2017江苏《夺冠之路》高三英语【牛津译林版】一轮复习精品学案：语法部分 第11讲 特殊句式

　　第11讲 特殊句式（要点透析）倒装句

　　倒装有两种考法：

　　1.放在单项选择题中，单纯考查考生的倒装是否熟练掌握；

　　2. 放在完形填空和阅读理解中，设置理解障碍。

　　一、完全倒装

　　将谓语动词全部提到主语之前。常见情况有：

　　1. 表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off等标志词放在句首，谓语动词多用be, come, go等。

　　There goes the bell.

　　Here comes the bus.

　　Out rushed the children.

　　Away went the boy.

　　【注意】当主语是人称代词时，主语语序不变。

　　Here it is.

　　In she came.

　　Away he went.

　　2. 地点状语＋谓语＋主语；此时，地点状语为标志词，谓语动词为不及物动词。

　　South of the river lies a small factory.

　　From the valley came a frightening sound.

　　They ask to take photos where stands the tower.

　　3. such, then, now, thus, the following 放句首时，谓语动词多为come, follow, begin, end, be。

　　Such are the facts.

　　Such is life.

　　The following is the answer to the question.

　　Now comes your turn.

　　4. There be/lie/exist/ stand/live ＋主语＋…(there be 句型)

　　There is a tall building on the top of the mountain.

　　There stands an ancient tower on the top of the mountain.

　　5. 表语＋系动词＋主语；表语可以是介词短语，形容词或分词。

　　【注意】若主语较长，可还原为正常语序即：主语＋系动词＋表语。

　　Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.

　　Seated on the ground are a group of young men.

　　Gone are the days when we used the “foreign oil”．

　　In front of the house is a cow.

　　6. 用于以现在分词开头的句子中。

　　Sitting around the old man were some children from big cities.

　　7. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子中。

　　Long live the People's Republic of China!

　　中华人民共和国万岁！

　　二、部分倒装

　　将情态动词、助动词、be提到主语前。 (通常可以还原为正常的语序，并以此检验倒装句是否正确。)

　　1. 含有否定意义的副词或短语放在句首时。如：few, little, never, not, not until, nowhere, rarely, seldom, hardly/scarcely…when…， no sooner…(than)…， not only…(but also), at no time, by no means等。

　　Little does he know about the news.

　　他对这消息知之甚少。

　　By no means can he catch up in such a short time.

　　他根本不可能在这么短的时间里赶上来。

　　【特别提醒】

　　①若原句中没有助动词，必须根据谓语动词的具体时态来确定相应的助动词do, does 或did。

　　He is active in personality, and he seldom stays indoors.(无助动词)

　　He is active in personality, and seldom does he stay indoors.(添加does)

　　②not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不可倒装。只有在连接两个句子且将not only所连接的句子提到句首时，才可用倒装，but also后面的句子不倒装。

　　Not only children but also adults are interested in the film Harry Potter. (连接并列主语，不可倒装)

　　③在“hardly/scarcely…when－从句”和 “no sooner…than－从句”结构中，主句用过去完成时，而从句用一般过去时。

　　I had hardly got to the airport when the plane took off.

　　Hardly had I got to the airport when the plane took off. (注意谓语动词的形式)

　　④not until提前时，必须将not until后面的全部内容提前，而不仅仅是not until这两个词。

　　The villagers did not realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.

　　Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. (将until后面的全部内容提前)

　　⑤neither…nor… 句型中两个句子都需要部分倒装。

　　Neither did I want to see the film nor did I buy the ticket.

　　(＝I neither wanted to see the film nor bought the ticket.)

　　2.

　　so/as/neither/nor 为标志词放在句首；

　　①表示前面所说的肯定情况，也适合于另一人或物。so/as ＋ be (助动词或情态动词) ＋ 主语。

　　— I've got an enormous amount of work to do.

　　——我有大量的工作要做。

　　— So have I.

　　——我也是。

　　He believed, as did all his family, that you were innocent.

　　他，和他全家人一样，相信你是无辜的。

　　②表示前面所说的否定情况也适合于另一人或物。neither (nor) ＋ be (助动词或情态动词) ＋ 主语。

　　If she doesn't agree to the plan, neither will Tom.

