny is afraid of water because ________.

　　A. he can’t swim

　　B. The water was too deep

　　C. the water was too muddy

　　D. once he narrowly missed drowning

　　48. How many people took part in rescuing Cheryl before she was sent to the hospital?

　　A. 5.

　　B. 4.

　　C. 6.

　　D. 7.

　　49. Which is the best title of the passage?

　　A. Lucky Woman Rescued

　　B. Breathtaking and Touching Story

　　C. Strangers Who Come Running

　　D. First Aid CPR

　　C

　　Painting, the execution of forms and shapes on a surface by means of pigment (染料), has been continuously practiced by humans for some 20,000 years. Together with other activities that may have been ritualistic (仪式的) but have come to be considered as artistic (有美感的) (such as music or dance), painting was one of the earliest ways in which man sought to express his own personality and his emerging understanding of an existence beyond the material world. Unlike music and dance, however, examples of early forms of painting have survived to the present day. And painting, like other arts, exhibits universal qualities that make it easy for viewers of all nations and civilizations to understand and appreciate.

　　The major extant examples of early painting anywhere in the world are found in Western Europe and the Soviet Union. But some 5,000 years ago, the areas in which important paintings were executed shifted to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and neighboring regions. Therefore, Western shared a European cultural tradition ——the Middle East and Mediterranean Basin and, later, the countries of the New World.

　　Western painting is in general distinguished by its concentration on the representation of the human figure, whether in the heroic context of antiquity (古代) or the religious context of the early Christian and medieval (中世纪的) world. The Renaissance extended this tradition through a close examination of the natural world and an investigation of balance, harmony, and perspective in the visible world, linking painting to the developing sciences of anatomy (解剖学) and optics (光学). The first real break from figurative painting came with the growth of landscape painting in the 17th and 18th centuries. The landscape and figurative traditions developed together in the 19th century in an atmosphere that was increasingly concerned with “painterly” qualities of the interaction of light and color and the expressive qualities of paint handling. In the 20th century these interests contributed to the development of a third major tradition in Western painting, abstract painting, which sought to uncover and express the true nature of paint and painting through action and form.

　　50. Viewers of all nations and civilizations can understand and appreciate painting because _______.

　　A. painting displays universal qualities

　　B. painting is thought to be artistic

　　C. painting is similar to music and dance

　　D. painting has been practiced for some 20,000 years.

　　51. According to the first paragraph, what makes painting different from music and dance?

　　A. The fact that painting is the earliest of all arts.

　　B. The fact that painting has come to be considered as artistic.

　　C. The fact that examples of early forms of painting still exist.

　　D. The fact that painting exhibits universal qualities.

　　52. What makes it possible for Western to share a European cultural tradition?

　　A. The examples of early painting found in Western Europe and the Soviet Union.

　　B. The shift of the areas where important paintings were created.

　　C. The Middle East and Mediterranean Basin.

　　D. The countries of the New World.

　　53. Which painting appeared first?

　　A. Western painting.

　　B. Abstract painting.

　　C. The landscape painting.

　　D. The figurative painting.

　　54. What result in the development of abstract painting?

　　A. The concern about qualities of the interaction of light and color and those of the paint handling.

　　B. The growth of landscape painting in the 17th and 18th centuries.

　　C. An examination of the nature and an investigation of balance and harmony, in the visible world.

　　D. Linking painting to the developing sciences of anatomy and optics.

　　D

　　How to Memorize Things Quicker Than Other People？

　　The following is my advice for you.

　　Step 1: Preparation

　　To improve your memorization, pay close attention to which environment you choose. For most people, this means choosing an area with few distractions, though some people do advance greatly by learning in public areas. Figure out what is most conducive to your learning so that you can get started.

　　Next, start drinking some tea. I could link you to many scientific studies that confirm green tea as a natural catalyst(催化剂) for improving memory. Mechanically speaking, our ability to recall information comes down to the strength between neurons(神经元) in our mind. The more you exercise the repetition, the stronger it is, resulting in the ability to memorize.

　　As we get older, poisonous chemicals will damage our neurons, leading to memory loss. Green tea contains compounds, however, that block this poison and keep your brain cells working properly a lot longer.

　　Step 2: Record what you’re memorizing

　　This is especially useful if you’re trying to memorize information from a lecture. Use a tape recorder to track all of the acquired facts being spoken and listen to it. If you’re trying to memorize a speech, record your reading of the speech and listen to the record. Obviously, this is most helpful for auditory(听觉的) learners, and it’s also useful because it ensures that you’re getting more context from a lecture that will help you learn the information faster.

　　Step 3: Write everything down

　　Before you start trying to recall everything from memory, write and re-write the information. This will help you become more familiar with what you’re trying to memorize. Doing this while listening to your tape recorder can also help you keep a lot of the data. This is most useful for experiential learners.

　　Step 4: Section your notes.

　　Now that you have everything written down in one set of notes, separate them into sections. This is ideal for visual learners, especially if you use color coding to distinguish between subjects. This will help you break everything down and start classing the information being recorded in your brain.

　　Step 5: Apply repetition to cumulative(累积的) memorization

　　For each line of text, repeat it a few times and try to recall it without looking. As you memorize each set of text, be cumulative by adding the new information to what you’ve just learned. This will keep everything within your short-term memory from fading. Keep doing this until you have memorized that section and you are able to recall the entire thing. Do not move on to another section until you have memorized that one completely. This is mostly visual learning, but if you are speaking aloud, then you are also applying auditory.

