2017年高考英语考前阅读、完型与写作（命题揭秘）之七选五阅读：思路点拨（含解析）

　　一、整体把握

　　（一）理清句际间意义的关系

　　文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。下面来看两套真题：

　　2016年北京卷，

　　The Science of Risk-Seeking

　　Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth tasking.

　　71

　　Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.

　　The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring.

　　72

　　As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.

　　So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one Killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it.

　　73

　　No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.

　　74

　　To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.

　　75

　　For the risk-seekers, a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.

　　As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.

　　A. It all depends on your character.

　　B. Those are the risks you should jump to take.

　　C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.

　　D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.

　　E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.

　　F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.

　　G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.

　　【解析】

　　2015年全国2卷，

　　Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs.

　　36

　　, buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit.

　　37

　　. As always, you should stretch(伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

　　During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day.

　　38

　　, it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.

　　39

　　. After two weeks, start timing yourself.

　　40

　　. Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

　　After six days

　　For a good marathon runner

　　Before you begin your training

　　With each day, increase the distance by a half mile

　　If they still feel good, you can begin running in them

　　Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

　　Now you are ready out a goal of improving distance and time

　　【解析】

　　36. C 考查对上下文的理解。上文提到跑马拉松，下文说买双合脚的鞋子。这里应该是Before

　　you begin your training训练前的准备工作。故选C。

　　37. E考查对上下文的理解。上文提到：穿着鞋走走路以确保合适，下文提到跑。这里应该说If they still feel good, you can begin running in them如果穿着感觉很好，就可以跑了。选E。

　　38. A考查上下文的理解。上文提到练习的第一周怎么做，下文提到第二周，这里应该是After six days，练习一周后稍做休息，一周是6天，故选A。

　　39. D考查对上下文的理解。这里在讨论逐渐加长跑步的距离，每天增加一定的距离才合理，故选D With each day, increase the distance by a half mile。

　　40. G考查对上下文的理解。最后是提速。在规定的距离内如何训练自己跑得快。这样才能参加比赛。故选G Now you are ready out a goal of improving distance and time。

　　如上面2016年高考英语北京卷七选五真题中，第一段的第一句“Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth tasking.”与下面几句是递进关系，后面的句子对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证，使意思更加明了、具体。后三句之间是平列关系，平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并列地位，互不相属，而只是组合在一起共同说明一个问题。平列关系组合的语段，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意思。

　　第一段相对于后面的段落是总分结构，第二段的第一句与第二句是层递关系，层递关系是一种固定的顺序关系，但又不同与顺序关系，顺序关系指构成语段的各句子只能按事物发展的过程由先而后地顺序排列，不可随意改变次序，通常在记叙文或描述固定的操作程序的说明文中用得普遍，而层递关系组合的语段是按语意的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。第三句与第四句是解释关系，第一、二句组合为一个语段，第三、四句组合为另外一个语段，语段与语段之间是总分关系，总分关系是指前面的句子陈述两个过两个以上的对象，后面的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组合的语段能够前呼后应，彼此配合，使语脉清楚，条分缕析，如“So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? ”一句与前面句子前呼后应，彼此配合，为下面第73小题选“It depends on your character”埋伏了一笔，逻辑性很强。

　　第三段的第一句与下面几句是解释关系，而后列举的方法是平列关系。

　　第五段的两话句是转折关系，转折关系指句与句之间存在意义的转折，通常表达对比或对照的意思。

　　最后一段是对前面段落内容的总结，使得整篇文章条理有序，层次和结构分明。

　　（二）找出句子之间的连接性的词语

　　文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系是

　　承接关系（如so, no matter, as, thus等）

　　平列关系（如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude等）。

　　转折关系（如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise等）。比如选项71，与前句构成了转折关系，故应选F项答案。

　　层递关系（如also, as a result, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also等）。如73 选项，与前句组合为层递关系，故应选A项。

　　解释关系，如75选项应选G选项，是对上面作者所讲内容的解释说明，故应选G项。下面再看2017年辽宁卷，

　　Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment, the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight, but it's easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight:

　　·

　　Schedule yearly exams.

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　　Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age to the doctor for a careful check. The good news is that millions of children now can have yearly eye exams and following treatment, including eyeglasses.

　　· Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes. No matter what the season is, it's extremely important to wear sunglasses.

　　37

　　Give your eyes a break. Two-thirds of Americans spend up to seven hours a day using computers or other digital products.