　　如果她不同意这个计划，Tom也不会同意。

　　【特别提醒】

　　①“so ＋主语＋助动词”表示对上文肯定的内容加以肯定或赞同，意为“的确如此”；

　　— It's raining hard.

　　——天下着大雨。

　　— So it is.

　　——是的。

　　②“主语＋did ＋so”表示：“主语”这样做了。

　　Tom asked me to go to play football with him and I did so.

　　Tom要我去踢足球，我去了。

　　3. only ＋ 状语(或状语从句)＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语其他部分

　　状语可以是副词或介词短语和状语从句。

　　Only in this way can you learn English well.

　　你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。

　　Only if he has time will he come here.

　　只有他有时间的话他才会来。

　　Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

　　他被请了3次才来开会。

　　【特别提醒】

　　only之后跟的不是状语时不可倒装。下面两句中的only跟的就是主语：

　　Only that boy can work out the problem.

　　只有那个男孩才能解答出这个问题。

　　Only socialism can save China.

　　只有社会主义才能救中国。

　　4．在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语有助动词were, had, should时，可将if省略，而把were, had, should 移到句首，即Had/Were/Should＋主谓＋谓语其他部分＋主句。

　　Had I attended the meeting, I would have met Jim.

　　5. 在 “so…that”和“such…that”结构中，将“so＋adj.”和“such＋n.”提到句首时。

　　So terrible was the storm that the whole roofs were blown off.

　　暴风雨如此厉害，整个屋顶都被吹掉了。

　　Such a clever boy was Jack that he was able to work out all these difficult problems.

　　杰克是如此聪明的孩子，他能解答所有这些难题。

　　【疑难点击】

　　句子的一部分成分通常是表语或状语提前，但主谓语序不变。

　　1. 标志词as: “尽管 /虽然”句式：

　　(1)表语(形容词/名词)＋ as/though ＋ 主语＋ 系动词，主句。

　　【注意】名词前不加任何冠词。

　　Old as my father is, he keeps up with his English study.

　　Child as he is, he knows something of electricity.

　　Rich man as he is, he works hard.

　　(2)副词＋ as/though＋主语＋谓语动词，主句。

　　Hard as he worked, he failed.

　　Much as I have traveled, I've never seen a man as capable as Tom.

　　(3)动词原形 ＋as/though ＋ 主语＋ might/may, 主句。

　　Try as he might, Tom could not get out of the difficulty.

　　2. No matter how/However ＋ 形容词/副词＋主语＋ 谓语， 主句。

　　However/No matter how late it is, she often waits for him.

　　However/ No matter how busy I am, I will help you.

　　3.

　　how和what引起的感叹句

　　How ＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！

　　What ＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！

　　What a clever boy he is!

　　How blue the sky looks!

　　How fast time flies!

　　省略

　　在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：

　　一、简单句中的省略

　　1. 省略主语。

　　Haven't seen you for ages!

　　2．省略谓语。

　　(Is there) Anything you want?

　　3. 省略宾语。

　　I don't know (where he is ).

　　4．省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。

　　(Have you) Got any ink?

　　二、 并列句中的省略

　　在并列句中，如果后面的分句，与前面的分句有相同的部分，这一部分则常被省略掉，以免重复。

　　He teaches English and his brother maths.

　　三、复合句中的省略

　　1. 在含有状语从句的复合句中

　　当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句中有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。

　　When (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word.

　　As (he was) a young man, he studied law and became a lawyer.

　　He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.

　　The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.

　　If (it is) so, you must go back and get it.

　　【疑难点击】

　　虚拟条件句中，含助动词，情态动词，动词be或have等，若将它们提到句首，则需省略if。

　　Should it rain tomorrow，we would have to put off the visit till next week.

　　2．在限定性定语从句中

　　作宾语的关系代词that，which, whom前面无介词时可以省略；关系代词在从句中作表语时也可省略。the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that，in which。

　　All (that) you ever want to do is going shopping.

　　What surprised me was not what he said but the way (in which) he said it.

　　China is no longer a country (that) used to be.

　　【疑难点击】

　　当先行词是time, reason, place等时，作状语的关系副词when, where, why等也可以省略。

　　The reason (why) he did that is quite clear.

