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2016高考英语核心考点轻松阅读:词类

发布时间:2017-01-13  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  2016高考英语核心考点轻松阅读:词类

  第1章词

  词是语言中能表达一定意义且能自由运用的最小语言单位。词可以表示人或事物的名称,描述人或事物的行为、动作或状态。它们有自己的功能和特征,共同构成了词类。

  一、词类概述

  根据语法功能,词可分为十大类:名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和动词。

  根据意义,词可分为实词和虚词。实词指具有实际意义并能单独构成句子成分的词,包括名词、数词、代词、形容词、副词和动词六类;虚词指没有实际意义或实际意义不明显,不能单独构成句子成分的词,包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。

  英语词汇的分类、英语名称、作用及例词如下所示:

  分类:实词、虚词

  1.实词:

  (1)名词

  noun(简略为n.)

  在句中的成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补足语、定语)

  例词(eraser 橡皮,FIFA国际足联)

  (2)代词

  pronoun(简略为pron.)

  在句中的成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语)

  例词(I我,their他(她、它)们的,none没有一个)

  (3)数词

  numeral(简略为num.)

  在句中的成分(主语、宾语、表语、同位语、补足语、定语)

  例词(one一个,fifth第五,90% 百分之九十)

  (4)形容词 adjective(简略为a.或adj.)

  在句中的成分(表语、定语、状语、补足语)

  例词(smart 精巧的,essential 核心的、主要的,dependent 依赖别人的)

  (5)副词

  adverb(简略为ad.或adv.)

  在句中的成分(表语、状语、补足语)

  例词(frequently 经常地、频繁地,nowadays 当今,straight 径直地)

  (6)动词

  verb.(简略为v.)

  在句中的成分(谓语)

  例词(frustrate 使……失望,email发电子邮件 )

  2.虚词:

  (1)冠词 article(简略为art.) 在句中的成分(置于名词前) 例词(a,an为不定冠词,the为定冠词)

  (2)介词 preposition(简略为prep.) 在句中的成分(置于名词、代词、数词前或某些从句前) 例词(In ……里,opposite 在……对面,beyond 超过,在……那一边)

  (3)连词 conjunction(简略为conj.) 在句中的成分(连接短语或句子) 例词(and和,when当……时候,until直到……为止,if如果,once一旦)

  (4)感叹词 interjection(简略为int.) 在句中的成分(作句子的独立成分) 例词(oh 啊、噢,ah 啊,aha 啊哈,alas 啊呀,hurrah好哇)

  二、特殊词类

  英语中有四种比较特殊的词类:短语动词、短语介词、短语连词和从属关联词。其中前三种为短语构成的词类,在实际运用中可分别把它们作为一个动词、一个介词或一个连词使用。

  1.短语动词

  短语动词由“动词+介词”或“动词+副词”构成,一般不再保留原动词的意义。

  care for关心;照顾;喜欢

  care about在乎;关心

  come up with提出

  deal with处理;对付;讲述

  get away with夺走;偷走;逃脱处罚

  get in收获;插入

  get through电话接通;度过

  work out计算出;制定出;结果是

  2.短语介词

  短语介词指由介词和其他词类构成的相当于一个介词的短语。

  instead of而不是

  in spite of尽管

  thanks to多亏了

  according to根据

  because of因为

  by the way顺便……

  3.短语连词

  短语连词指由两个或两个以上的词构成的短语,相当于一个连词使用。

  as if/though仿佛

  even if/though即使是

  as/so long as只要

  so that以便;如此……以致

  in order that为了

  on condition that只要

  for fear that唯恐

  4.从属关联词

  从属关联词主要指引导从句的连接词。

  (1)连词

  when当……时候

  while在……期间

  as当……时候;随着;因为

  if如果

  unless如果不;除非

  once一旦

  who谁;……的人

  which哪一个

  where在哪里

  (2)疑问代词

  who谁

  which哪一个(些)

  what什么

  whoever究竟是谁

  whichever究竟是哪一个/些;究竟是哪一位/些

  whatever究竟是什么

  (3)疑问副词

  when什么时候

  where在哪里

  how如何

  why为什么

  whenever究竟什么时候

  wherever究竟在哪里

  however究竟怎么样

  (4)关系代词

  who指人(主格)

  whom指人(宾格)

  whose指人或物(所属格)

  which指物(主格、宾格)

  that指人或物(主格、宾格)

  as指人、物或事(主格、宾格)

  (5)关系副词

  when指时间(在从句中作时间状语)

  where指地点(在从句中作地点状语)

  (6)复合式连接代词

  what ……的话或事(相当于something that...,all that...)

  who ……的人(相当于someone who...,all that...,anyone who...)

  whoever任何人(相当于any person who...)

  whichever任何一个、任何一些(相当于anything that...,anyone who...)

  whatever任何……的事或物(相当于anything that...)