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　　Experts recommend that people practice the 20/20/20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet away.

　　·

　　39

　　As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health.

　　·

　　Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜). Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical guidance for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk.

　　40

　　Otherwise, you may have problems such as red eyes, pain in the eyes, or a more serious condition.

　　A. Eat your greens.

　　B. Eye care should begin early in life.

　　C. They can properly protect your eyes.

　　D. Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins.

　　E. Parents usually don’t care about their own eyesight.

　　F. Always follow the doctor’s advice for appropriate wear.

　　G. This frequent eye activity increases the risk for eye tiredness.

　　【解析】

　　3. 考查句意理解和上下文串联。根据上文的句子：Two-thirds of Americans spend up to seven hours a day using computers or other digital products.三分之二的美国人每天花7个小时使用电脑和其他数字产品，可知：这个频繁的视力活动会增加眼睛疲劳的危险，所以答案是G。

　　4. 考查句意理解和上下文串联。根据下文的句子：As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day.作为健康饮食，每天要多吃蔬菜和水果，可知：多吃绿色的食品，所以答案是A。

　　5. 考查句意理解和上下文串联。根据上文的句子：While some follow the medical guidance for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk.有人听从佩戴隐形眼镜的医学建议，而有人忽视了这些规定让他们的视力有危险，可知：佩戴眼镜要听从医生的建议，所以答案是F。

　　对一个语段或语篇的分析，可以按以下步骤进行：

　　（1）通读全文，对文章进行快速浏览，寻找主题句，抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。

　　在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。如上面真题，首句“Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life.”，从本句可知看出，该短文是讲述和视力保护有关的话题；首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。上面真题的每个段落中首句都是讲述保护视力的具体建议。可是如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否可能为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意，首段与末段的提示作用。

　　（2）详读段落，在短时间内，找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。

　　文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开，对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词，明确其描述内容，为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。如文章第三小段，Give your eyes a break.就能看出，是保护眼睛，再如，第四段首句话Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜).也是跟保护视力有关的，故可以很快弄明白文章的大体走向，心里就有底了。

　　（3）定位选项，明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中，填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。

　　在定位选项时，要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。例如，第一小题根据下文提示：Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age to the doctor for a careful check.医生建议父母到6到12个月大的孩子去医院做视力检查，可知：保护视力应该很早就开始，等于基本锁定了选项。另外，将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境，能否承接前后的写作线索，使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺也是个很好的方法。

　　一篇文章作为一个整体，是有其写作的线索与思路的，在选项定位中，要尤其注意文章的写作线索，文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。如果带入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。

　　（4）通读复检，将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。

　　在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。

　　要特别注意，除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择，否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力，动了脑筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。

　　（5）确定排除，研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。

　　二、解题技巧  

　　我们可以根据例题，来分析和总结一下七选五题型的解题技巧：

　　2015年四川卷，

　　A: I need to lose some weight. My clothes don’t fit anymore. __51___

　　B: Well, instead of watching TV all day, you could do more exercise.

　　A:_______52________

　　B: Like cycling, or you could work out at the gym.

　　A: I don’t have time. ____53____

　　B: OK, then you could change your diet. _____54____

　　A: You mean no more hamburgers! Oh no!

　　B: OK.___55____

　　A. Like what?

　　B. I’m too busy.

　　C. What should I do?

　　D. Some more hamburgers?

　　E. Buy some larger clothes then.

　　F. That’s a good idea. Thanks a lot.

　　G.. Eat something healthier, like fruit.

　　【解析】

　　51.C考查对下文的概括能力。根据下文的you could do more exercise可知，上文是询问该怎么做，故选择C。

　　52.A考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据下文的like cycling,or you could work out at the gym，可知，上文要求说话者举例说明，故选择A。

　　53.B考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据上文I don’t have time可知，选择B，意为我很忙。

　　54.G考查对下文的概括能力。根据上文you could change your diet.可知，选G，意为吃些健康食品，如水果。

　　55.E考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据上文的You mean no more hamburgers! Oh no!可知，这个人不想只吃水果，故选择E，指如果不这样做，就只有买大号的衣服了。

　　2015年北京卷，

　　This Way to Dreamland

　　Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy._71__They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

　　But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. __72__ Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?

　　So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?

　　First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.__73_ And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.

　　It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.__74__

　　Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.____75_

　　Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

　　A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.

　　B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

　　C. Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes.

