2017届高考英语一轮复习语法训练：第一讲 冠词（北师大版）

　　集释(一) “语境考查类”语法项目

　　第一讲冠__词

　　单句语法填空

　　1．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

　　2．(2015·广东高考语法填空)Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned.

　　3．(2015·浙江高考改编)Jane's grandmother had wanted to write a children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in the way.

　　4．(2015·陕西高考改编)The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually becomes.

　　5．(2015·重庆高考改编)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.

　　一、不定冠词

　　(一)不定冠词的基本用法

　　1．表示泛指某个人或事物。

　　I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.

　　今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。

　　2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。

　　My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.

　　我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。

　　3．表示“某一个”，相当于a certain。

　　I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.

　　我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。

　　4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。

　　He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but he will get a second chance in the long jump.

　　他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。

　　5．用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“一个更……的”。

　　If we sit near the front of the bus, we'll have a better view.

　　如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。

　　6．用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。

　　物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。

　　Tony is a famous pianist. I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.

　　托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。

　　(二)固定搭配中的不定冠词

　　不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：

　　have a gift for有……的天赋　have a holiday度假

　　get a lift/ride搭便车

　　pay a visit to参观

　　lend sb. a hand帮助某人

　　as a result因此

　　as a rule通常，照例

　　in a hurry匆忙地

　　at a distance离一段距离

　　a waste of……的浪费

　　What a pity！真遗憾！

　　be/go on a diet节食

　　a collection of一批……

　　a knowledge of知道

　　have a good time玩得高兴

　　make a living谋生

　　as a matter of fact事实上

　　have a history of有……历史

　　in a sense/way在某种意义上

　　for a while暂时，一时

　　all of a sudden突然

　　a matter of……的问题

　　have a population of有……人口

　　cover an area of占……的面积

　　You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.(2017·安徽高考单选)

　　你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。

　　二、定冠词

　　(一)定冠词的基本用法

　　1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。

　　I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was founded in the early twentieth century.

　　我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。

　　2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。

　　①As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought.

　　众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。

　　②As a matter of fact, the rich aren't always happy.

　　事实上富人并非总是快乐的。

　　———————————————————————————————————————

　　“the＋adj.”表示一类人的常用短语：

　　the rich富人the dead死者

　　the poor穷人

　　the aged老人

　　the old老人

　　the living活着的人

　　the young年轻人

　　the injured/wounded受伤的人

　　—————————————————————————————————————

　　3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。

　　①Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.

　　在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。

　　②Now, years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)

　　在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。

　　4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。

　　The village where I was born has grown into a town.(2017·陕西高考单选)

　　我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。

　　5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。

　　As is well known to us all, the Second World War broke out in the thirties.

　　众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。

　　6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。

　　The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.

　　史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。

　　7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。

　　No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence, as it happened so long ago.

　　没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。

　　8．用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。

　　As far as I know, he likes playing the piano.

　　据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。

　　(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词

　　1．固定结构中的定冠词

　　(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。

　　—It's said that John will be in a job paying over D|S60,000 a year.

　　—Right, he will also get paid by the week.

　　——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。

　　——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。

　　(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中。

　　His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.

　　那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。

　　(3)用于the more ... the more ...(越……越……)结构中。

　　The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.

　　你越小心，就会越少犯错误。

　　2．固定短语中的定冠词

　　at the moment此刻；目前in the end 最后，最终

　　to tell the truth说实话

　　on the other hand另一方面

　　by the way顺便说一下

　　in the middle of在……中间

　　at the same time同时

　　on the contrary相反

　　on the whole总的来说

　　in the distance在远处

　　to the point 中肯；切题

　　make the most/best of充分利用

　　go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧

　　Now that you have such a good chance, you'd better make the best of every minute to achieve your goal.

　　既然你有这么好的一次机会，你最好充分利用每一分钟去实现你的目标。

　　三、零冠词

　　(一)零冠词的基本用法

　　下列情况下不用冠词。

　　1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。

　　①Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which you'll make great progress.

　　记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。

　　②Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.