  (7)复合式连接副词

  when ……的时候(相当于the time when...)

  where ……的地方(相当于the place where...)

  whenever不管什么时候(相当于any time when...)

  wherever不管什么地方(相当于any place where...) ?

  第2章名词

  世界是由万事万物构成的,这些事物各有名称,表示这些名称的词叫做名词。名词可以表示人、事物的名称或抽象的概念。表示人的,如George W Bush 乔治·W·布什等;表示事物的,如the Three Gorges Dam 长江三峡,computer 计算机, CD-ROM 可读光盘,DVD 数字化视频光盘等;表示抽象概念的,如achievement 成就,love 爱,happiness 幸福,frustration沮丧等。

  一、名词概述

  1.名词的特征

  一般说来名词具有如下几个特征:

  (1)有复数形式

  英语中的大多数名词是可数名词,可数名词后可以加“-s”或“-es”构成复数形式,用于表达超过“一个”的数的概念。

  two computers两台计算机

  many heroes很多英雄

  (2)其前可有限定词

  名词前可由冠词或其他限定词(如a,an,the,some,several,two,many,a few,little,a little,a great deal of等)修饰。

  many cities很多城市

  a great deal of snow很多雪

  (3)有自己的格

  名词有主格(作主语)、属格(作定语,表示所属)和宾格(作宾语)。一般情况下,名词的主格和宾格是相同的,其属格一般是在其后加“'s”或运用“of+名词”结构。

  Children's Day儿童节

  the economy of China中国的经济

  China's weather中国的天气

  today's newspaper今天的报纸

  2.名词的分类

  一般说来名词可以分为普通名词和专有名词。

  (1)专有名词

  表示具体的人名、事物、地名、机构和节日等的名称称为专有名词。

  ①表示人名的专有名词:

  Yang Liwei杨利伟

  George Washington 乔治·华盛顿

  Green 格林(姓)

  Alice 爱丽斯 (女名)

  ②表示事物的专有名词:

  West Laker 湖人队(美国篮球队)

  December 十二月

  May Flower 五月花号

  the Internet 因特网

  the Changjiang River 长江

  ③表示地名的专有名词:

  Macao 澳门

  New York 纽约

  Salt Lake City 盐湖城

  ④表示机构的专有名词:

  WTO 世贸组织

  the University of London 伦敦大学

  ⑤表示节日的专有名词:

  Christmas Day 圣诞节

  Children's Day 儿童节

  Mother's Day 母亲节

  Father's Day 父亲节

  Teachers' Day教师节

  Thanksgiving Day 感恩节

  注意:

  专有名词的第一个字母必须大写,但其中的虚词如冠词、介词等(a/an/the/in/for...)的第一个字母一般不大写。如,the Yellow River黄河,the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国,the Great Wall长城。

  (2)普通名词

  普通名词指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称,这些名词一般不用来专门指某一具体的事物。普通名词的分类如下所示:

  普通名词:

  ①可数名词

  A.个体名词定义(用来指单个人或事物的名词。) 例词(taxi 出租车,scientist 科学家, computer 计算机)

  B.集体名词定义(用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。) 例词(army 军队,police 警察, family 家庭,class 班级)

  ②不可数名词

  A.物质名词定义(用来指无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词。) 例词(water 水,wind 风,glass 玻璃, steel 钢铁)

  B.抽象名词定义(用来指人或事物的品质、情感、状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。) 例词(honesty 诚信, love 热爱, silence 安静, life 生活)

  注意:

  有时同一个普通名词由于不同的搭配或不同意义,可以分属于不同的类别。如paper作“纸张”讲时为物质名词,是不可数名词;作“报纸、试卷、论文”讲时为个体名词,是可数名词。Wood can be made into paper.木头可以制成纸。I usually read morning papers before breakfast.我通常早饭前读早报。

  3.名词的功能

  名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、表语、同位语、称呼语、状语和定语等。

  (1)作主语

  The life of the people is changing day by day.

