2017高考英语常见语法复习（12）

　　句子的结构 英文语句按照结构分为三种:简单句,并列句,复合句. 简单句的五种基本句型 1.主谓: Nobody knows. 2.主谓宾: I love you. 3.主谓双宾: He told us a story. 4.主谓宾补:We saw her reading. 5.主系表:You are my best friend. 并列句:由两个或者两个以上的简单句连在一起 That is a good idea and I think we should do it now. 复合句:由一个主句同一个或者一个以上的从句构成,主句可以单独存在,分句不可以. The office that deal with passports is upstairs. The boy who is watching TV in the room is my brother. 复合句分为两种: 名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，它们在复合句中的功用相当于名词，因此称为名词性从句，在句中分别作主语、表语、宾语以及同位语 形容词性从句:定语从句,在复合句中的作用相当于形容词,起修饰和说明的作用,因此称为形容词性从句. 副词性从句:状语从句,在复合句中的作用相当于副词,因而称为状语从句 一、名词性从句考点 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它是高中英语学习的一个重点语法项目，也是历年来高考单项填空题频频考查的热点之一。通过对2005、2006、2007三年全国各地高考试题的分析,我们可以看出名词性从句考点主要有以下六个方面: 考点之一:考查名词性从句中that与what的区别 考例1：______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.（07年上海卷39题） A. ThatB. WhatC. WhetherD. Where 【解析】正确答案为B。在名词性从句中that与what的区别是：that在名词性从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用，除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略;而what在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且作句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语等，不仅可以表示具体明确的“…的话（东西、人）”，还可以表示“…的时间、…的地点、…的人、…的速度”等内容。此题考查主语从句，what引导该主语从句，同时又作谓语动词refer to的宾语。题意：对于他在文章中提到的那些东西，普通读者都不了解。 考点之二:考查名词性从句中的it作形式主语或形式宾语 考例1：____ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.(06年浙江卷第4题) A. AsB. ThatC. ThisD. It 【解析】正确答案为D。在名词性从句中为了保持句子的平衡,，往往用先行词it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放到后面。此题考查that引导的主语从句，用先行词it充当形式主语代替主语从句，而把主语从句后置，此句可以改写为：That improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy is our belief。 考例2：He didn’t make ____ clear when and where the meeting would be held.（07年天津卷第1题） A. this  B. that C. it  D. these 【解析】正确答案为C。此题考查的是用先行词it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放到后面，而其他几个代词均不能作形式宾语，故正确答案为C。 考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序 考例：These shoes look very good. I wonder __________.（06年上海春招卷第30题） A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they costD. how much are they cost 【解析】正确答案为C。在名词性从句中,疑问句要用陈述句语序。当连接词含疑问意义时,学生往往受汉语习惯影响错误地使用疑问句语序。克服这种错误的关键是要找准从句中的主语和谓语。此题B项是疑问句语序,A、D项语法错误，故只能选C。题意:这些鞋子看起来挺好，我想知道他们卖多少钱。 考点之四:考查名词性从句中的whether,if以及that的区别 考例1: The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.（07年上海卷40题） A. whenB. whyC. whether D. that 【解析】whether, if以及that引导的名词性从句的区别是:当“是否”讲时，whether与if引导的名词性从句含有疑问意义；而that引导的名词性从句不含有疑问意义。根据题意可知:传统的观点认为我们睡眠是由于大脑收到睡眠指令所致，显然表达的是一个肯定的事实，故此题正确答案为D。 考例2: We haven’t settled the question of ______________ it is necessary for him to study abroad. （06年江苏卷第35题） A. if   B. whereC. whetherD. that 【解析】whether与if当“是否”讲时，在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not时通常只能用whether,而不能用if。根据题意可知:我们还没有解决他是否有必要出国学习的问题，故正确答案为C。 考点之五:考查名词性从句中的who与whoever，what与whatever引导名词性从句时的区别 考例1:It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.（07年宁夏卷例题） A. however  B. whatever  C. whicheverD. whenever 【解析】本题句意为:一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不明智的。whatever引导宾语从句,相当于anything that；A项however 和D项whenever是不能作宾语的；而C项whichever表示“无论哪一个、无论哪些”,表示在一定范围内的人或事物,此处并不涉及“一定范围内的人或事物”,所以也不能选，故正确答案为B。 考例2: makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.（06年辽宁卷第30题） A. WhatB. WhoC. WhateverD. Whoever 【解析】本题考查名词性从句中连接代词的用法。what引导主语从句，又作句子作主语，句意为：使这家商店与众不同的地方是它提供更多的人性化服务。连接词不是指人，故不能用who，whoever；whoever引导名词性从句时相当于anyone who/those who。同时,本题没有“无论什么”的含义，故排除whatever；whatever引导名词性从句时相当于anything that。 考点之六:考查名词性从句中的同位语从句和定语从句的区别 考例: Doris’success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.