(5)在“as if/as though”引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同。如: He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue. 他这样地热情工作,好像从来不知道疲倦似的。 He speaks English as though he were an American. 他说英语好像他是美国人一样。 3.含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示,而是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。 But for your advice,I could not have done it so successfully. 要是没有你的建议,我就不会那么成功。
The change could not have taken place without the opendoor policy. 要是没有开放政策,就没有这些变化。 I was so busy then,otherwise,I would have gone to help him. 那时我太忙了,否则我就去帮他了。 4.虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用 (1)在wish,suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,require,insist,desire,urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather后,要用“(should+)动词原形”来表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等;由上述动词派生或转化的名词的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式。像suggestion,proposal,plan,recommendation,demand,order,desire,request,requirement,insistence,advice,decision等词。 (2)在“It is/was+某些形容词/过去分词+that从句”句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即“should+动词原形”,表示“惊奇、遗憾、怀疑、不满”等。这些形容词有important,necessary,essential,natural,strange,advisable,desirable,possible,probable,astonishing,surprising,desired,suggested,requested,recommended,ordered,proposed,decided,moved等。 (3)在由for fear that,in case,lest等引导的状语从句中,用“should+动词原形”表示“唯恐”。如: He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged. 他小心地拿着仪器,唯恐把它摔碎了。 (4)在“It is(about/high)time+that(从句)”中,谓语动词常用过去式表示虚拟语气。如: It is high time that people learnt English. 正是人们学英语的时候。
(5)在“as if/as though”引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同。如: He works with such enthusiasm as if he never knew fatigue. 他这样地热情工作,好像从来不知道疲倦似的。 He speaks English as though he were an American. 他说英语好像他是美国人一样。 (6)在look,seem等动词后的“as if/as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气;否则用虚拟语气。如: It seems as if they know each other.(真实情况) 他们好像彼此认识。 It seems as though it were already spring.(虚拟语气) 好像已经是春天了。
用在if only引起的感叹句中。如: If only the driver didn't drive so fast! 司机要是没开那么快就好了。 1.系统复习情态动词,掌握情态动词的基本用法。 学习和掌握情态动词的意义和用法,应遵循如下步骤: (1)系统复习情态动词,从整体上把握情态动词的语法特征和语意特征; (2)逐个学习,了解每个情态动词的用法特征; (3)认真区别有相同功能的、意思相近的情态动词的用法; 如:用can的标志为:问句或否定句,如用在肯定句则有标志词at times或sometimes表示“可能会”;用may的标志为:空白后有as well或well构成固定用法:may well do很可能,may as well do不妨……,最好……。 2.体会说话者的语气和态度,注意情态动词的区别。 情态动词表示说话者的态度和语气。解答情态动词类的题目时,一定要细细领会情景特征,体会说话者的语气,情景中没有废话,不要放过任何细节。只有这样,才会找到有效信息,做出最佳选择。例如: (2010·北京东城期末目标检测)-The traffic is heavy now,so Mike________come late. -Let's wait ten more minutes. A.canB.needC.mayD.shall
[解析]
句意:——现在交通繁忙,所以迈克可能会迟到。——那让我们再等10分钟吧。此处may表示“(有可能但不肯定)也许,可能”;can表示“能够”;need表示“需要”;shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句中,表示“警告、命令、威胁”等语气。从“交通繁忙”可知,C项正确。 [答案]C 3.体会时间概念,掌握“情态动词+have+p.p.”的用法。 “情态动词+have+p.p.”是对过去发生的情况进行判断,要区分时态和情态动词的概念。而且多数题目在语境中考查知识点,做这类题目时要注意动词的形式和语气要和语境一致。例如:
(2010·吉林长春毕业班第一次调研)-Has Tim started?He said he would join in the party. -He________.He is a man of his word. A.could have left B.must have left C.can't come
D.won't be coming [解析]根据He is a man of his word可知他是一个守信的人,因此推测他肯定已经启程了。句意:——Tim启程了吗?他说他要参加聚会。——他一定已经启程了,他是一个守信的人。must have done“一定干了某事”,故B项正确。 [答案]B 4.掌握虚拟语气规律,使用正确的表达形式。 虚拟语气通常用在一些特定的句型中,在advise,demand,order,request,suggest,propose,require,recommend等的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用“should+v.”的形式。同时我们要注意在这些动词的同根名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气。例如: (2010山东潍坊质量抽样)The order came that the medical supplies ________to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon. A.would be sentB.should send C.be sent