  人们的生活一天天地变化着。

  (2)作动词的宾语

  I like English songs but my brother doesn't.

  我喜欢英文歌曲,可我弟弟不喜欢。

  (3)作介词的宾语

  I'm interested in maths.

  我对数学感兴趣。

  (4)作宾语补足语

  We are making our school a beautiful garden.

  我们正努力使校园变成一个美丽的花园。

  注意:

  将上面的句子改为被动句,宾语补足语便成为主语补足语。Our school is being made a beautiful garden.

  (5)作表语

  Heavy traffic is the biggest problem in this city.

  交通拥挤是这个城市中最大的问题。

  (6)作同位语

  These seats are for us students,but those are for the teachers.

  这些位子是我们学生的,那些是老师的。

  (7)作称呼语

  Will you please step this way,Mr Smith?

  史密斯先生,您能否走这条路?

  (8)作状语

  We usually don't have classes on Sundays.

  星期天我们通常不上课。

  We walked three miles before we lost our way.

  我们走了三英里就迷路了。

  (9)作定语

  In the south of China,there grow many banana trees.

  在中国的南方生长着很多香蕉树。

  Sorry,I am a chemistry teacher,not an English teacher.

  对不起,我是化学老师,不是英语老师。

  注意:

  大多数情况下名词用单数形式作定语。

  a paper basket纸篓

  a telephone directory电话号码本

  a shoe factory鞋厂

  heart attack心脏病

  a film star电影名星

  a measuring tape量尺

  但有些名词需要用复数形式作定语。

  a clothes shop衣服店

  a sports meet运动会

  a glasses store眼镜店

  a goods train运送货物的火车

  二、名词的数

  在英语中有些名词可以用数字进行计算,但有些名词却不能用具体数字进行计算。可以进行计算的名词便是可数名词,不能进行计算的名词便是不可数名词。一般说来,个体名词是可数名词,集体名词有的是可数名词,有的是不可数名词。物质名词和抽象名词一般是不可数名词,一般不能用具体数字进行修饰。有些抽象名词可以用a/an修饰,但不一定是可数名词。

  1.可数名词的数

  (1)规则复数形式

  英语中可数名词在表示两个或两个以上概念时需要使用其复数形式。

  可数名词复数形式变化的一般规则如下:

  ①单数形式:一般名词后加-s

  读音:在清辅音后读[s],在浊辅音和元音后发[z]

  例词:stamp—stamps[stmps]

  邮票,boat—boats[buts]

  船,kite—kites[kats] 风筝

  例外:house[haus]—houses[hauzz] 房子

  ②单数形式:以[s]、[z]、[]、[]、[t]、[d]等音结尾的名词后加-es,如果词尾为e只加s

  读音:-(e)s读作[z]

  例词:bus—buses[bsz]

  公共汽车,class—classes[kl:siz] 班级,box—boxes[bksiz] 盒子watch—watches[wtiz] 手表rose—roses[ruzz] 玫瑰

  ③以辅音字母+o结尾的名词(多数情况下)加-es;以元音字母+o结尾的名词一般加-s,也有特例

  A.读音:-es读 [z]

  例词:tomato—tomatoes[t ma:tuz]

  西红柿,potato—potatoes[ptetuz] 土豆,hero—heroes[hiruz] 英雄

  B.读音:-s读 [z]

  例词:radio—radios[reduz] 收音机,zoo—zoos[zu:z] 动物园,piano—pianos[pinuz] 钢琴

  ④以-f或-fe结尾的名词大多数变f或fe为-ves

  读音:-ves读[vz]

  例词:thief—thieves [i:vz] 小偷,knife—knives [naivz] 刀子,half—halves [ha:vz] 半,leaf—leaves [li:vz] 树叶,wife—wives [waivz]

  妻子,life—lives [laivz]

  生命shelf—shelves [elvz]书架

  ⑤以-y结尾的名词,y前为辅音字母时,变y为i再加-es;y前为元音字母时,直接加-s

  A.读音:-ies读[iz]

