6. “with+名词/代词+ing分词”。此结构强调名词是ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。
He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中,不定式和宾语是被动关系,表示尚未发生的动作。
With nothing to do, I'll go out for a walk in the park.
【考点3】非谓语动词的时态
Claire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left. (2011·陕西卷)
A. check
B. checking
C. to check
D. checked
D Claire在飞机离开之前的一小时让人把行李检查了。have sth. done请某人做某事。
The next thing he saw was smoke ______ from behind the house. (2011·全国新课标卷)
A. rose
B. rising
C. to rise
D. risen
B 句意:他接下来看见的事是房子后面正冒着烟。现在分词rising表动作在进行,和修饰词smoke间有主谓关系。rising from behind the house现在分词短语作后置定语。
动词不定式一般表示在谓语动作之后的事情,要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情,须用不定式的完成式;动词的ing形式一般表示与谓语动词动作同时进行的动作,若要表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前的事情,须用动词的ing形式的完成式。 【考点4】非谓语动词的句法功能 1. 作主语、表语:
动名词表示一般性、经常性的动作。不定式表示一次性的动作。动名词、不定式作主语常用it作其形式主语,但no use, no good作表语时,真正主语常用动名词。
2. 作宾语:
(1)有些动词只跟动名词作宾语
常用的这类动词有: mind, finish, enjoy, excuse, imagine, keep, practice, suggest, miss, consider, prevent, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, admit, delay, escape, permit, forbid等。
(2)有些动词只跟不定式作宾语
常用的这类动词有: want, wish, hope, expect, agree, decide, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, refuse, beg, demand, manage, offer, prepare, claim, struggle等。
(3)remember, forget, regret后接动名词和不定式的区别:后接动名词表示先于谓语动词的动作;后接不定式表示后于谓语动词的动作。
(4)want, need, require和deserve后接动名词和不定式的用法:当它们后面所接的动词与句子的主语是动宾关系时,用动名词的主动式或不定式的被动式。
(5)在try, stop, mean, go on, can't help后,用动名词和不定式所表达的含义不同,要注意:
can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事;can't help (to) do sth. 不能帮助做某事
3. 作宾语补足语:
Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. (2011·重庆卷)
A. reminding
B. to remind
C. reminded
D. remind
C keep oneself reminded of his own dreams。过去分词 reminded作宾补。
Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011·浙江卷)
A. lose
B. lost
C. to lose
D. having lost
B 可以从lost for words (欲言又止;迷失语言)这一习语来理解。此题易误选C,考生可能会将find sb. to do跟find oneself(to be)done混淆。根据句意可知谓语动词是find“发现”,“即使最好的作家有时也会发现自己……”,作宾补的四个选项围绕lose变化。动词lose的基本含义是“丢失”,引申义是“使……沉溺于”(使动用法容易被考生忽略),跟逻辑主语themselves的关系是被动。
熟悉并掌握哪些动词或短语如advise, allow, like, wish, want, help等须接不定式作宾语补足语;哪些动词或短语如find, suggest, lead to等可接动词的ing形式作宾语补足语;哪些动词或短语如feel, see, watch, hear, have 等既可接动词的ing形式又可接过去分词作宾语补足语;何时用主动形式作宾语补足语,何时用被动形式或过去分词作宾语补足语,一般由非谓语动词与宾语的关系确定。
4. 作定语:
On receiving a phone call from his wife ______ she had a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. (2011·江西卷)
A. says
B. said
C. saying
D. to say
C saying作后置定语修饰a phone call from his wife “来自他妻子的一个电话说”。
Tsinghua University, ______ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011·福建卷)
A. found
B. founding
C. founded
D. to be founded
C 清华大学成立于1911年。过去分词founded 作非限制性定语修饰Tsinghua University(清华大学)。
(1) 注意非谓语动词的形式,不定式作定语一般用主动式,只有当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或宾语时,才用被动式;现在分词作定语表示主动意义,动作正在进行;过去分词一般表示被动、完成含义。
(2) 非谓语动词的位置:非谓语动词短语作定语时,都要放在所修饰的词之后;单个的动词的ing形式或过去分词作定语时,一般放在所修饰的词之前。
不及物动词的不定式作定语,与修饰的名词构成动宾关系时,不及物动词后面的介词不能丢。
5. 不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别:
不定式、现在分词都能表示结果,其区别是:不定式一般表示出乎意料的结果,不定式前常用only修饰;而动词的ing形式表示自然或必然的结果。
More highways have been built in China, ______ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (2011·陕西卷)
A. making
B. made
C. to make
D. having made
A 句意:在中国更多的公路已被修建,这样使得人们从一个地方旅游到另一个地方更为容易。making分词短语表意料之中的结果。若是only to make则表示意料之外的结果。
【考点5】不定式to的省略
1. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make 接不定式作宾补时,不定式的to须省略,但句子变为被动语态时,不定式的to不能省略。
2. why, would rather, had better, may as well, cannot (help / choose) but等后须跟省to的不定式。
3.
