2016年高考英语二轮复习课件（通用版）：阅读理解 第4讲

　　阅读理解 [命题分析] 主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落的中心大意以及选择标题等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度能力型题目，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以此类题具有很好的选拔作用。该题型在近三年课标全国卷中几乎年年都有，一般1～2个小题。 专题一　阅读理解 主旨大意题的选项特点：正确选项通常不含细节信息和绝对意义的词，能概括文章全部内容。干扰项通常是以以下方式设置：(1)以偏概全：概括的范围过于狭窄，只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或者是文章主题的一个侧面。(2)断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。(3)主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容，也就是无关信息(文章中未提到或找不到根据的信息)。 注意：因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都永远把主旨大意题作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的理解。 专题一　阅读理解 段 落 大 意 题 段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和初步的概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行，做到围绕中心，注意连贯，同时，还要注意段落大意是否与全篇相称。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。其主要设题形式有： The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that________． What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?

　　(2015·高考福建卷) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However，studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups，it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social，release endorphins(内啡肽)，and improve your strength.Additionally，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. The first paragraph focuses on ________． A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health　 D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups　 【解析】　段落大意题。第一段的开头部分讲了群体锻炼是增进身体健康最有效的方式之一(B项内容)，而且群体锻炼具有挑战性(A项内容)，后面也提到共同的目标能激励参与者努力锻炼(D项内容)，但是这些都是指群体锻炼对身体健康的益处。根据第一段中的关键词语However(表转折)，not only...but...以及Additionally后的内容可知，本段的重点是but for psychological health，即群体锻炼对于心理健康很有好处。故选C项。 C 名师点津 每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句，有时也会在中间。在阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置。一般说来，采用归纳法写的段落主题句在段尾；若主题句出现在段首，则文章多为说明文和议论文；若文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式来写，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，文章中没有明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。 文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安排，就能概括出文章的中心。其主要设题形式有： 文 章 大 意 题 The main purpose of the article is to show that________． What is the main idea of the passage? The writer of the passage wants to tell us that________． The passage is mainly about________． Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(2015·高考重庆卷) At thirteen，I was diagnosed (诊断) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” What is the main idea of the passage?________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. C 【解析】　主旨大意题。作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生，因为上课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做，在安静的环境下终于完成了。阅读材料的内容也给了他很大的启发，说明只要不懈努力就一定能战胜困难取得成功。文章强调的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助，故A、B、D三项均有偏差，应选C项。 名师点津 但是考生在解答文章主旨大意类试题时，常会出现看懂文章却做错题这一现象。因为考生在选择文章主旨大意时，常会犯以偏概全的错误。要避免出现这种错误，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想还是细节，懂的是全部词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含的意义；然后以“三主一问”作为解题思路。“三主”指文章的主题思想、文章的结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。“一问”指根据文章后面所设的问题来发问：此题的考查点是什么？考生一定要读懂题干，这样在阅读文章时才能站得高，看得远，从而知全局。 标题是文章中心思想的精炼表达形式。文章标题既考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、归纳、判断等逻辑思维方法，对文章的主题和中心进行高度的概括或提炼，并迅速而准确地选择文章的标题。考生在做标题归纳类试题时要注意标题的三个特性，即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。其主要设题形式有： 标 题 归 纳 题 What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is________． The most suitable title of this passage is________． What would be the most suitable title for the text?

　　(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ) Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self­conscious (难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12­inch plate instead of a 10­inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. What can be a suitable title for the text?________ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self­Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? A 【解析】　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了墙壁的颜色、房间的亮度、吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大小等都与一个人的身材有关。因此A项“你的房子正让你发胖吗？”最适合做文章标题。B项“提供正餐的方式”，C项 “自我意识的作用”，D项“你家的环境令人放松吗？”，均与本文的主题不符。 名师点津 选定标题的四大标准：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练；(2)准——注意文章的内涵和外延，作者的观点表达得要准确；(3)统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息；(4)新——标题要新颖，对读者有吸引力，能激发读者的阅读兴趣。 所以选择标题时我们要做到：(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。(2)看它对文章的概括是否准确，覆盖面是否够广。注意避免下列三种错误：①概括不够(多表现为以部分代替整体，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大范围)；③以具体细节替代主旨大意。