  例词:baby—babies [bebiz]婴儿,city—cities [sitiz] 城市,factory—factories[fktrz]

  工厂,study—studies [stdz]书房

  B.读音:-s读[z]

  例词:boy—boys[biz] 男孩,day—days[dez] 日子,toy—toys[tiz] 玩具

  ⑥以-th结尾的名词,一般加-s

  读音:以-th结尾的词,-th原来读[],加复数词尾“-s” -th后多数情况下读[]

  例词:mouth[mau]—mouths[mauz]嘴 path [pa:]—paths [pa:z] 小路也有th []音不变的,month[mn]—months[mns]月份另外youths读作[ju:s] 或 [ju:z]

  必背:

  在遵循一般规则的同时,也有一些例外的情况。

  ①以-f或-fe结尾直接加-s的名词常见的有:

  belief—beliefs 信念

  chief—chiefs首领

  grief—griefs悲伤

  gulf—gulfs海湾

  proof—proofs证据

  roof—roofs屋顶

  handkerchief有两种复数形式:handkerchiefs和handkerchieves

  ②以-o结尾的部分名词复数形式有两种:既可加-s也可加-es。

  cargo—cargos/cargoes货物

  motto—mottos/mottoes箴言

  volcano—volcanos/volcanoes火山

  zero—zeros/zeroes零

  ③以元音字母加-y结尾的专有名词复数形式直接加-s,如Marys,Henrys等。

  ④有些词变为复数时需要加-'s。

  There are three a's in the word banana.

  在banana这个词中有三个a。

  (2)不规则复数形式

  有些可数名词的复数形式没有规则,不规则复数形式主要有如下几种情况。

  ①变内部元音

  foot—feet [fi:t] 脚

  man—men [men] 男人

  woman—women [wimin] 女人

  tooth—teeth [ti:] 牙

  mouse—mice [mais] 老鼠

  goose—geese[gi:s]鹅

  ②词尾加-en

  child—children [tldrn] 孩子们

  ox—oxen [ksn] 公牛

  ③单复数同形

  fish 鱼

  li 里

  jin 斤

  yuan 元

  mu 亩

  means 手段

  sheep羊

  deer小鹿

  Chinese 中国人

  Japanese日本人

  ④外来词

  phenomenon—phenomena 现象

  ⑤其他情况

  a woman teacher—women teachers女教师

  an Englishman—Englishmen英国男子

  grown-up—grown-ups成人

  a passer-by—passers-by过路人

  brother-in-law—brothers-in-law内弟、小叔子、大伯子

  注意:

  man,woman作定语修饰复数时,其本身也需变为复数形式。如men doctors男医生;women leaders女领导

  (3)特殊的复数形式

  ①集体名词

  集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰。下面的集体名词,不能用a,one,two等修饰,只能在其前加the表示“全体……”。

  the police警察(指全体警察)

  the English英国人(指全体英国人)

  the French 法国人 (指全体法国人)

  the Swiss瑞士人(指全体瑞士人)

  有些集体名词在改变表达方式后可以用具体数字修饰。注意:

  a policeman一位警察

  two policewomen两位女警察

  two English girls两个英国女孩

  two French boys 两个法国男孩

  ②同时具有两种复数形式

  有的名词当具有不同的含义时,其相应的复数形式也不相同。

  A.penny

  penny有两种复数形式,当作“便士”价值解时复数为pence,当作“便士”的个数讲时复数为pennies。

  B.work

  works表示工厂时,单复数同形,但表示“著作”时单数为work,复数为works。

  a work by Lu Xun一部鲁迅的作品

  two works by Lu Xun两部鲁迅的作品

  a chemical works一个化工厂

  two chemical works两个化工厂

  C.fish

  fish在作“鱼”的条数时,其复数形式为fish,如two fish两条鱼;作“鱼”的种类时,复数为fishes,如two different fishes 两类不同的鱼。

  D.people

  people人民——two people两个人

  a people一个民族——two peoples两个民族

  ③只有复数形式,没有单数形式

  有些词只有复数形式,不能被具体数字修饰。

  trousers裤子

  clothes衣服

  shorts短裤

  goods商品

  glasses眼镜

  这类名词不能用具体的数字进行修饰,不能说two trousers,但可说many trousers,two pairs of trousers等。

  注意:

  ①people和person的区别:

  people本身是集体名词,本身作复数用。“一个人”的表达法为:a person,不可说a people;“三个人”可表达为three people,three persons,前者常指群体,后者常指个体。另外,people作“民族”讲时是可数名词。

  ②“某国人”的表达法:

  a Chinese—two Chinese

  a Japanese—two Japanese 

  an Australian—two Australians

  a Frenchman—two Frenchmen

  既可说I'm Chinese.也可说I'm a Chinese.