　　3. 名词性从句中的省略

　　(1)引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略，或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略。

　　He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.

　　(2)由which, when, where或how引导的宾语从句中与主句重复的主语及谓语，可全部或部分省略，只保留一个连接词。

　　Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who。

　　(3)定语从句中I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答语，后面so与not分别等于肯定和否定，宾语从句可省略。

　　— Do you think it will rain?

　　— I hope not.

　　四、动词不定式中的省略

　　1．有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be ＋ n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。I consider him stupid.

　　2．在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let，make，have后接动词不定式作宾语补足语中，不定式符号to须省略。

　　3. 动词不定式在like, love,

　　care,

　　want,

　　hope,

　　wish,

　　expect,

　　prefer,

　　refuse,

　　decide, mean, intend, try, promise 等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常承前省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。

　　— Did you get a ticket?

　　— No, I meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.

　　【注意】want, like用在 when, if, what, as 引导的从句中，其后的to也常可省略，如：I've decided to do what I like.

　　4．在can not but, can not choose but,

　　do nothing but…， can‘t help but…，

　　prefer to do

　　rather than do…， would do…rather than…之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done，而且其宾语是something, nothing, anything和everything等不定代词时， 也不带to, 否则要带to。

　　We do nothing now but wait.

　　＝We have nothing to do but wait.

　　I can not but admire his courage.

　　He has no choice but to accept the fact.

　　5．在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to省略。

　　I'm really puzzled what to think or say.

　　但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。

　　I came not to scold but to praise you.

　　6．在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。

　　Why talk so much about it? /Why not try it again?

　　7．动词不定式与 be able to,

　　be going to, have to, ought to, used to等构成复合谓语时，不定式结构常可省略，但要保留不定式符号to。

　　I don't want to wait for him, but I have to.

　　He doesn't like fish, but he used to.

　　— Why didn't you come to our party?

　　— I was going to, but l had a report to write.

　　8．动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。

　　They may go if they wish to.

　　Don't go till I tell you to.

　　9.动词不定式在 ask,

　　warn,

　　tell,

　　advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常可省略。

　　The students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab).

　　10．系动词(be)＋形容词，即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容，只保留不定式符号。

　　— Could you go shopping with me?

　　— I'm glad to (go shopping with you).

　　【注意】承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be, 则要保留be或have, 如：—Are you a doctor? —No, but I used to be.

　　五、某些词法上的省略

　　1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略

　　(1)如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。

　　These are John's books and those are Mary's.

　　(2)名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。

　　at the doctor's 在诊所

　　2. 冠词的省略

　　(1) 在the next day (morning, week, year…)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑，定冠词the 常可以省略。

　　We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.

　　(2)在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。

　　She sings best in the class.

　　(3)在某些独立主格结构中。

　　Father came out, umbrella in hand. ＝ Father came out, with an umbrella in his hand.

　　3. 介词的省略

　　(1)both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时， of不能省略。

　　Both (of) the films were interesting.

　　She invited both of us to her birthday party.

　　(2)在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。

　　These shoes are worn out. /They have lasted (for) a long time.

　　(3)被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。

　　The letter was posted yesterday.

　　(4)和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider…(as)…， prevent / stop…(from)doing…， have trouble / difficulty…(in) doing…， spend…(in / on) doing…等中的介词可以省略。

　　I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.

　　Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?

　　11讲 特殊句式（考点突破）() 1. In front of the house ______ with a history of 100 years.(2011·山东兖州市高三开学考试)

　　A. does a tall stand

　　B. stands a tall tree

　　C. a tall tree is standing

　　D. a tall tree stands

　　() 2. — You won't go to Mary's birthday party, will you?

　　— Yes, ______ I'm invited.(2011·浙江衢州市杜泽中学高三一模)

　　even if

　　B. unless

　　C. if

　　D. though

　　【解析】

　　1. B　表示地点的介词短语置于句首，句子应完全倒装。故选B。

　　2. C　此句省略了yes 后的内容，即Yes, I will go to Mary's birthday party if I'm invited。

　　() 3. — Dad! Tom's broken a glass!

　　— ______. Accidents will happen.(2011·浙江衢州市杜泽中学高三一模)

　　A. No way

　　B. Doesn't matter

　　C. No trouble at all

　　D. Don't mention it

　　() 4. — Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?