　　电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。

　　2．表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。

　　A year can be divided into four seasons — spring, summer, autumn and winter.

　　一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。

　　3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。

　　Are you going there by plane or by ship?

　　你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？

　　4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。

　　After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.

　　多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。

　　5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。

　　Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”

　　这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”

　　(二)固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词

　　1．固定结构中的零冠词

　　“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。

　　Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.

　　尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。

　　2．固定短语中的零冠词

　　on purpose故意地by chance碰巧

　　catch fire着火

　　at dawn在黎明

　　face to face面对面

　　out of date过时的

　　make room for让位

　　in debt负债

　　in shape健康

　　on foot步行

　　in danger在危险中

　　side by side并排

　　from time to time不时地

　　hand in hand手拉手

　　day after day日复一日地

　　heart and soul全心全意地

　　Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push­ups too to stay in shape.(2017·江苏高考单选)

　　汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。

　　[典题精选] [我来改正] [常设误点]

　　(2017·陕西高考)That day I didn't learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!

　　(2016·邢台市高三摸底考试)But he had only an 100­yuan note.

　　(2016·嘉峪关市一中三模)He was an European billionaire who got everything he wanted. a→an

　　②an→a

　　③an→a (1)不定冠词a和an的错用

　　①在元音音素前应用不定冠词an；

　　②在辅音音素前应用不定冠词a；

　　③有些单词以元音字母开头但却是以辅音音素开头，前面应用冠词a而不用an；还有一些单词以辅音字母开头但却是以元音音素开头，前面应用冠词an而不用a。

　　①(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents ... A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.

　　②(2016·郑州二模)Most of us feel nervous whenever we're taking the important exam. ①shop前的a→the

　　②the→an (2)不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用

　　①表示特指时用定冠词the；

　　②表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。

　　①(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This custom soon became another meal of day.

　　②(2016·江西九校联考)Forrest Gump was born in small village. ①在day前加the

　　②在in和small之间加a (3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失

　　一般情况下，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词a(n)或the。 a(n)表示类指或泛指，the 表示特指。

　　①(2017·浙江高考)Tomorrow is first day of school.

　　②(2016·衡水一中模拟)In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, richest man in the world, gave up studying in Harvard University. ①在first前加the

　　②在richest前加the (4)定冠词the的缺失

　　①在序数词前常用定冠词the；

　　②在形容词最高级前也常用定冠词the。

　　①(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.

　　②(2016·南昌市一模)I think it's a great fun and I can make more friends. ①去掉flowers前的the

　　②去掉great前的a (5)冠词的多余

　　可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。

　　①(2015·浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.

　　②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, the plants are growing everywhere. ①在hurry前加a

　　②在result前加a (6)常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余

　　在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a(n)，有的用定冠词the，而有的不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, on the right, in fact, as a result, as a result等。

　　Ⅰ.单句语法填空

　　1．(2016·济南外国语学校模拟)Nowadays, how we can take good care of the old is becoming a hot and serious topic.

　　2．(2016·大庆质量检测二)If I were ever short of cash and couldn't afford to do anything much, which in those days was usually the case, I could always go outside and take a look around.

　　3．(2016·泰安二模)It was a burning­hot, summer's day and I was longing to go swimming at the local pool. Instead, I was riding in the back seat of the car as my parents drove to a friend's house.

　　4．(2016·江西八校一模)He tapped her on the shoulder, “Hi! I have been looking for you for such a long time！”

　　5．(2016·长春调研考试)Today the Internet is playing an important and essential role in our life.

　　6．(2016·枣庄模拟)First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you can never get a second chance to make first impressions.

　　7．(2016·石家庄二模)Our destination was Orewa, a seaside town.

　　8．(2016·青岛自主诊断)After a short silence, the man told the doctor that he seized all the money that his father gave to his brother, who was abroad.

　　9．(2016·郑州高三二模)It's a pleasure for me to be here to speak to such a distinguished group from all over the world.

　　10．(2016·南阳一中三模)Imagine falling towards the planet Earth at an awesome speed of 300 kilometers per hour.