D.must be sent [解析]
当表示愿望、请求、建议、命令等意义的动词(如order,suggest,command等)后面接从句时,从句用虚拟语气,从句谓语用should+do,should可以省略。order后的同位语从句也用虚拟语气,故选C项。 [答案]C
5.分析虚拟条件句,掌握虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
虚拟条件句的表现形式非常灵活,有时省略连词 if,把从句中的were,had或should提前;有时用without,but for等介词短语来表示。有时候条件状语从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: (2010·山东潍坊质检)________more careful,the
mistake would not have been made. A.If he is
B.Had he been C.Should he be
D.If he has been [解析]从主句中的would not have been made可知,这是与过去相反的虚拟语气,因此从句谓语动词用had been的形式,又因助动词为had时,可将if省掉,had提前,故B项正确。 [答案]B
语法精要九 情态动词和虚拟语气
一、情态动词用法归纳 情态动词 用法 例句 can
could 表示能力 Some of us can use the computer now. 表示客观的可能性 It will be sunny in the daytime, but it could rain later on this evening. 表示请求或允许 -Can I go now? -Yes,you can. 表示请求,口语中常用could代替can Could you wait two days for the money? 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信(主要用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句 Can the news be true? It can't be our headmaster. How can you be so foolish! 情态动词 用法 例句 may
might 表示允许、许可。否定回答时,一般要用mustn't,表示“禁止、阻止” -May I watch TV after supper? -Yes,you may./No,you mustn't. 在表示请求、允许时,might比may的语气更委婉;用May I...?征询对方许可在语气上比较客气;用Can I...?征询对方意见更常见 -Might I use your telephone ? -Yes,please. -May/Can I go home now? -Yes,you may/can. 表示可能性的推测,含有“或许、可能”之意,用might代替may时,语气显得更加不肯定 It may be true. She may come tomorrow. He might have some fever. may用于祈使句中表示祝愿 May you succeed! 情态动词 用法 例句 must 表示“必须;应该” You must come to school on time. 表示有把握的推测 It must be our headteacher. have to 表示“必须;不得不” I have to go now.See you later. 情态动词 用法 例句 shall 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见 What shall we do next? 用于第一、三人称的疑问句,表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示 Shall we begin our lesson? Shall the driver wait? 用于第二、三人称的陈述句,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁 You shall go with me.
He shall be punished. 情态动词 用法 例句 should 表示劝告或建议,作“应该”讲 We should be strict with ourselves. 表示推测 They should have arrived by two o'clock. 用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气 I should advise you not to do that. You are mistaken,I should say. 用在if条件句中,表示可能性很小,但也不是完全不可能 Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. Why/How+should表示“意外,惊异” Why should you be so late today? 情态动词 用法 例句 will
would 用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在,would指过去 I will never do that again. They said that they would help us. 表示“请求;建议”。用would比will委婉、客气些 Will you please take a message for him?Would you please pass him the book? 表示习惯性动作,译作“总是”“ 惯于” Fish will die without water. 表示预料或猜想 It would be about ten when he left home. 表示功能,译作“能”或“行” That will be all right. 用于否定句,表示“不肯”“不乐意” No matter what I said,he wouldn't listen to me. 情态动词 用法 例句 need 表示“需要;必要”,用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句中 You needn't ask him the question. Need I finish the work before ten? dare 表示“敢、敢于”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句 Dare you go alone there? The boy daren't say so before the teacher. How dare he do such a thing? 情态动词 用法 例句 ought to