　　— Yes. ______， I'm going to visit some homes for the old in the city. (2011·福建福州三中高三第一次月考)

　　A. If ever

　　B. If busy C. If anything

　　D. If possible

　　【解析】

　　3. B　答句中省略了主语it，即It doesn't matter。

　　4. D　If possible 为If it is possible 的省略形式，其他选项不符合题意。

　　() 5. Life is hard at present. Hardly ______ by ______ some price or other going up.(2011·四川绵阳中学高三入学考试)

　　A. a day goes; with

　　B. a day goes; without

　　C. does any day go; with

　　D. does any day go; without

　　【解析】

　　5. D　go without…意为“没有……也能过活”与句中hardly连用指价格每天都在上涨。

　　() 6. — How much do you know about the 3D film technology?

　　— A little. Not until ______ the hot movie Avatar ______ some about it. (2011·岳阳县一中高三第一次阶段考试)

　　A. did I see; did I begin to learn

　　B. I saw; I began to learn

　　C. I saw; did I begin to learn

　　D. did I see; I began to learn

　　【解析】

　　6. C　not until 引导的时间状语(从句)置于句首主句要部分倒装。

　　() 7. — Are you a teacher?

　　— No, but I ______.(2011·安徽皖南八校高三摸底联考)

　　A. used to

　　B. was used to

　　C. used to be

　　D. used to do

　　() 8. — Did you get a ticket?

　　— No, ______， but there wasn't any left. (2011·云南昆明一中高三年级第一次月考)

　　A. I tried

　　B. I tried to

　　C. I try

　　D. I try to

　　【解析】

　　7. C　动词不定式省略时可省略to 后的内容，但要保留不定式符号to。当to 后为be动词或助动词have时，要保留be和have。

　　8. B　根据句意可知此处应用过去时态，省略同上题。

　　() 9. ______， we could forgive him for his mistakes！(2011·福建福州三中高三第一次月考)

　　A. Were he still a child

　　B. If he is still a child

　　C. Did he realize he is wrong

　　D. He were still a child

　　()10. — Are you cleaning my room?

　　— I can't help ______. I can't bear seeing people's room in a mess! (2011·江西吉安一中高三开学模拟)

　　A. it

　　B. this C. anything

　　D. so

　　【解析】

　　9. A　if 引导的虚拟条件句中如有were/should/had，可省略if, 将were/should/had提到句首构成倒装句。

　　10. A　it替代上句中的cleaning my room。

　　()11. ______ you eat the correct foods ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. (2011·河南郑州四中高三第一次调考)

　　A. Only if; you will

　　B. Unless; you will

　　C. Only if; will you

　　D. Unless; will you

　　【解析】

　　11. C　only＋副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，句子用部分倒装；所以， only ＋if 引导的条件状语从句放在句首，主句用部分倒装，故选C。

　　()12. He is smart, handsome, considerate and humorous, ______， I can't speak too highly of him. (2011·浙江嘉兴一中高三英语月考)

　　A. in particular

　　B. at the same time

　　C. in a word

　　D. on the other hand

　　【解析】

　　12. C　本题考查的是插入语。句意为：他聪明、英俊、体贴人、有幽默感，一句话：怎么赞扬他都不过分。in particular 尤其； at the same time 同时； in a word 总之； on the other hand

　　另一方面。

　　()13. Nowadays people are wasting too much energy, so we should lead a low－carbon life. ______， we'll suffer a lot in the future. (2010·河南郑州智林学校高三模拟测试)

　　A. When possible

　　B. If any

　　C. If not

　　D. Where necessary

　　【解析】

　　13. C　本题考查的是省略。句意为：现在人们正浪费太多的能源，所以我们应该过低碳生活。 如果不的话，我们将来会遭受很多痛苦。

　　If not＝If we don't lead a low－carbon life。

　　()14. — So hard ______ in the past few months that he has made great progress in English.

