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高考英语一轮复习 高考语法通关12(新人教版)(课件)

发布时间:2017-02-22  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  考点三

  定语从句作宾语关系代词的省略 在定语从句中宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时,作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省略。 This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss. 这是第一次他和老板惹麻烦。 考点四

  简单句中有一些成分的省略 这种情况在对话中尤为普遍,不管是回答别人的问题,还是接着别人的话说,都会发出省略部分可以从前面所说的话中找到。 —What have you been doing? ——你一直在干什么? —(I have been) Watching TV. ——看电视。 考点五

  if引导的虚拟条件句中,if的省略 在if引导的虚拟条件句中,从句中如果有were,had,should的时候,if省略,将were,had,should提前。例: Were I you, I wouldn't go with her. 如果我是你的话,我就不和她去。 Had I had time then, I would have gone with her. 如果那时我有时间,我就和她一起去。

  考点六

  并列句中的省略 在行文中,为了达到简洁的效果,可以有省去相同的词法或结构。 It's always like that, and it always will be. 它一直那样,而且将来也是那样。 3.引导让步状语从句的句型 However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening. 无论问题有多困难,我们今晚也必须把它解决。 使用特点: ①whatever的后面也可以接名词,受many或much的修饰,则必须把whatever换成however。试比较:

  Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. 无论你有什么理由,你都应当遵守诺言。 However many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them. 无论你遇到多少困难,你都应当设法克服。

  ②however可以改写成no matter how而意义不变。如上句可改写成: No matter how many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them. 无论你遇到多少困难,你都应该尽力克服它们。 (二)强调

  考点一

  强调句型 It is/was+被强调部分+that+其他成分 1.强调人时可用who作连词,强调其他任何部分用that。 所强调的可以是单词、短语,也可以是从句,但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以说主语、宾语和状语,但不能说定语或谓语。如: It was him that we met at the school gate.(宾语) 在学校门口我遇到的就是他。 It was in the part that Tom lost his watch.(状语) 正是在公园里,汤姆丢了他的手表。 It is only I who am willing to go to the film. 愿意去看电影的只有我。 It is not I who (that) am angry. 生气的不是我。

  It is you that broke the window. 是你打破了窗子。 It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 不仅仅是瞎子才犯这样愚蠢的错误。 It was her that I met yesterday. 我昨天见到的是她。

  It was a key that I found in his pocket. 我在他的口袋里找到的是钥匙。 It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go to work. 是因为母亲病了,她才没有来上班。 2.这种强调句的一般疑问句只需把is(was)提前,如: Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗? Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English? 是王教授教你英语吗? Was it during the Anti­Japanese War that he died? 他是在抗日战争期间去世的吗? 3.它的特殊疑问句,只需在一般疑问句前加上疑问词,如: Who was it that broke the window? 打破窗子的是谁? When was it that you called me yesterday? 你昨天打电话给我是什么时候? What is it that you want me to do? 你要我干的是什么?

  How was it that you succeeded? 你是怎么成功的? Why is it that smoking is not allowed here? 这儿为什么不允许吸烟? Where was it that he bought the bike? 他是在什么地方买到这辆自行车的?

  4.有时可用It might be...that..../It must have been...that...句型表示强调,如: It might be his father that you're thinking of. 你关心的可能是他父亲。 It must have been his brother that you saw. 你看到的想必是他的兄弟。

  5.not...until...句型的强调句 其强调句式为:it is/was not until+被强调的部分+that+其他成分,如: He didn't go to bed until ten o'clock. 他直到十点钟才上床睡觉。 →It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed.

  I didn't realize she was a famous film star until/till she took off her dark glasses. 直到她取下墨镜我才意识到她是一名著名的影星。 →It was not until she took her dark glasses that I realized that she was a famous film star. 6.强调词it与先行词it 可恢复原句来判断,即把it is/was...that...去掉,如果剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子,这就是强调句型,否则就不是。如: It is there that accidents often happen. 就是在那儿经常发生事故。 Accidents often happen there.