　　11．(2016·济南高考模拟)When he became a doctor, he tapped people's chests to see how much liquid was in their lungs. Laennec did the same and learned to tell by tapping carefully on a chest whether it was diseased or not.

　　12．(2016·大庆市二轮复习检测)I should be very interested to meet the man who threw the stone you mentioned in the newspaper.

　　Ⅱ.单句改错

　　1．(2016·银川质量检测短文改错)This afternoon I went to see my grandfather by a bus.去掉a

　　2．(2016·贵州监测二短文改错)With English being widely used in the world, it is playing a more and more important role. For example, a French and Chinese can't speak each other's language.Chinese前加a

　　3．(2016·赣州模拟短文改错)He became a engineer instead and spent most of his time studying car design.a→an

　　4．(2016·衡水中学二模短文改错)Second, we must set the goal, which motivates us to pursue our dreams.the→a

　　5．(2016·山东省实验中学一模短文改错)I'm Li Hua and I'm writing to apply for the assistant post you advised on Internet.on后加the

　　6．(2016·豫东、豫北十所名校联考短文改错)There is no doubt that English has become an universal language nowadays.an→a

　　7．(2016·呼和浩特调研短文改错)If you want to make a progress, you need to put your heart into your study and work hard.去掉a

　　8．(2016·吉林省第二次调研短文改错)I borrowed story book from the library the other day and took it home.story前加a

　　Ⅰ.语法填空

　　(2016·河北衡水中学三模)It was a busy day at the grocery store and an old couple were in line behind me with birthday balloons.

　　From __1__ they said, I knew their nephew had a twin and something bad happened to the baby at birth. Though they did all they could __2__ (help) them but times were tough for them.

　　They seemed to be too nervous and were too __3__ (anxiety) to leave, so I asked __4__ they wanted to go ahead of me or not. They didn't understand what I __5__ (mean) at first. After knowing it, they were very appreciative. But they stood behind me.

　　At that time I knew it had to be a significant day to them. Nothing could be __6__ (good) if someone offered to help them. So I told the cashier to add the balloons to my purchases. The old couple refused at first __7__ I insisted. I said, “You tell your sweet nephew that there are still nice people left who wanted to give them __8__ hand in this world.” They thanked me over and over and the cashier was moved to tears, __9__ (say) there was an angel in her line today.

　　That little act of __10__ (kind) made everyone who saw it feel good — but it made me feel the best of all!

　　1．what　介词后接宾语从句，设空处为连接代词，此处表示“从他们所说的话”，故填what。

　　2．to help　此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。

　　3．anxious　该词在系动词be之后且有too修饰，故用形容词anxious。

　　4．whether　此处为宾语从句的连接词，表示“是否”，且与or not搭配，故用whether。

　　5．meant　此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，主句为一般过去时，所以从句也用一般过去时。

　　6．better　否定词与比较级连用表示最高级的含义。

　　7．but　此处表示转折关系，故用but。

　　8．a　give sb. a hand为固定短语，意为“帮助某人”。

　　9．saying　此处作状语，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。

　　10．kindness　介词of后应用名词，故填kindness。an act of kindness“善行”。

　　Ⅱ.短文改错

　　(2016·烟台市二模)I was not good in math in the first year of junior high school. Having been failed so many times in math exams, I was anxious about the subject. Every time I tried hardly to work out a math problem, I was afraid of making mistakes, that really made me feel helpless. Luckily, I met a nice math teacher in second year. She told me that I didn't need to worry about making mistakes because I could find out my shortcomings through my mistake. She always encouraged myself to try again whenever I make a mistake. Thanks to my teacher's encouragement, I became interesting in math and made rapid progress. My experience proves that failure was the mother of success and that we can learn a lot from our mistakes.

　　答案：第一句：第一个in→at

　　第二句：去掉been

　　第三句：hardly→hard; that→which

　　第四句：second前加the

　　第五句：mistake→mistakes

　　第六句：myself→me; make→made

　　第七句：interesting→interested

　　第八句：was→is