　　D. At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

　　E. It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

　　F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.

　　G. Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re

　　in the daydream zone.

　　【解析】

　　2016年四川卷，

　　Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 16In general, they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason for this is biological.

　　One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women.

　　17 Between the ages of about 12 and 50, women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力). These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and blood flow. In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.

　　18   They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections. This means that women generally ger sick less often and less seriously than men. The common cold is a good example: women, on average, get fewer colds than men.  

　　19

　　  Scientists are still not exactly sure how influence aging, but they believe that they do. Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency(向) to age more slowly than a man’s.Others think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly . 20   A．However, women, on average, live longer. B .The biological factor plays an important part. C. Women are also helped by their female genes. D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way. E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities. F. Therefore, women are more healthy than men and can live a better life. G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious body functions.

　　【解析】

　　16. A根据空格下一句“一般说，女性比男性多活6到7年”可知此处的意思是：然而，女性平均比男性寿命更长。故选A。

　　17. G根据空格上句“男性和女性之间荷尔蒙的不同帮助女性活得更久”可知此空的意思是：荷尔蒙是身体分泌的控制身体各种功能的化学物质。故选G。

　　18. D根据下句“它们帮助身体本身抵抗各种感染”可知此空的意思是：女性荷尔蒙也用另一种方式保护身体。故选D。

　　19. C根据下句“科学家仍然没有确切地表明基因怎样影响变老，但是他们认为基因确实在影响变老”可知上句：女性基因也在帮助女性。

　　20. E根据空格前两句“一些人认为女性的身体细胞有比男性老化慢的倾向，另一些人认为男性身体细胞有老化快的倾向”可知E项“最近的研究似乎支持这两种可能”符合题意。选E。

　　做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，判断它们之间的关系来进一步确认答案。因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。表示因果关系的连词有As a result结果------，thus/therefore因此，so (such)...如此------以至于等。

　　    转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。表示转折关系的连接词有：However然而, nevertheless仍然，然而，不过, nonetheless尽管如此，依然，然而, still还；然而, though可是，不过，然而, yet然而, in spite of不顾，不管, at any rate无论如何，至少, in any case无论如何，不管怎样, whoever无论是谁, whatever无论什么，on the contrary正相反, in contrast与此相反, 相比之下, by contrast相反, 相比之下, in comparison比较起来，比较地, by comparison相比下, conversely相反(地), otherwise否则；除此外，not---but不是---而是，as well也等。

　　    前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。

　　递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。表示递进关系的连词有：also也, 而且, further另外(的)；, furthermore而且，此外, likewise同样地，照样地；也，又, similarly相似地，类似地, moreover而且再者，此外, in addition另外，加之, what’s more更重要的是, too也，还, either也, neither两者都不, not only…but also不但…而且等。

　　表示列举关系的有：first首先, 第一, second第二, third第三…; firstly第一, 首先, secondly第二(点)；其次, thirdly第三…; first第一, next其次, then那么, 然后…; in the first place第一，首先, in the second place第二, 其次…; for one thing首先，一则, for another thing其次…; to begin with首先，第一, to conclude首先，第一等

　　英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。

　　英语前言后语之间往往会有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词是特殊的同义/近义词。

　　 上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。

　　    假如问题出现在段首，它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。

　　    所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。分析与前文是转折或是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等，选项也可发现前文的同义词句。

　　三、考题预测

　　（一） 内容选择

　　阅读新题型文章选择注重两个方面的内容：一是选材注重选取贴近考生、贴近生活、新颖的、时代感强的材料，以体现考纲中明确提出的“命题重视‘新材料、新情境’ 的创设与运用，测试考生的综合语言运用能力”的指导思想。如2007年短文填空话题是“学生假期组织俱乐部”；2008年短文填空是贴近考生的“如何作笔记”话题。2009年短文填空是话题；二是所选文章内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明，便于学生在阅读的基础上，进行综合理解，并对于一些信息进行概括或充分表达。

　　（二） 文章长度

　　07年短文填空为270左右；08年短文填空为270词左右，09年短文填空为270词左右。总之，文章的选择不能太短（少于250词）或太长（多于350）。另外，文章的长度还会与整套试题中阅读的总词数有关。

　　（三） 文体选择

　　文章的选择以说明、议论、夹叙夹议等为主，单纯以时间或事件为线索的记叙文不宜于考察逻辑思维能力，出现机率不大。