　　Step 6: Teach it to someone (or yourself)

　　The most effective method for me when I was in school was to teach the information to someone else. You can do this in a variety of ways. You can lecture the knowledge to someone sitting right in front of you (or the mirror, if you can’t convince anyone to sit through it) and explain everything from your memory. If what you’ve learned needs to be recited word by word, then do this in front of someone as well in order to get a feel for what it will be like to recite the text to the intended audience.

　　55. Green tea benefits memory by ________.

　　A. making memory better and memory loss much later

　　B. using it as a natural catalyst and to block this poison

　　C. keeping you awake and your brains working properly a lot longer

　　D. recalling and remembering information

　　56. For auditory learners, to memorize better and faster, what is the most important?

　　A. To record themselves reading aloud and listen to themselves speaking.

　　B. To track all of the acquired facts being spoken and listen to it.

　　C. To get more contexts from a lecture and learn the information faster.

　　D. To record and listen to what they’re to memorize.

　　57. How can experiential learners getting more familiar with what they’re to memorize?

　　A. By recording and listening to the information.

　　B. By writing and re-writing the information.

　　C. By writing and listening to the information.

　　D. By recalling everything from memory.

　　58. Who is more likely to use color coding to separate what is to be memorized into sections?

　　A. An experiential learner.

　　B. An auditory learner.

　　B. One fond of colors.

　　D. A visual learner.

　　59. Adding the new information to what you’ve just learned can ________.

　　A. encourage you to memorize each set of text

　　B. help to recall what you remember without looking.

　　C. prevent what you remember by short-term memory losing

　　D. help to teach what you are to memorize to others

　　60. Step 6 implies that the author ___________.

　　A. preferred teaching

　　B. was good at memorizing

　　C. learned by heart by teaching

　　D. was an auditory learner

　　第二节：下面文章中有5个段落需要添加首句(第61—65题)。请从以下选项(A、B、C、D、E和F)中选出符合各段落的首句。选项中有一项是多余选项。

　　A. You are more independent.

　　B. You develop your own voice.

　　C. You understand the missing holes.

　　D. You begin to acknowledge other worthy activities.

　　E. You gain a different perspective on who your partner is.

　　F. Your life switches from many fantasies to many realities.

　　Being in a relationship can be a full-time job. Sometimes, it can become so overwhelming and consuming that you lose your own voice and sense of ownership. You want freedom and you think your partner is not making you happy enough. You question is why you are in the relationship at all.

　　Yes, we all need that moment to feel uneasy and track our direction in whatever relationship we’re in. These breaks can be beneficial to becoming the person you want to be. Here are some of the positive things that can come out of those moments of indecision.

　　61

　　You are not so absorbed about them. You see them for their flaws and perfections. Since you can rely on your instincts and find other pleasures, rather than just within the relationship itself, you understand your partner better. This knowledge will prove beneficial in the way you treat them.

　　62

　　Now that you want to hang out with other people, you actually appreciate your partner more and try fun new things with them. You can come up with fun things to do on your own and get your partner involved along the way.

　　63

　　Every relationship has some missing holes that need to be filled. It could be in terms of spirituality, finance, emotions, or mentality. When you are lost, you can understand these missing holes and find ways to fill them. It’s not just about the missing holes in the relationship, but the ones you find in yourself. What are your weaknesses? How can you be more purposeful and happier?

　　64

　　You are not just around to fulfill another person’s desires. What matters is how you feel and your independence. Your emotions and joys belong to you—these are not external things. You can reflect, plan, and execute. Along the way, you will find your own voice and identity.

　　65

　　Being lost can offer you freedom. You identify your core values, desires, and tastes. You are open with yourself and you can try new things. You understand that you do not have to always rely on your partner. Perhaps there is a movie coming out this weekend, you can buy a ticket and go to the cinemas yourself—something that may have been unheard of for you in the past. Being forced to find this independence can make you a stronger person.

　　People think that being lost in a relationship signals doom for that relationship—it doesn’t. It all depends on how you manage this necessary stage and work towards making the most of it.

　　非选择题部分(共40分)

　　第三部分:写作(共两节,满分40分)

　　第一节：短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)

　　下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

　　增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。

　　删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。

　　修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。

　　注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

　　2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。

　　Rules are made for people to follow, instead of breaking them. Quite a few people are going through the road despite the fact the signal is red. Some people might be in a rush for an appointment and to work, when others are impatient to wait. So they neglect the rule of crossing the road when it’s green light. One disadvantage for the behaviour is what the drivers will not expect the people to walk across the street while it’s red, it may even cause a terrible accident. Additional, if an accident really happens, a lot of people and cars will be affected.

　　In my opinion, this phenomenon is very dangerous that it should be banned. For our safety, please do not follow the ones who lead themselves to danger! All at all, I believe this phenomenon will be less and less in the future. Let us to work together to create a more harmonious society.

　　第二节：书面表达(满分30分)

　　你校最近开展了“校园安全周”活动，并组织了征文比赛。请你根据以下要点，用英语写一篇文章。

　　内容包括：1. 安全意识的重要性；

　　2. 在校内注意人身安全；

　　3. 同学间发生矛盾一定要冷静理智；

　　4. 逐步将“安全校园”活动转化为全体师生的实际行动。

　　注意： 1. 词数：100—120左右；

　　2. 适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

　　3. 短文中不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、同学姓名等真实信息。否则，按考试作弊行为认定。_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________