2017届河北省衡水名校高考英语一轮复习专题撬分练：专题19 篇章结构题（含解析）

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　　基础组Passage 1

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：说明文　题材：社会生活类　难度：中词数：288

　　[2016·枣强中学一轮检测]Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over.

　　According to Dr Joseph Mereola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their lifestyle. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruit, vegetables, and eggs as well as high­quality meats for each meal.

　　After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.

　　In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17% —and is growing.

　　文章通过对比美国人与法国人的生活方式，向我们介绍了生活方式对体重的影响。

　　1．In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mereola?

　　A．They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.

　　B．They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.

　　C．They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyle.

　　D．They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.

　　答案　C　[细节理解题。由第二段第一句可知，法国人把饮食当作生活方式的重要组成部分，故C项正确。A、B、D三项都是针对美国人。]

　　2．This text is mainly about the relationship between ________.

　　A．Americans and the French

　　B．lifestyle and obesity

　　C．children and adults

　　D．fast food and overweight

　　答案　B　[主旨大意题。科学研究、资讯报道类的文章，主旨句往往出现在study, research, report等词之后。本文首段第二句为中心句，主要讲述了生活方式与肥胖之间的关系。]

　　★3.This text is mainly developed ________.

　　A．by contrast

　　B．by space

　　C．by process

　　D．by classification

　　答案　A　[篇章结构题。文章讲述生活方式对体重的影响，主要采用了对比的方式，对比了美国人与法国人在生活方式上的差异，故选A项。]

　　4．Where does this text probably come from?

　　A．A TV interview.

　　B．A food advertisement.

　　C．A health report.

　　D．A book review.

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。本文的中心内容与健康有关，且由首段第二句中的“research”推断，本文摘自一篇健康报道。A项意为“电视采访”；B项意为“食品广告”，D项意为“书评”，均不符合文意。]

　　[长难句分析]'However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%— and is growing.但是，随着美式快餐(在法国)越来越受欢迎以及年轻人拒绝传统的饮食习惯，法国儿童患肥胖症的比例已经达到17%，而且这个比例还在增长。

　　句式分析：本句为复合句。as引导的状语从句表示原因。

　　Passage 2

　　限时：7分钟

　　体裁：说明文　题材：科普类　难度：难词数：306

　　[2016·衡水中学周测]Women are friendly.But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the

　　hormone

　　oxytocin (荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.

　　“Women tend

　　to be

　　social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan.

　　Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互动) such as falling in love or giving birth.

　　But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.

　　Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.

　　Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37.

　　Half of the

　　participants (参与者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo (安慰剂)．

　　After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.

　　Following each treatment, they were shown some

　　video pictures with different social interactions.Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions.The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures，body language and facial expressions.

　　The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.

　　Professor Ryan thus concluded：“Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions.And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors (因素) that are mainly hormonal.”

　　文章通过Ryan教授的实验得知：荷尔蒙催生素可以使人们更好地辨别不同社交互动的能力，男女行为的不同主要是由荷尔蒙生理因素引起的。

　　1．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?

　　A．Placebo.

　　B．Oxytocin.

　　C．The gesture.

　　D．The social status.

　　答案　B　[细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话可知：虽然荷尔蒙催生素被认为是爱情荷尔蒙，但是它对男女有不同的影响。所以答案是B项。]

　　2．What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?

　　A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.

　　B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.

　　C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.

　　D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.

　　答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第四段可知：在先前的实验里Ryan教授发现，在消极的社交互动中，比如妒忌，荷尔蒙也可以在我们身体里被释放。所以答案为C项(当我们对别人的成功感到不高兴时，我们的身体会释放荷尔蒙催生素)。]

　　3．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?

　　A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.

　　B．To know the differences between friendship and competition.

　　C．To know people's different abilities to answer questions.

　　D．To test people's understanding of body language.

　　答案　A　[细节理解题。根据第五段可知：进一步的研究表明，荷尔蒙催生素可以提高男性认识竞争关系的能力，但是它可以提升女性认识友谊的能力。通过这个研究结果可以推断出来Ryan教授做这个实验的目的是检测荷尔蒙催生素对人们在认识社交互动能力方面的影响，故选A项。]

　　★4.The author develops the text by________.

　　A．explaining

　　people's

　　behaviors

　　B．describing his own experiences

　　C．distinguishing sexual differences

　　D．discussing research experiments

　　答案　D　[篇章结构题。第一段中提到“Researchers have found...”，第四段提到先前实验的发现，剩下文章详细介绍了最近实验的具体过程和结果，所以可以推断出作者是通过讨论研究实验来写这篇文章的，故选D项。]

　　[长难句分析]'The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.结果表明，在注入了催生素后，男性正确识别竞争关系的能力提高了，但是在女性方面，正确识别友谊的能力变得更强了。

　　句式分析：该句为复合句。that引导宾语从句，after treatment with oxytocin为插入语，it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better为强调句，被强调部分为the ability to correctly recognize friendship。

　　能力组Passage 1

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：议论文　题材：社会类　难度：中词数：259

　　[2016·冀州中学月考]According to sociologists (社会学家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification (阶层). Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society.