　　— I can see that, only a few mistakes he made in this exam. (2010·河南商丘市高三第三次模拟)

　　A. he worked

　　B. did he work

　　C. he has worked

　　D. has he worked

　　()15. Netizens called the fashionable homeless man the “beggar prince”， or, ______， “Brother Sharp”．(2010·江苏南师附中高三5月模拟)

　　A. in addition

　　B. even worse

　　C. more often

　　D. what's more

　　【解析】

　　14. D　在so…that…结构中， so与它修饰的形容词或副词一起放在句首，其后用部分倒装；且句中有时间状语in the past few months, 故选D项。

　　15. C　本题考查的是插入语。句意为：网民们把社会上流行的无家可归的人叫“乞丐王子”，更多时候叫“犀利哥”。in addition 此外； even worse 更糟糕的是； more often 更经常； what's more 而且。

　　()16. The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only ______， but students became more interested in the lessons.(2010·江苏南京十三中高三考前模拟训练)

　　A. saved was teachers' energy

　　B. was teachers' energy saved

　　C. teachers' energy was saved

　　D. was saved teachers' energy

　　【解析】

　　16. B　not only 连接的句子放在句首时，此句用部分倒装， but also 后的句子不倒装，故选B项。

　　()17. — Remember the first time we ______， Peterson?

　　— Of course, I ______. We've been close friends ever since.(2010·江苏扬州市高三第四次模拟)

　　A. met; do

　　B. met; did

　　C. had met; did

　　D. have met; do

　　【解析】

　　17. A　第一空考查的是时态，第一次见面发生在过去，故用一般过去时，排除C和D；第二空考查的是时态和替代， Of course, I do.＝Of course, I remember.表示“我现在还记得”。

　　()18. ______ with the present situation, the local government could not find effective measures to reduce the risk of coal mine accidents. (2010·江苏灌南高级中学高三模拟)

　　A. Though unsatisfied

　　B. As unsatisfied

　　C. Though unsatisfied it was

　　D. As it was unsatisfied

　　【解析】

　　18. A　本题考查的是省略， Though unsatisfied 是“Though the local government was unsatisfied” 的省略。句意为：尽管当地政府对当前的局势不满意，但他们找不到有效的措施来降低矿难的危险性。

　　()19. — Don' t you agree with what he said at the meeting?

　　— Yes, ______！ It can't be better.

　　(2010·江苏泰州/南通市高三第三次模拟)

　　A. approximately

　　B. incredibly

　　C. probably

　　D. absolutely

　　()20. Unemployment is on the increase. A growing number of young people, ______， are finding themselves out of work. (2010·江苏宿迁市第二次模拟)

　　A. in case

　　B. all in all

　　C. in particular

　　D. as a result

　　【解析】

　　19. D　本题考查的是省略， D项是“I absolutely agree with what he said at the meeting yesterday.”， 意思是：我完全同意他在昨天的会议上所说的话。

　　20. C　本题考查的是插入语，句意为：失业人数在上升，尤其是越来越多的年轻人发现他们失去了工作。

　　()21. Not only a writer but also ______ here.

　　A. a doctor were wanted

　　B. was a doctor wanted

　　C. a doctor was wanted

　　D. were a doctor wanted

　　()22. Never before ______ such a wonderful place ______ Qingdao.

　　A. have I been to; as

　　B. I have been to; like

　　C. have I been to; like

　　D. I have been to; as

　　【解析】

　　21. C　not only … but also连接两个并列主语时， 虽位于句首也不使用倒装。

　　22. A　带有否定意义的词放在句首，需要部分倒装，根据句意可知应用现在完成时。

　　()23. — Aren't you be chairman?

　　— No, and I ______.

　　A. don't want to

　　B. don't want

　　C. don't want to be

　　D. don't want be

　　()24. — Coffee ______ milk?

　　— Only milk, please, ______ I used to like coffee.

　　A. and; and　

　　B. and; but　

　　C. or; and　

　　D. or; but

　　【解析】

　　23. C　如果要省去的不定式中的动词是be时，则通常保留be。

　　24. B　Coffee and milk？＝Do you want both coffee and milk?

　　() 25. All substances, ______ solids, liquids, or gases, are made up of entirely atoms.

　　A. whether they

　　B. whether

　　C. whether are they

　　D. whether are

　　【解析】

　　25. B　在带有状语从句的复合句中，如果从句与主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词，则可以省略从句的主语及be动词。此处从句中省略了they are。