（06年上海春招卷第33题） A. whichB. that  C. when   D. why 【解析】本题正确答案为B。that既可以引导同位语从句，也可以引导定语从句，其区别为：同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，通常用在idea，news，fact，promise，suggestion，belief，truth等名词的后面，即说明该名词所表示的具体内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况；引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。以后在处理“先行名词+that从句”这类题目时，可先去掉先行名词，如果句意完整，应属同位语从句；如果句意不完整，则属定语从句。 二、形容词性从句考点 考点之一，非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点. 1）引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用 which（不用that）。 2）除which外，还可用when，where ， who（m）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。 3）在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定性定语从句的连词不能省。 4）置于句首时，非限定性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时as和which都可用。 ______ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (2005浙江) A. When  B. After  C. As   D. Since 考点之二，先行词是表地点或时间的名词时，引导词的选择。 表地点或时间的先行词在从句中作状语时用where, when ；当表地点或时间的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用that或which引导定语从句。例如： I shall never forget the years ____ I lived in the countryside with the farmers ，____  has a great effect on my life ．（上海高考题94） A．that；which  B．when；which C．which；that D．when；who 考点之三、定语从句中的主谓一致问题。试比较： The Oscar is the only one of the film prizes  ____ offered to any Chinese actor or actress by far． The Oscar is one of the film prizes ____ offered to any Chinese actor or actress by far． A．which is on B．that have not been C．that has not D．that has not been 答案分别是D和B。前一例的先行词是 the only one，且指代它的引导词在从句中作主语，故从句的谓语动词必须用单数；又因先行词one被only修饰，所以只能用that引导。当one没有被the only或the very等修饰时，则介词of后面的the film prize s是先行词，从句中的谓语动词就必须用复数，而且引导词既可用that也可用which（第二例）。总之，当引导词在句子中作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式应该与该主语保持一致。 考点之四、which 和that 的区别 that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替"表示事物意义"的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which : -- 先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时 There must be something that happened to you. -- 先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the only等作定语时 That is the only way that leads to your success . --先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰 This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school --先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时 This is the very book that I’m looking for. --先行词既包含人又包含物时 The man and his car that disappeared days ago have been found. --先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时 Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？ --先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语 That’s a good book that will help you a lot. Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. --先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间，可用that或when引导，都可省略 I still remember the first time (that) I saw her. I didn't remember the exact time （when/that） I arrived in Shanghai 三、副词性从句 状语从句种类常靠引导词 时间状语从句When while as before after till/until since 地点状语从句Where 原因状语从句Because since as for 目的状语从句So that  in order that  lest in case 方式状语从句As  as if/thought 结果状语从句So/such…that…., so that 条件状语从句If unless in case as long as 让步状语从句Although though as 考点一：状语从句的连词 这是状语从句最常见的考查形式，命题意图是检测考生对逻辑关联词的实际运用能力。近年来考查的热点聚焦于： 1). 引导时间状语从句的when, while, as, before, until, since ；.引导条件状语从句的unless, once ；引导地点状语从句的where以及引导目的 (或结果) 状语从句的so that等这些普通连词。 --- Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting? --- He rushed out of the room _____  I could say a word . （06 四川） A. before B. until  C. when  D. after 简析： before表明主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词之间的先后关系，有“在……以前”, “没来得及……就……”，“不等……就……”的意思 (如句) ；句考查的是句型It + be + 时间段 + before...