介词的用法比较灵活,搭配比较复杂。近几年高考常考介词的词义辨析、介词与名词的搭配、介词与动词的搭配及习惯表达法中的介词。根据高考命题的趋向,介词的复习应该将重点放在常用介词的用法总结、近义介词的辨析以及介词与ving、介词与名词的固定搭配上。 近几年高考常考介词分类如下: 种类 举例 单个介词 about,above,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,except,in,through,towards,with,etc. 合成介词 inside,into,onto,outside,throughout,upon,within,without,etc. 成语介词 according to,because of,on account of,as a result of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks to,out of,etc. 双重介词 from among,from inside,from behind,from under,till after,etc. 分词变来的介词 including,considering(=given)(考虑到,就……而言),etc. 由形容词转化来的介词 like,unlike,near,next,opposite,etc. 一、常用介词和介词短语的用法 1.介词at可表示动作、感情的原因,意思是“因……而;一听到(看到/想到)……就”。 At the boy's remark,the bookseller looked at him curiously.听到男孩最后的那句话,卖书人好奇地看着他。 Why was the boy surprised at the writer's request? 那男孩为什么对作者的请求感到吃惊? 2.on+名词或动名词结构可表示“一……就”。 On his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.一到饭店,他就径直往柜台走去,并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。 On arriving home,I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 【注意】 表示“一……就……”意思的短语或句型小结: On his arrival(at the hotel)...相当于: ①On arriving (at the hotel)... ②As soon as he arrived (at the hotel)... ③The moment(minute/second)/Immediately/Instantly he arrived(at the hotel)... ④Hardly had he arrived(at the hotel)when... ⑤No sooner had he arrived(at the hotel)than... 4.with的用法 (1)表示“和……在一起”、“由……陪同”或“有……在场”的意思。 Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there,with their family of three small children. 史密斯夫妇带着他们三个年幼的孩子都在那儿。 (2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。 With time passing,they have grown into big boys. 随着时间的流逝,他们都长成大小伙子了。 (3)引导一个表示方式的状语的附加语。 She lay back in the chair with her eyes closed. 她闭着眼睛背靠在椅子上坐着。 (4)指原因或理由。 The small child trembled with fear. 小孩吓得打哆嗦。 5.by的用法 (1)表示“不迟于(某时间)”的意思。 We have to be home by ten o'clock. 我们十点钟得到家。 (2)含有“到……的程度”的意思。 This one is shorter than the other by three inches. 这一个比那一个短三英寸。 (3)表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量,或付酬所用以计算的时间。 Milk is sold by the pint,butter by the pound,and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖,黄油论磅卖,蛋类论打卖。 (4)表示“按照……”或“根据……”的意思。 By my watch,the time is half past eleven. 按我的表,现在是十一点半。
6.of与抽象名词连用,表示的意义相当于对应的形容词。 of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词;of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词。 It is of great/much value.=It is very valuable. 这个东西很贵重。 The camel is of great help to the Arab. =The camel is very helpful to the Arab. 骆驼对阿拉伯人帮助很大。 It is of no use.=It is not useful.=It is useless. 它没用。 He is twenty years of age.=He is twenty years old. 他二十岁了。
二、易混淆介词或介词短语的用法辨析 1.besides,except,except for,but,but for的区别 (1)besides表示“除……之外还”,其宾语包括在内。 (2)except表示“除了”,其宾语不包括在内。 (3)except for强调整体中的细节,意思是“只是”,前后的事物不属于同类。 (4)but常可与except互换,强调“不在其中”。 (5)but for意思是“要不是”,往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中。 There are four persons except Tom to do the work,four of whom are expert at it.不算汤姆,他们有四个人做这个工作。他们当中的四个在这方面都在行。 We enjoyed the party except for the loud music. 除了音乐嘈杂了点,我们在聚会上玩得很开心。 But for your timely help,I couldn't have finished the work on time.I can't thank you too much.要不是你及时的帮助,我就不能按时完成这项工作。我对你感激不尽。 2.besides和as well as的用法区别 (1)besides可用作介词,表示“除什么之外还”(=in addition to/apart from),后接名词、代词或动名词;它还可以用作副词,意为“而且”(=also/moreover),多放在句首,后加逗号。 We have lots of things in common besides music. 除了音乐,我们还有很多共同点。 I don't really want to go.Besides,it's too late now. 我并不真的想去,而且天色太晚了。 (2)as well as也可表示“除什么之外还”,但它既可用作介词,也可用作连词。用作连词时,它前后的词应该对等,即语法成分相同。所以,当as well as后接动词时,既可把as well as用作连词,后接与它前边的动词语法成分相同的词,也可接动名词。 Charles and Linda Mason do all of these things as well as climb(或climbing) buildings.Charles和Linda Mason除了爬高楼以外,也做所有这些事情。 3.for与of表示不定式复合结构的逻辑主语 (1)It is+adj.+of sb. to do sth.=sb.+be+adj.+to do sth. 当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特性时,用of。常见的形容词有:kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等。 It is kind of the teachers to help support the poor students.资助那些贫困生的老师们真善良。 (2)It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 当形容词说明不定式的性质时,用for。常见的形容词有:important,necessary,possible,impossible等。 It is quite important for us to protect our environment. 对于我们来说,保护环境很重要。 三、与介词有关的固定搭配 1.名词与介词的固定搭配 要求用to的名词:key,answer,visit,apology,introduction 要求用in的名词:interest,satisfaction,expert 要求用on的名词:mercy,congratulation 要求用其他介词的名词:prize(for),respect(for),victory(over),struggle(with) 2.形容词与介词的固定搭配 要求用at的形容词:angry,good,bad,surprised,excited,puzzled,frightened 要求用of的形容词:afraid,sure,certain,full,tired,fond,proud,worthy 要求用with的形容词:angry,strict,busy,popular 要求用in的形容词:weak,strict,rich,interested,successful,slow 要求用to的形容词:next,good,polite,kind,cruel,rude,known,married,close,similar,due 要求用for的形容词:sorry,famous,fit,unfit,eager,anxious,hungry要求用from的形容词:far,different,free,safe,absent,tired 要求用about的形容词:sorry,worried,anxious,careful,sure,certain
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