  以上就是强调句型,被强调成分是状语,把it is...that...去掉,还原成后来的非强调句。 It is clear that not all boys like football. 去掉it is... that... 句子成了Clear not all boys like football. 很显然这不是一个完整的句子,因此不是强调句型,而是由it作先行词引导的一个主语从句。 7.强调句型It is/was...that... It is/was+时间+when从句;It is+时间+since从句; It was not long...before... ①强调句型与It is/was+时间+when从句 在上述句型中it指时间,when引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。如: It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. It was midnight when I got here yesterday. 第一句是强调句型,被强调的是时间状语,因此用介词短语表达,而第二句是一般句型,时间以名词的方式表达,用来作表语。 ②强调句型与it is+时间+since从句 It is ...since... 表示“自从……以来已有……(时间)” 注意两个句型中的时态一般不同。 试比较: It was two years ago that I began to learn English. 两年前我开始学英语。 It is two years since I began to learn English. 自从我开始学英语到现在已有两年了。 第一句为强调句型,强调的是过去的事情,用一般过去时,而第二句表示“从过去到现在已有多长时间”用一般现在时。但强调句型同样可以用一般现在时。如: It is two hours that he spends on English every day. 他每天花两小时补英语。 ③强调句型与It was not long...before... 从句上述几项可有以下几个句式: It was not long before... “不久以后就……” It won't be long before... “不久就会……” It was (not) two years/days...before... 两年/天后(不到两年/两天)就…… It will (not) be two years/days before...两年/天后才会……(用不了两年/两天就会……)

  试比较: It was two years before he came back from abroad. It was two years later that he came back from abroad. 同样表示“他两年以后回国”,强调句型中应用状语的表达方式。 考点二谓语动词的强调 It is/was...that... 结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语时,用助动词do,does或did。如: Do come this evening. 确保今晚过来。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写信了。 Tom does study hard now. 现在汤姆学习的确很刻苦。

  (三)省略 省略是为了避免重复,突出新信息并使上、下文紧密连接的一种语法手段,可使语句简练,避免重复。 替代是用替代词来替代上下文中的特定词或分句。常见的替代词:one (ones),that (those), the same, do,so, not。 考点一

  状语从句中的省略现象 1.当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构: ①连词(as,as if,once)+名词 Once(he was)a teacher,he now works in a government office. 他曾经是一位教师,现在在政府办公室工作。

  ②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词 Work hard when(you are)young,or you'll regret. 当你年轻时要努力工作,否则你会后悔的。 ③连词(whether,as if,while)+介词短语 He looked everyone as if (he was)in search of something. 他打量每一个人似乎在寻找某个东西。 ④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词 While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called. 我正在街上走,这时听到有人叫我的名字。 ⑤连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词 The exhibition is more interesting than(it was) expected. 展览会比预料得更有趣。 ⑥连词(as if, as though)+不定式

  注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略。 Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 她父亲告诉她过马路时要小心点。 2.当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如: Unless (it is) necessary,you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 除非有必要,否则你最好别查字典。 另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有it+so/not省略句式:

  Get up early tomorrow. If not (you don't get up early),you will miss the first bus. 明天早起床。如果不能的话,你会错过第一辆公交车。 He may not be at home then,if so (he is not at home), leave him a note. 他可能不在家,如果这样,给他留下便条。

  考点二

  不定式的省略 1.代替动词不定式后被省略掉的动词,常在be afraid, expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后边,如: I asked him to see the film,but he didn't want to. 我请他看电影,但他不想看。 2.在have,need,ought,be going,used等后边,如: I didn't want to go there,but I had to. 我不想去那儿,但不得不去。 3.在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后边。如: Will you join in the game? 你乐意加入我们的游戏吗? I'd be glad to. 我很乐意。

  4.否定形式的省略用not to。如: —Shall I go instead of him? ——我可以代替他去吗? —I prefer not to. ——我宁愿不去。 5.如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如: —Are you a sailor? ——你是一位水手吗? —No,but I used to be. ——不,但我过去是。 —He hasn't finished yet. ——他还没有完成。 —Well,he ought to have. ——他也应该已完成了。 十二、特殊句式(省略,倒装,强调) 近几年高考对有关特殊句式的考查内容知识性增强,除原先的考查热点——倒装和强调句外,省略一些新的考点出现。我们应该加强特殊句式,特别是倒装句和强调句的练习。注意理解、研究试题,在实践中体验。 (一)倒装