介词but, except等前若有行为动词do, 其后常用省to的不定式作宾语;若没有行为动词do, 则用带to的不定式。
4.
不定式作表语时,若主语中有行为动词do 的某一形式时,不定式的to可有可无。
It was a pity that the famous painter died ______ his painting unfinished.
A. of
B. from
C. out
D. with With 复合结构
D 本题考查with复合结构充当状语的用法,不是词组die of…, die from…和die out。
With his mother ______ him, he is getting on well with his work.
A. help
B. to help
C. helping
D. helped
C 这是with的复合结构, his mother与help是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以排除D, 如选B则有将来的意思,显然不合语境,选C表示“他妈一直在帮他”, 正合句意。
with 复合结构在句中一般作状语和定语,常见形式有:
1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。
The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm.
2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。
He likes to sleep with the door open.
3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。
The square looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。
He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul.
5. “with+名词/代词+done”。在此结构中,过去分词和宾语是被动关系,表示动作已经完成。 With the problem solved, he went out to play.
单项填空
第12课时
非谓语动词与with复合结构
二
1. The news shocked the public, ______ to great concern about students' safety at school. (2010·重庆卷)
A. having led
B. led
C. leading
D. to lead
C 句意为:这个消息使公众震惊,也引起了人们对学生在校安全的关注。The news和lead之间是主谓关系,并作shocked的伴随状语,所以用leading。
思路点拨
2. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______ first is the library.
(2010·重庆卷)
A. repaired
B. being repaired
C. repairing
D. to be repaired
D the one指代前面提到的buildings与repair是动宾关系,由前半句建筑物需要修缮可知修缮这个动作发生在need之后,所以用to be repaired。
思路点拨
3. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. (2011·重庆卷)
A. reminding
B. to remind
C. reminded
D. remind
C keep himself reminded of 中过去分词reminded作宾补。
思路点拨
4. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ______ people's concern over food safety.
(2011·重庆卷)
A. to raise
B. raising
C. to have raised
D. having raised
A 考查非谓语动词。句意为“为了唤起人们对食品安全的关注,将有更多的电视节目录制。”此处用不定式作目的状语。 思路点拨 ______ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (2011·辽宁卷)
A. Gather
B. To gather
C. Gathering
D. To be gathering 非谓语动词 【考点1】非谓语动词的逻辑主语
C 句子主语是the tourists, gather和tourists存有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此用现在分词作状语。
1.
It's + adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.句型中的不定式的逻辑主语为“sb.”。
2. 非谓语动词作状语时,他们的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语。当非谓语动词的动作由句子主语发出时,非谓语动词用主动形式;当非谓语动词的动作是句子主语所承受的时,用过去分词或不定式、动词的ing形式的被动形式。
3. 代词主格或名词的普通格 + 非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。非谓语动词逻辑主语为代词或名词。
【考点2】独立成分作状语 ______ you the truth, I feel like ______ to bed now.
A. Telling; going
B. To tell; going
C. Telling; to go
D. To tell; to go
B to tell you the truth作独立成分;like是介词,其后跟动名词作宾语。
在英语中,少数的to do 短语,doing短语和done 短语已经当作插入语使用,此时,句子的主语在逻辑上与它们不存在主动或被动关系。 (1)to tell you the truth 说实话 needless to say 不用说 to be honest/ frank 老实说,坦白说 to be more exact 更确切地说 to make things worse 更糟的是 say that…假设…… (2)generally/frankly/roughly speaking 一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说 considering…鉴于/考虑到…… judging by/from…从……来看,依据……来判断 supposing /suppose that…假定…… providing that…假定…… according to…依据…… including…包括…… owing to…由于…… talking/speaking of 谈及…… (3)given…考虑到…… provided that…如果……
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