　　Class means a person's economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!

　　Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise (行使) big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相应的) economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there aren't too many people who aren't millionaires in the US Senate!

　　Status is the honor or respect attached to a person's position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.

　　社会学家认为，每一个现代工业社会的阶层都是由经济、权力和地位等所决定的。

　　1．What can we learn about “the middle class” from Paragraph 2?

　　A．People earning $50,000 a year belong to the middle class.

　　B．Nearly half Americans belong to the middle class.

　　C．People generally consider bus drivers as the middle class.

　　D．Sociologists have a clear definition of the middle class.

　　答案　B　[推理判断题。由第二段第四句可知，46%的美国人属于中产阶级，即接近一半的美国人属于中产阶级。]

　　2．According to the text, we know that ________.

　　A．power and class do not always correspond with each other

　　B．status refers to a person's economic position in society

　　C．people with high status have a lot of control over others

　　D．class is less important in deciding a person's social rank

　　答案　A　[细节理解题。由第三段第三句“Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however.”以及第四句所举的例子可知，权力和经济实力并不总是相一致的。]

　　★3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

　　(P：Paragraph)

　　答案　A　[篇章结构题。从整篇文章来看，作者采用先整体概括，再分别叙述的方法，即总分结构，故选A。]

　　Passage 2

　　限时：6分钟

　　体裁：说明文　题材：历史类　难度：易词数：245

　　[2016·武邑中学周测]Almost every machine with moving parts has wheels, yet no one knows exactly when the first wheel was invented or what it was used for. We do know, however, that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient Asia.

　　The oldest known transport wheel was discovered in 2002 in Slovenia. It is over 5,100 years old. Evidence suggests that wheels for transport didn't become popular for a while, though. This could be because animals did a perfectly good job of carrying farming tools and humans around.

　　But it could also be because of a difficult situation. While wheels need to roll on smooth surfaces, roads with smooth surfaces weren't going to be constructed until there was plenty of demand for them. Eventually, road surfaces did become smoother，but this difficult situation appeared again a few centuries later. There had been no important changes in wheel and vehicle design before the arrival of modern road design.

　　In the mid­1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs(the central part of a wheel)came into being, followed by the Pneumatic tyre (充气轮胎) in 1846. Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路). As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.

　　文章介绍了作为交通工具重要部件的轮子的发明、应用普及以及轮子的不断改进和完善。

　　1．What might explain why transport wheels didn't become popular for some time?

　　A．Few knew how to use transport wheels.

　　B．Humans carried farming tools just as well.

　　C．Animals were a good means of transport.

　　D．The existence of transport wheels was not known.

　　答案　C　[细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句可知，动物可以携带农具和载人，因此那时动物是一种很好的交通工具。]

　　2．What do we know about road design from the passage?

　　A．It was easier than wheel design.

　　B．It improved after big changes in vehicle design.

　　C．It was promoted by fast­moving vehicles.

　　D．It provided conditions for wheel design to develop.

　　答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第三、四段可知，轮子的设计随着道路条件的改善而得到了不断的改进，故选D项。]

　　★3.How is the last paragraph mainly developed?

　　A．By giving examples.

　　B．By making comparisons.

　　C．By following time order.

　　D．By making classifications.

　　答案　C　[篇章结构题。根据最后一段可知，18世纪中叶，一位法国人提出了一种新的道路设计；19世纪20年代一位苏格兰人进行了改进，同时期出现了金属轮毂；1846年出现了充气轮胎；1907年出现了柏油路；1967年发明了合金车轮。由此可知，该段是按时间顺序逐步阐述的。]

　　4．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．The beginning of road design.

　　B．The development of transport wheels.

　　C．The history of public transport.

　　D．The invention of fast­moving vehicles.

　　答案　B　[主旨大意题。本文主要讲了轮子的发明和不断改进，介绍了车轮的发展历史。]

　　强化组

　　Passage 1

　　限时：8分钟

　　体裁：议论文　题材：生态环保类　难度：难词数：363

　　[2016·衡水中学月考]

　　Wilderness

　　“In wilderness (荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.

　　As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploita- tion(开发) brings to such landscapes (景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.

　　Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view.

　　He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation.

　　But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so.

　　Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.

　　I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly.

　　And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.

　　This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.