表示“应该” You ought to take care of him. 表示推测 He ought to be home by now. used to 表示过去常常(现在已经不再) There used to be a temple here. had better 表示“最好” You had better finish it now. 二、情态动词要点归纳 1.can与could的用法 表示“能力、许可、可能性”等。在口语中,can可以代替may表示许可,而may比较正式;could可以代替can,语气较为婉转。如: He is only four,but he can read. Can/Could I come in? Can the news be true? 2.may与might的用法 表示许可或征询对方许可,有“可以”的意思。用作此意时,它的否定形式可以用may not;但表示“不可以、禁止、阻止”等时常用must not(mustn't)代替may not。如: You may go now. He said that I might use the telephone. -May I watch TV after supper? -Yes,you may./No,you mustn't(may not/had better not). 表示可能性,有“或许、可能”的意思,“may或might+动词原形”都可以表示可能性。用might则语气更加不肯定。如: They may/might have a lot of work to do. 3.must与have to的用法 must表示“必须、应该”。否定形式must not(mustn't)表示“不应该、不许可、不准、禁止”等。在回答must的问句时,否定式常用need not(needn't)或don't have to表示“不必”,而不用must not,因为must not表示“禁止”。must表示“一定、必定”等推测意义时,一般只用在肯定句中。如:
The work must be finished as soon as possible. -Must I be home before eight o'clock? -Yes,you must./No,you needn't(don't have to). have to表示“必须、不得不”,在这个意义上与must很接近,但must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to表示的却是客观需要。have to比must有更多的形式。如: The TV set is broken.I have to buy a new one. The students will have to know how to use the computers. 4.shall与should的用法 在疑问句中,shall用来征询对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称。should作为情态动词,表示“劝告、建议”,常译作“应该”。如: Where shall I wait for you? You should keep your promise. 5.will与would的用法 will表示“意志、意愿”,可用于多种人称,在疑问句中用于第二人称时,表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求。would是will的过去式,表示过去时间的“意志、意愿”,可用于多种人称。若表示说话人的意愿或向对方提出请求,语气比will婉转,指现在时间。如: I will tell you all about it. He won't go with us. Would you like some coffee? 6.need的用法 用作情态动词时,need表示“敢、敢于”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句。如: You needn't come so early. 7.dare的用法 dare用作情态动词时,和need一样,也是主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中。如:
He daren't speak English before such a crowd,dare he?
8.ought to的用法 ought to表示“应该”(与should同义,只是语气稍重一些),也可表示推测。如: You ought to take care of him. He ought to be home by now. 9.used to的用法 表示过去的习惯动作或状态(暗含现在已不如此)。如: -Did you use to go there to see your brother?/ Used you to go there to see your brother? -Yes,I did(used to)./No,I didn't(usedn't). 10.had better的用法 表示“最好(做……)”。如: We had better go now. Breakfast had better be eaten before 8 o'clock. 三、虚拟语气要点归纳
1.虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用 (1)时态及其构成 if 条件从句 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 表示现在情况 动词过去式(be的过去式用were) should/would/could/might+动词原形 表示过去 情况 had+过去分词 should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 表示未来情况 should+动词原形 should/would/ could/might +动词原形
动词过去式 were to+动词原形 (2)表示与现在事实完全相反的假设 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况。条件从句用动词过去式(be用were),主句用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”。如: If I were a bird,I could fly. 如果我是一只鸟儿的话,我就能飞了。 (3)表示与过去事实完全相反的假设 条件从句用“had+过去分词”,主句用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”。如: If we had started earlier,we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早点出发,就不会错过这列火车了。 (4)表示与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况 条件从句用动词过去式或should+动词原形或were to+动词原形,主句动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。如: If Professor Li should have time tomorrow,we could ask him questions.
如果李教授明天有时间的话,我们就可以问他问题了。
书面语中,上述三种时态的虚拟句子中,如果从句里含有should,had,were时,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词或情态动词放在句首形成部分倒装。如: Were he in your position,he'd have done the same. 如果他在你的位置上,他也会那么做的。 2.错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式。如: If I were you,I would have taken his advice.(从句指现在,主句指过去)
如果我是你的话,我就接纳他的建议。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning,I would not be wet now.(从句指过去,主句指现在)
如果今天早上带上雨衣的话,我现在就不会淋湿了。
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