研究历年高考题,我们会发现高考对定语从句的考查频率相当高且具有以下特点: 1.以引导词为中心,考查关系代词和关系副词的基本区别; 2.考查介词+关系代词引导的定语从句; 3.考查引导词that和which的区别。 一、关系代词 1.下列情况下只能用that引导定语从句,不能用which: (1)先行词是everything,anything,nothing,all,none,
few,little,some等代词,或先行词被every,any,
all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰。
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the
world.对他来说似乎世界上没有不可能的事。 (2)先行词被序数词修饰或被形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。 (3)先行词被the very,the only修饰。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
这就是我想买的词典。 [注意] 当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who。 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend
the meeting.王华是我们学校唯一要参加会议的人。 (4)先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词或先行词。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
站在门口的人是谁? (5)先行词既有人又有物。
They talked about the persons and things that they remem-
bered at school.他们谈论想得起来的上学时候的人和事。 2.下列情况下只能用which引导定语从句,不能用that: (1)关系词前有介词。
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
他曾就读的学校非常出名。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句。
He had failed in maths exam,which made his father angry.
他数学考试没及格,这让他父亲很生气。 3.whose引导定语从句时作定语,既可指人又可指物。
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
我看到一位妇女,她的包被盗了。
Please show me the book whose cover is red.
请把那本红皮书拿给我看看。 [注意] 以the way为先行词且在定语从句中作状语的限制 性定语从句要用in which或that引导或省略引导词。 二、关系副词 关系副词在定语从句中作状语,when表示时间,where表示地点,why表示原因,在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语。 1.关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”
来替代。
The house where (=in which) I lived ten years ago has been
pulled down.我十年前居住的房子已拆除了。 2.where引导定语从句时,前面的先行词除了地点名词之外,
还可以是表示“情形、形式、状况、活动、关键点、行业、
职业”等的名词。
The children are interested in the activities where (in which)
there is competition.
这些孩子对竞争性的活动感兴趣。 三、介词与关系代词的搭配
在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词只
能用whom(指人)和which(指物)。在这种结构中,介词的
选择可依据下列几点: 1.看介词和定语从句中的谓语动词的习惯性搭配; 2.看介词和前面先行词的习惯性搭配; 3.表示“所有关系”或整体中的一部分时常用of; 4.看介词与定语从句中的形容词的习惯性搭配。 This is the reason for which he came late. 这是他迟到的原因。 In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.篮子里有很多苹果,其中有些已经坏了。 四、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的异同 1.as和which都可以在定语从句中作主语或宾语,代指前面整
个句子。
He is from the south,as/which we can know from his accent.
他是南方人,我们可以从他的口音上知道。 2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,
甚至还可以分割主句,且常见于as is (well) known (to sb.),
as it is,as is said above等句型中,which引导的非限制性定
语从句只可放在主句之后。另外,as常有“正如,正像”的
含义,which则无此义。 He said he had been to Paris more than ten times,which I didn't believe.他说他去过巴黎10多次,这一点我不相信。 As is known to all,China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。 五、as引导的定语从句
当先行词由the same,such或as来修饰时,用as引导定
语从句。
He is not the same person as he was.
他和以前不一样了。 [注意] (1)当先行词被the same修饰时,也可以用that引导定语从句,但意义不同:the same...as表示“与……一样的”;而the same that则表示“同一个,就是那个”。 He is using the same pen that I lost. 他正在用的这支钢笔就是我丢的那支。 (2)so/such...as引导的定语从句和so/such...that句型的区别关键在于看关系词是否在从句中作成分。 This is such a heavy stone that I can't lift it. 这是一块如此重的石头以至于我搬不动它。(结果状 语从句,that只起连接作用,不作句子成分) This is such a heavy stone as I can't lift. 这是一块很重的我搬不动的石头。(定语从句,as在从 句中作宾语
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