  可说I'm English.或I'm an English boy.但不可说I'm an English.

  2.不可数名词

  英语中不可数名词的形式比较复杂,在不同的语境下,有些不可数名词表示不同的概念,从而表现出可数与不可数的区别。

  (1)常见的不可数名词

  不可数名词一般只有单数形式,没有复数形式。专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词一般情况下为不可数名词。

  ①专有名词:

  BBC 英国广播公司

  Mark Twain 马克·吐温

  the West Lake 西湖

  ②物质名词:

  milk 牛奶

  gas 汽油

  light 光

  wind 风

  ③抽象名词:

  fun 玩笑

  kindness 善良

  happiness 幸福

  progress 进步

  注意:

  因为汉语的数是用量词来表达的,而英语中常用名词的复数形式来表达数,故只凭汉语中对某一名词数的概念无法判断此词在英语中是否可数。如汉语中表达"一支粉笔",而英语中需要用a piece of chalk,而不是a chalk。

  (2)不可数名词转化为可数名词

  有些不可数物质名词在表达不同意义时,是可数名词。其复数形式的含义也发生变化。

  tea 茶→a tea一杯茶;two teas两杯茶;teas不同种类的茶

  beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒;two beers两杯啤酒

  coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡

  food 食品→foods 各种各样的食品

  fruit水果→fruits 各种各样的水果

  glass玻璃→a glass一个玻璃杯;glasses眼镜、玻璃杯

  (3)不可数名词的复数

  有些物质名词的复数形式有特殊的含义。

  rains大量的雨水、多场雨

  snows大量的雪、雪堆、多场雪

  winds多场风

  waters大片水域

  sands沙堆、沙丘

  (4)专有名词

  专有名词一般视为不可数名词,有时也可成为可数名词,可以由a/an修饰或用复数形式。

  The Greens are expecting us this evening.

  格林一家今晚正等我们。

  How I wish to be a Thomas Edison!

  我是多么想成为一个托马斯·爱迪生式的人物啊!

  A Dick is asking to see you.

  一个叫狄克的人想见你。

  (5)抽象名词

  抽象名词表示具体事物时,变为可数名词,可被a/an修饰,也可有复数形式,表示“某种人或事”。常见的这类名词有:

  honor令人感到荣耀的人或事

  death死者

  pleasure令人感到高兴的人或事

  success成功的人或事

  failure失败的人或事

  comfort令人感到安慰的人或事

  surprise令人感到惊讶的人或事

  worry令人感到烦恼的人或事

  beauty美人或美丽的事物

  wonder令人感到疑惑的人或事物

  envy令人羡慕的人或事

  shock令人感到吃惊的人或事

  shame令人感到可惜的人或事

  regret令人感到遗憾的人或事

  joy令人高兴的人或事物

  danger令人感到危险的人或事

  shame令人感到可耻的人或事物

  pity遗憾的人或事物

  Mary is a great honor to our class.

  玛丽是我们全班的骄傲。

  What a surprise you gave us all.

  你让我们大家吓了一跳。

  必背:

  常见的不可数名词有:

  advice建议

  air空气

  baggage行李

  bread面包

  chalk粉笔

  change零钱

  cloth布

  coffee咖啡

  cotton棉花

  equipment仪器

  fire火

  food食品

  fruit水果

  fun乐趣

  furniture家具

  gas汽油

  glass玻璃

  grain谷物

  grass草

  hair头发

  homework家庭作业

  housework家务活

  information信息

  ink墨水

  knowledge知识

  luck运气

  luggage行李

  meat猪肉

  money钱

  music音乐

  news资讯

  paper纸张

  progress进步

  tea茶

  rain雨

  rice米

  sand沙

  smoke烟

  snow雪

  sugar糖

  traffic交通

  waste废物

  water水

  wealth财富

  weather天气

  wheat小麦

  wind风

  三、名词的格

  名词的格分为主格、宾格和所有格。名词的所有格(the Possessive)是表示名词中所属关系的形式,名词所有格的构成有's所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种形式。

