新疆新源县第八中学2016届高三英语专题复习：虚拟语气

　　高考语法专项之虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood )

　　概念：虚拟语气表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求，有时是一种非真实的假设、料想或是不可能实现或与事实相反的愿望。（分类：一般虚拟语气和特殊虚拟语气。）

　　二虚拟语气之高考方向：12、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；

　　3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法;5、虚拟语气时态的判定。

　　三高考基本知识

　　⑴虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用

　　①主从句时态一致

　　If he had time now，he would(could，might) go with you.要是他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would (could，might) have met the famous singer.如果你能早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手。(与过去事实相反)

　　If it were to snow this evening，they would not go out.

　　如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。(将来发生的动作的可能性很小)

　　②、混合条件句

　　主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。

　　If you had asked him yesterday，you would know what to do now.

　　如果你昨天问一问他的话，你就知道现在该做什么了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。)

　　③、省略if的条件句

　　虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，实行倒装。

　　Were they here now，they could help us.

　　＝If they were here now，they could help us.

　　如果他们现在在这儿的话，他们就会帮助我们了。

　　④、含蓄虚拟条件句

　　含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类含蓄式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：but for(要不是……的话)，but that(要不是……)，without(如果没有……)，supposing(假设……)，provided(倘若……)，otherwise(or else)(要不然)等。

　　But for your advice，I would have failed.(＝If you hadn’t given me advice，I would have failed.)

　　如果不是有你的建议，我会失败的。

　　But that she was afraid，she would have said no.

　　要不是她害怕的话，她就会说“不”了。

　　Without water，there would be no life.

　　如果没有水，就没有生命。

　　Supposing it should rain，we would still go.

　　假如下雨的话，我们还是要去。

　　⑵、虚拟语气在其它状语从句中的运用

　　(1)由as if/though引导的状语从句有时也用虚拟语气，表明与现实相反的情况。

　　①用were/did型虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反。②用had done型虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反。③用would/could do型虚拟语气表示与将来事实相反。

　　She sings as if she were a boy.她唱起歌来像个男孩。

　　She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.她英语讲得很流利，好像在美国学过英语。

　　(2)in order that，so that，for fear that，in case，lest等引导的目的状语从句，从句中谓语动词形式为“may，might，can，could，would，should＋动词原形”。

　　Bring some money in case you (should) use it.带点钱备用。

　　(3)在even if/though引导的让步状语从句中，也经常使用虚拟语气来表示主观假设。

　　Even if he were here，I should say the same thing.

　　即使他在这儿，我也要这么说。

　　⑶、①虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用

　　(1)在句型“It is important (necessary，strange，natural)that...”中，that后面的从句中的谓语动词用：(should＋)动词原形。

　　It’s necessary that we should have a walk now.

　　我们有必要出去散散步。

　　(2)It is /was suggested (requested，required，ordered，proposed，etc.) that...句型中。

　　It is advised that one (should) take plenty of boiled water.

　　有人建议每个人都应多喝开水。

　　It is proposed that the plan (should) be delayed.

　　有人建议推迟这项计划。

　　②虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用

　　(1)wish后的宾语从句

　　含义 动词形式 例句

　　针对现状表达愿望(与事实相反) 过去时形式 I wish I had a little lab of my own.但愿有一间属于我自己的实验室。

　　对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔 过去完成时形式 I wish you had let me know earlier.你早些让我知道就好了。

　　针对将来表达愿望(虽然可能性极小，但有实现的可能) would/could/ might＋动词原形 I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more. 希望你别再抽烟。

　　I wish he could come tomorrow.我希望他明天能来。

　　She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him.她真切希望能做点什么来安慰他。

　　(2)用于表示主观判断、建议、命令和要求等动词后的宾语从句中，常用“(should)＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气，should常省略。常见的动词有：demand，desire，command，order，require，insist，recommend，request，suggest，propose，advise，urge(规劝)等。

　　1.insist

　　2. order, command

　　3. advise, suggest, propose(recommend)(advice, suggestion, proposal )

　　4. demand , require, request, desire

　　He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.