　　荒野是否应该开发？仁者见仁，智者见智。文中两种观点针锋相对，莫衷一是。作者客观分析，冷静思考，期待着事态的发展。

　　1．John Sauven holds that ________.

　　A．many people value nature too much

　　B．exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

　　C．wildernesses provide humans with necessities

　　D．the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong

　　答案　B　[推理判断题。第二段的最后一句提到John Sauven认为“生态系统服务”远比开发的利益重要，由此可推断他的观点是开发荒野有害。]

　　2．What is the main idea of Para. 3?

　　A．The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

　　B．Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.

　　C．Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.

　　D．All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.

　　答案　C　[段落大意题。本段第二、三句是对其观点的概括，意思是荒野有益的服务不能作为不开发的理由。]

　　3．What is the author's attitude towards this debate?

　　A．Objective.

　　B．Disapproving.

　　C．Sceptical.

　　D．Optimistic.

　　答案　A　[作者态度题。作者在最后两段中并没有直接表明自己的观点，只是“客观”地进行叙述。]

　　4．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

　　CP: Central Point

　　P: Point

　　Sp: Sub­point (次要点)

　　C: Conclusion

　　答案　D　[篇章结构题。文章第一段提出中心论点；第二、三两段分别阐述了两种不同的观点；第四段是作者自己的观点；最后一段是文章的结论。]

　　Passage 2

　　限时：7分钟

　　体裁：夹叙夹议文　题材：社会生活类　难度：中词数：296

　　[2016·枣强中学猜题]When I asked my mother­in­law to select which meals she'd like me to order from the home­delivery menu, she only chose the ones her husband would like. This goes way beyond politeness. She is actually feeling uncomfortable voicing what she wants. She developed the main symptom of Asker's Syndrome that one's unable to ask for what one wants.

　　It's not just older women who have this problem. Asker's Syndrome can strike the young. I have single friends who won't ask a man out on a date because they fear being considered “too forward”. My five­year­old daughter Violet is showing the early stages of Asker's Syndrome. She's learned that women don't ask, but rather drop hints. She'll say，“Remember last Sunday afternoon we went to the park？” rather than “Can we go to the park？”

　　Apart from women and girls' problematic relationship with appetite, food and dating, it's widely reported that women are less likely than men to ask for pay rises and promotions.

　　Instead, they withdraw, hoping that somebody else will decide

　　they are worthy and make them promoted.

　　No doubt, many women develop Asker's Syndrome as a defensive measure because they've been labeled as pushy or rude for simply asking for what they want. But in the long

　　term, choosing not to express our desires doesn't serve us

　　well.

　　It's time to cure ourselves and our girls of Asker's

　　Syndrome. I don't want to raise a future “mother” who denies her wish for food, power and success and anything else. So I now insist that my daughter ask for what she wants directly.

　　For women in our culture, asking is a skill that we need to learn and practice. And if we all do it, then women asking will become the norm rather than the exception.

　　本文作者通过事例来告诉我们Asker's Syndrome的症状是什么，并且提出自己的看法，鼓励女士们勇于发表自己的观点，说出自己真正想要的。

　　★1. The author's mother­in­law is mentioned in Paragraph 1 to ________.

　　A．introduce the old lady

　　B．set an example

　　C．talk about her illness

　　D．lead in a topic

　　答案　D　[篇章结构题。本文讲的是Asker's Syndrome的症状是什么，文章一开始就通过“mother­in­law”在点菜的时候没有说出自己真正想要的菜的这个例子来引出话题。故选D项。]

　　2．Which is TRUE about Asker's Syndrome according to the passage?

　　A．It often causes problems with appetite and food.

　　B．Older women develop more of its symptoms.

　　C．More women suffer from it than men in their career.

　　D．It strikes only female victims as reported.

　　答案　C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中的“it's widely reported

　　that women are less likely than men to ask for pay rises and promotions.”可知，女士与男士相比不太敢在加薪和升职方面提要求，即在事业方面更多的女士遭受Asker's Syndrome的折磨。故选C项。]

　　3．The author holds the view that ________.

　　A．others decide whether we are worthy

　　B．choosing not to ask is a protective measure

　　C．asking for what is wanted is rude

　　D．Asker's Syndrome should be cured

　　答案　D　[细节理解题。根据第六段的第一句“It's time to cure ourselves and our girls of Asker's Syndrome.”可知，作者认为Asker's Syndrome应该被改正。故选D项。]

　　4．The passage is written to ________.

　　A．list symptoms of Asker's Syndrome

　　B．encourage women to express their desires

　　C．explain the causes of refusing to ask

　　D．suggest ways to ask for more

　　答案　B　[写作意图题。根据最后两段的内容可知，作者鼓励女士们直接说出她们真实想要的。故选B项。]