  1.'s所有格

  's所有格形式在英语中是构成名词所有关系时最常用的形式。

  (1)'s所有格形式的构成

  ①一般情况下在名词词尾加's

  A.读音:(在清辅音后读 [s])

  示例:(Jack's story book杰克的故事书,Robert's new job罗伯特的新工作)

  B.读音:(在浊辅音或元音后读[z])

  示例:(Uncle Tom’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》,my sister’s piano我妹妹的钢琴)

  C.读音:(在[s] [z] [] [t]等音素后读[iz])

  示例:(the bus’s mirror公共汽车的镜子,Marx’s advice on how to study English 马克思就如何学习英语的建议)

  ②若名词已有以-s或-es结尾的复数词尾,直接在其后加撇号’

  读音:(保持原单词的读音不变)

  示例:(my parents’ hope我父母的希望, these factories’ workers这些工厂的工人们)

  ③不以-s结尾的复数名词直接在其后加’s

  读音:(与名词复数词尾的读音相同)

  示例:(children’s time孩子的时间,men’s clothes男子服装)

  (2)'s所有格形式的特殊用法

  ①两人或多人共有一样东西时,只变化最后一个名词的词尾,如果为各自所有,各个名词的词尾都要变化。

  John and Susan's father

  约翰和苏珊的父亲

  North Korea's,Japan's and America's problems

  朝鲜、日本和美国各自的问题

  ②表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象、拟人等无生命的名词所有格也有's的形式。

  表示时间:

  two days' trip 两天的旅行

  today's newspaper 今天的报纸

  表示距离:

  two hours' walk 两小时的徒步路程

  ten minutes' drive 十分钟的车程

  表示国家:

  China's weather 中国的天气

  South Korea's problems 韩国的问题

  表示地点:

  the city's parks 城市的公园

  Beijing's streets 北京的街道

  表示自然现象:the earth's air 地球的大气

  the moon's light月光

  表示拟人:

  the world's people世界人民

  the car's feeling 汽车的情感

  ③有时为了避免重复,如果一个被名词所有格修饰的词在上文已经提到过或两个名词所有格所修饰的词相同,往往可以省略第二个所有格后的名词。

  It's not Jane's mistake,but Jack's (mistake).

  这不是詹妮的错,而是杰克的错。

  Whose handwriting is better,Mike's (handwriting) or Alice's (handwriting)?

  谁的书法更漂亮,迈克的还是艾丽斯的?

  ④表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时,名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。

  I'm planning to go to my uncle's (home) this summer vacation.

  今年暑假我计划到我叔叔家去。

  Goods are cheap but good at Johnson's (shop).

  约翰逊商店的商品既便宜又好。

  at the tailor's (shop) 在裁缝店

  at the barber's (shop) 在理发店

  at the doctor's (office) 在医院

  at the butcher's (shop) 在肉铺

  at Tom's (home) 在汤姆家

  at the Greens' (home) 在格林家

  ⑤含有else的-'s。

  else常用于不定代词、疑问代词或疑问副词后,表示“另外……、其他”,其属格形式为else's。

  The e-dictionary is not mine.It's someone else's.

  这个电子词典不是我的,是别人的。

  Who else's book is this? (who else's=whose else)

  这本书是另外什么人的呢?

  必背:

  英语中可用's或'表示的节日:

  Children's Day儿童节

  Teachers' Day教师节

  Women's Day妇女节

  Mother's Day母亲节 

  Father's Day父亲节

  New Year's Day新年

  2.of所有格

  “名词+of+名词”便构成了of所有格。这种所有格有以下几种用法:

  (1)表示无生命东西的所有关系

  Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。

  The problem of the Americans is taxes.美国人的问题就是税收。

  (2)表示名词化的词的所有关系

  The life of the poor is the biggest problem in this country.