(过了/要过若干时间某人才做某事)。 2). 引导时间状语从句的the moment, immediately；引导条件状语从句的in case；引导原因状语从句的now (that) 和引导让步状语从句的 even if，even though等这些特殊连词。例如： There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely , ______ she was an only child .(05辽宁) A. ever since B. now that  C. even though   D. even as 简析：even though she was an only child （尽管她是独生子女）是让步状语从句。 考点二：状语从句的时态 主要考查 1). 在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的时间。 --- What could you do if it ______ tomorrow? --- We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .( 05全国卷 ) A. rain   B. rains   C. will rain   D. is raining 2).  when , before , after引导的从句的动作与主句动作的先后关系。例如： When the old man _____ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain. A. started; had already hidden  B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding   D. was starting; hid 简析：若主从句的动作先后发生在过去，通常先发生的用过去完成时。before , after本身已能表达动作的先后关系，所以主从句的动作都可用一般过去时。 考点三：状语从句的成分省略 主要考查在时间、条件、原因、让步、方式等状语从句中的成分省略问题或根据省略情况解决问题的能力。例如： .   The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it . ( 2002全国 )   A. begins B. having begun  C. beginning  D. begun .   While watching television , ______ . (05 全国卷) A. the doorbell rang  B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring   D. we heard the doorbell rings 简析：句中once begun实际上就是once it is begun的省略形式。解答句时要考虑到状语从句成分省略的前提条件，那就是：主从句主语相同，且从句中含有be动词，因此我们可从watching television判断出主从句的主语都应是we ，再由rings的形式错误排除D 。 考点四：状语从句或主句的语序 一般情况下，引导状语从句的连词应放在从句之首，其后用陈述句语序。但要注意以下几种倒装情况： 1. “only + 状语从句”位于句首，主句用部分倒装语序，从句语序不变。 例如：Only when the war was over ______ to his hometown . ( 01 上海春季 ) A. did the young soldier return   B. the young soldier returned. C. returned the young soldierD. the young soldier did return 2. not until 从句被提到句首时，主句用部分倒装语序，从句语序不变。 例如：Not until all the fish died in the river ______ how serious the pollution was . ( NMET95 ) A. did the villagers realize  B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realize  D. didn't the villagers realize 3.表示“一……就……”的两个常见结构 “no sooner ．．．than...”和“hardly...when...”，当no sooner和“hardly位于句首时，主句用部分倒装语序，且用过去完成时态。 例如：--- Did Linda see the traffic accident ? （06 天津） --- No , no sooner ______ than it happened . A. had she gone B. she had gone C. has she gone D. she has gone 4. so /such...that （如此……以致……）结构中，so 或such位于句首加强语气时，主句用部　分倒装语序。 例如：So difficult _____ it to work out the problem that I decided to asked Tom for advice .（06 广东）  A. I did find B. did I findC. I have foundD. have I found 简析：该句的正常语序是I found it so difficult to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice . 5. as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。被提前的部分可以是从句的表语、状语或动词原形。若被前置的表语是单数名词时，须省略冠词。例如： .   ______ , Carolina couldn’t get the door open . ( 05 广东 ) A. Try as she mightB. As she might try  C. She might as try   D. Might she as try .   ______ , he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class . (05 重庆 ) A. A quiet student as he may be  B. Quiet student as he may be C. Be a quiet student as he may  D. Quite as he may be a student 6. 应注意“The + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语动词, the + 比较级+ 主语 + 谓语动词”这一句型结构中的词序。 例如： As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, ______ . A. the more for life you are equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life 简析：这一句型结构中的前半部分相当于一个条件状语从句。...the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are .相当于...if you learn more, you are more equipped for life. 句意是： “就我而论，教育说的就是学习，学得越多，为未来的人生准备得就越