  考点一

  完全倒装 谓语动词完全搬到主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种: 1.表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语,如:here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall等,置于句首。如: In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在伦敦一所大学的演讲大厅里坐着一位教授。 In this chapter will be found the answers to the questions. 在这一章节里将会发现这些问题的答案。 South of the river lies a small factory. 河流的南边有一个小工厂。 Out rushed the children. 孩子们冲了出去。 Away flew the plane. 飞机飞走了。 2.such置于句首时,如: Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century's greatest scientist. 这就是爱因斯坦,一个朴素的人,二十世纪最伟大的科学家。 此句型中的such多被认为是表语,所以,such后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。如: Such are the facts, no one can deny them. 这就是事实,没有人能够否认他们。 考点二

  部分倒装 只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子,叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要也有三种: 1.only修饰副词介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。如: Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有用这种方法我们才能够学习英语。 Only when he returned did we find out the truth. 他回来,我们才发现了真相。 使用特点: ①在部分倒装句中,如果谓语部分无助动词,则需找助动词来“帮助”它构成倒装句。如: Only after the war learned he the sad news.(错) Only after the war did he learn the sad news.(对) 仅仅在战争之后他才知道这个悲伤的消息。 ②only修饰状语从句时,从句不可倒装。如: Only when did he return did we find out the truth.(错) Only when he returned did we find out the truth.(对)

  只有当他回来后,我才知道真相。 ③only修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。如: Only can he answer the question.(错) Only he can answer the question.(对) 只有他才能回答这个问题。 2.否定副词never, nor,not,hardly,little,seldom等置于句首时。如: Never before have I seen such a moving film. =I have never seen such a moving film before. 我以前从未看过这么感人的影片。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He didn't make a single mistake. 他绝没有犯过一个错误。 3.六个重要的固定句型: ①...;so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语“……也是如此”。 使用特点: a.此句型也可写成...and so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,或...,so+be/have/助动词+主语。 b.如果句意不是“……不是如此”,而仅是对前内容的肯定或符合(此时的so=indeed),那么,句子则不可使用倒装句式。试比较: A:I was afraid.(句中的I指的是说话者A) B:So was I. (I指的是B,此句意为I was afraid, too.) A:I was afraid.(I指的是A) B:So you were. (you指的也是A;此句意为Indeed you were afraid.) 再比较几个句子: He came last night, and so did I. 他昨晚来了,我也来了。

  A:It is hot. 天真热。 B:So it is. 的确如此。 A:He is lazy. 他真懒。 B:So is she. 她也一样。 ②...;neither(或nor)+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语“……也不一样”。 Lily can't ride;neither (或nor) can Lucy. 莉莉不会骑车,露西也不会。 使用特点: a.此句型也可写成...;and neither(或nor)+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,或...neither(或nor)+be/have/助动词+主语。 b.此句型中的and neither(或not)不可用so...not替代,但可用not...either改写。如: I have never been abroad. So hasn't he.(错) I have never been abroad. Neither/nor has he.(对) 我从未去过国外,他也是。 I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.(对) ③So+adj./adv...that... “如此……以至于……”。 So early does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 使用特点: 在这个句型中,so引导的句子倒装,而that引导的句子不倒装。 ④neither...,nor... “……不,也不……”。 由于neither和nor都是否定词,所以其前后句均需倒装。 ⑤not only...,but also... “不仅……而且……”。 Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it. 使用特点: 此句型也可写成not only...but...,或not only...but...as well的形式,但but(also)引导的句子必须用正常语序。 ⑥not until...“直到……才……” Not until he returned did we have supper. 直到他回来,我们才吃晚饭。 使用特点: a.这句话可以改写成We didn't have supper until he returned. b.如果not until引导的是句子,until从句的主谓不可倒装而是主句需要倒装。 考点三

  形式倒装 形式上的倒装,语法上称为前置。它的特点是:只要把强调的内容提至句首,主谓不倒装。这样的结构非常多,但有三个重要的句型需要特点注意: 1.感叹句 What an interesting talk they have! 他们进行了一个有趣的交谈。 How interesting their talk was! 他们的谈话多么有趣啊! 使用特点: 对名词(或中心词是名词)感叹时,用what引导;对形容词或副词感叹时,用how引导。 2.the more...the more...句型 The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 英语听得越多,它就变得越容易。 使用特点: ①此句型中的more代表的是形容词或副词的比较级,要灵活使用。如: The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你工作越努力,取得的进步就越大。 ②此句型中的第一个the more引导的相当于一个条件状语从句,第二个the more引导的相当于一个主句。所以,上面例句的意思实质上就是If you work harder, you will make greater progress。

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