　　他建议我们第二天早点动身。

　　suggest, insist用于其本意“暗示表明“、”坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

　　3)would rather所引起的从句中要用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表达说话者的希望或婉转的责备。

　　I’d rather you posted the letter right away.

　　我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。

　　I would rather he had done the job last week.

　　我宁愿他在上一周就完成这项工作。

　　③虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的运用

　　(1)在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“(should)＋动词原形”。

　　My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.

　　我的想法是在接受前要仔细考虑。

　　We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.我们都同意他去大连观光的建议。

　　(2)as if/though引导的表语从句中的虚拟语气。

　　It looked as if/though she had seen a ghost.

　　看上去她好像见了鬼似的。

　　⑷、 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用

　　It’s (high，about) time that...句型中的that从句要用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式或should＋动词原形(其中should不能省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来表示提议。

　　It’s (high, about) time that we went/should go home.

　　到了我们该回家的时候了。

　　⑸、特殊虚拟语气形式

　　①What if...要是……怎么办

　　What if I should fail？万一失败，我怎么办呢？

　　What if weather should rain? 如果下雨怎么办？

　　What if they do not come? 如果他们不来怎么办？(也可不用虚拟语气)

　　②If only...要是……就好了

　　If only I had come to the party yesterday.

　　如果昨天我来参加晚会就好了。

　　If only she would listen to me carefully.

　　但愿她能仔细听我讲话。

　　If only he arrives in time.但愿他能及时到达。(也可不用虚拟语气)

　　③用于“may＋动词原形”表示“祝愿……”，may须置于句首。

　　May you succeed！祝你成功！May you be happy! 祝你幸福！

　　④hope，intend，mean，plan，expect，think的过去完成时作谓语时，是一种虚拟语气，后面的宾语从句中动词形式为would＋动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。

　　His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him，but his son became an artist later.他父亲本来希望他的儿子将随他从商，而他儿子后来却成了一位艺术家。

　　.It’s (about/high) time +that --过去时/should +V.

　　四、高考链接

　　1. （2016北京）B 35. Don’t handle the vase as if it ____ made of steel.

　　A. is

　　B. were

　　C. has been

　　D. had been

　　2.（2016福建）D 31. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we ____ more places of interest yesterday.

　　A. visited

　　B. had visited

　　C. would visit D. would have visited

　　3.（2016湖南）D29. Sorry, I am too busy now. If I _____ time, I would certainly go for an outing with you.

　　A. have had

　　B. had had

　　C. have

　　D. had

　　4.（2016辽宁）D 33. Jack is a great talker.

　　It’s high time that he

　　something instead of just talking.

　　A.

　　will do

　　B.

　　has done

　　C. do

　　D. did

　　5.（2016山东）D 30. If we _______ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.

　　A. haven’t made B. wouldn’t make C. didn’t make

　　D. hadn’t made

　　6.（2016陕西）B 17. If may car _________more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.

　　A. was

　　B. had been

　　C. should be

　　D. would be

　　7.（2016天津）D 15. We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold __________us a ride home.

　　A. didn’t offer B. wouldn’t offer C. hasn’t offered D.hadn’t offered

　　8.（2016浙江）D 19. Had they known what was coming next, they ________ second thoughts.

　　A, may have

　　B, could have

　　C, must have had

　　D, might have had

　　9. (2016 全国)D 21. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ____________ yesterday.

　　A. was happening

　　B. happens

　　C. has happened

　　D. happened

　　10. (2005江苏)B22. ---Don’t you think it necessary that he ________ to Miami but to New York?

　　---I agree, but the problem is ________he has refused to.

　　A. will not be sent; that

　　B. not be sent; that

　　C. should not be sent; what

　　D. should not send; what

　　11. (2005湖北)B3. If I _____plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.

　　A.would

　　B. should

　　C. had to

　　D. ought to

　　12.A_____________ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.

　　A. Were they to     

　　B. Could they     C. If they             

　　D. Would they

　　13.B Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

　　   A. has to get    

　　  B. were to get         C. had got           

　　 D. could have got

　　14.C You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _________ on business first.

　　A. would go       

　　  B. will go          C. went              

　　D. have gone