第 8 讲
非谓语动词
1. Bats are surprisingly longlived creatures, some ______ a life span of around 20 years. (2011浙江卷)
A. having
B. had
C. have
D. to have
【答案及解析】1. A 考查独立主格结构。句意为“令人惊讶的是,蝙蝠是长寿的动物,有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式,题中没有连词,无法并存两个句子。to have表将来;having表伴随。
2. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. (2011浙江卷)
A. lose
B. lost
C. to lose
D. having lost 【答案及解析】2. B 考查非谓语动词。句意为“甚至最优秀的作家有时也会发现他们难以用文字表达自己。”lose是及物动词,A、C、D项都是主动式,空格后没有lose的宾语,故用过去分词lost当形容词用,作find themselves的宾语补足语。
3. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city______by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷)
A. being cheered
B. be cheered
C. to be cheered
D. were cheered 【答案及解析】3. C 考查非谓语动词。句意为“如果他们赢了今晚的决赛,队员们将会巡游全城,接受热心支持者的欢呼。”A项being cheered正在进行;B项be cheered是谓语原形;D项were cheered也是谓语,但句中已有谓语are going to;C项to be cheered表示将来,同时也表示被动。
4. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if ______ regularly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷)
A. being carried out
B. carrying out
C. carried out
D. to carry out
【答案及解析】4. C 考查if条件句的省略。 【答案及解析】本句的主语是the experiment,谓语动词是shows, that引导宾语从句,宾语从句的主干是:proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if ______ regularly是插入的条件从句,其完整形式是:if it is carried out regularly,省略了it is。整个句意为:这项实验表明,适当的运动,如果有规律地进行,有利于我们的身体健康。
5. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷)
A. being weighed
B. to weigh
C. weighed
D. weighing 【答案及解析】5. D 考查非谓语动词。宾语从句中的主干为:young children must be in a child safety seat。under the age of four and ______ less than 40 pounds用于修饰宾语从句主语children。 【答案及解析】动词weigh与名词children是主动关系,所以选择weighing。句意:交通法则规定4岁以下并且体重不超过40磅的幼儿必须坐在幼儿安全座上。
6. There is a great deal of evidence ______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain. (2009浙江卷)
A. indicate
B. indicating
C. to indicate
D. to be indicating 【答案及解析】6. B 考查非谓语动词。此处是indicating 短语作evidence的后置定语,其中that music activities…the brain是动语indicate的宾语从句。
动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫做v.ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v.ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点。 1.动词不定式的形式变化
动词不定式的要点
2.动词不定式的基本用法 (1)作主语:To help each other is good. 动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用。(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末),如: It is good to help each other.
(2)作表语: My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
动词不定式的要点 (3)作宾语: ①作及物动词的宾语,如: She wishes to be a musician.
②作某些形容词的宾语:这类形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如: I am determined to give up smoking.
③当动词不定式之前有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如: Can you give us some advice on what to do next?
动词不定式的要点 (4)作宾语补足语,如: Tell the children not to play on the street.
如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如: I saw a little girl run across the street.
(5)作定语:须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 动词不定式的要点 (6)作状语: ①目的状语:
Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
②结果状语: They lived to see the liberation of their home town.
他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。 动词不定式的要点 1.ing的形式 动词ing形式的要点
2.ing形式的基本用法 (1)作主语:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 (2)作表语:Her job is washing and cooking.
(3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语。 She likes drawing very much. ②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.
动词ing形式的要点 ③ do+限定词(my, some, any, the等)+v.ing,表示“做……事”之意,如: do some cleaning打扫卫生 do some shopping购物 ④作介词的宾语: Her sister is good at learning physics. ⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语: This book is well worth reading.
动词ing形式的要点 (4)作定语: The sleeping child is only five years old.
(5)作宾语补足语: We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。 动词ing形式的要点 (6)作状语: ①时间状语: Seeing Tom, I couldn't help thinking of his brother.
分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加when或while,如: When crossing street, you must be careful.
②原因状语: Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
③方式或伴随状语: Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
动词ing形式的要点 1. 作定语:如果是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前;如果是分词短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后。如:The stolen car was found by the police last week.
2. 作表语:表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如:The glass is broken.
3. 作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语,如: When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
过去分词的要点
4. 作状语:相当于一个状语从句,该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语,是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确,常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词,如: Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
(we是该结构的逻辑主语,是give的逻辑宾语。)
过去分词的要点
1.疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:
How_to_prevent_them_from_swimming_in_this_river is a problem.
2.动词不定式的否定式:由not + 动词不定式构成,如:
It's wrong of you not_to_attend the meeting.
易错易混点
3.v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。
v.ing形式:表示抽象或泛指的动作。
不定式:表示具体某一次的动作。
She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to_play it today.
易错易混点
4.v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。 v.ing形式:动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
不定式:动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
The girl writing_a_letter_there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to_write.
易错易混点
5.v.ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
(1)不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,如:
I have told them to_come again tomorrow.
(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用v.ing形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带to的不定式作宾补时,不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程,如:I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。
I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。
易错易混点
6.v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。
v.ing形式:表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。
不定式:作目的或结果状语。
Not_receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
I looked into the window to_see what was going on inside.
易错易混点
7.v.ing形式与过去分词的区别:
(1)语态不同:v.ing形式表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。
an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说;
the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众
(2)时间关系不同:现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往是已经完成的动作,如:
the changing world正在变化的世界
the changed world已经变化了的世界
易错易混点
8.独立主格结构:有时v.ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语,这种独立的主语一般为名词或代词,和v.ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。
独立主格中是使用v.ing还是过去分词,则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定,如:
The_bell_ringing,_we all stopped talking.
.
易错易混点
注意:①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去,如:
The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room.
②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替,
如:
She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.
= She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks.
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