  穷人的生活是这个国家最大的问题。

  注意:

  有生命的名词的's所有格和of所有格可以互换。

  the girl's name=the name of the girl小姑娘的名字

  3.双重所有格

  把of所有格和's所有格结合在一起表示所有关系的结构就构成了名词的双重所有格。双重所有格是由无生命的所有格(of+名词)与有生命的所有格共同构成的。

  主要有如下两种用法。

  (1)特定人的不特定的所有关系

  双重所有格带有's所有格的名词必须是一个明确限定的指人的名词,同时of前面的名词必须不确指。

  a cousin of my father's我父亲的一个堂弟

  several friends of mine我的几个朋友

  a friend of hers/his/theirs/ours她/他/他们/我们的一个朋友

  一般不用the friend of his或a friend of a student或a friend of a student's表示所属关系。

  (2)表达特殊的情感

  有时双重所有格所修饰的名词与指示代词连用时,往往带有赞赏、厌恶、不满等感情色彩。

  That car of yours is really splendid.

  你的车确实很好。

  Look at the picture,the picture of a pretty girl's.

  看看那张画,就是那张漂亮小姑娘的画。

  比较:

  ①a picture of Jack's 和 a picture of Jack的区别

  前者指杰克所拥有的一张照片(照片上可能有他本人,也可能没有);后者的指为杰克拍的一张照片。

  ②a friend of my father's与a friend of my father的区别

  Sam is a friend of my father's.山姆是我父亲的一个朋友。(强调多个朋友中的一个。)

  Sam is a friend of my father.山姆是我父亲的朋友。(强调是朋友关系,不是其他关系。)

  四、名词的单位

  在汉语中名词常用量词来修饰,在英语中很多情况下也可用量词修饰。

  1.可数名词的单位

  修饰可数名词的单位主要有两类:一类是只能修饰可数名词的常用量词,称为普通量词;另一类是特殊量词,主要指根据意义而选择的量词。

  (1)普通量词

  普通量词修饰可数名词,直接放在所修饰的名词前。

  few几乎没有

  a few有几个

  many很多

  a great many大量的

  a good many大量的

  a number of若干、有几个

  a large number of大量的

  numbers of大量的

  several有几个

  a dozen一打(十二个)

  a score of二十个

  (2)特殊量词

  可数名词也可与某些特殊量词连用,表示“一双、一对、一群、一组、一排、一列、一粒、一块、一瓶”等。这类量词的用法举例如下:

  a bag of books 一书包书

  a basket of eggs 一篮子鸡蛋

  a group of children 一群孩子

  two classes of students两个班的学生

  a pair of glasses 一副眼镜

  a pair of trousers一条裤子

  a group of people 一群人

  a row of trees 一排树

  a crowd of people一群人

  a team of experts一个专家组

  three packs of cigarettes三包香烟

  two piles of books两堆书

  2.不可数名词的单位

  修饰不可数名词的量词分为普通量词和特殊量词两类。只能修饰不可数名词的量词称为普通量词,根据意义而选择的量词称为特殊量词。

  (1)普通量词

  只能修饰不可数名词的普通量词有:

  little几乎没有

  a little有一点

  a bit of一点

  a little bit of很少的一点

  a great/good deal of很多

  a large amount of大量的

  (2)特殊量词

  ①a piece of

  修饰不可数名词常选择的量词为a piece of,这一短语有很多意义,常可译为“一张(纸)、一块(面包)、一则(消息)、一条(建议)、一段(音乐)、一支(粉笔)”等。

  a piece of music 一段乐曲

  a piece of good news 一则好消息

  a piece of chalk 一支粉笔

  a piece of news 一则资讯

  a piece of paper 一张纸

  a piece of cloth一片布

  a piece of work 一份工作

  a piece of meat 一块肉

  a piece of bread 一块面包

  a piece of advice 一条建议

  ②其他量词

  根据意义还可选择容量、长度、距离等单位的量词:

  a glass of milk 一杯牛奶

  a drop of rain一滴雨

  two cups of tea 两杯茶

  a loaf of bread一块面包

  a grain of sand一粒沙子

  a pile of rubbish一堆垃圾

  two feet of cloth 两英尺布

  three pounds of meat 三磅肉

  a fit of anger 一阵怒气

  a burst of laughter 一声大笑

  a cup of coffee一杯咖啡

  a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶

  a bottle of beer 一瓶啤酒

  a mountain of rubbish成山的垃圾

  a slice of bread 一片面包

  a bowl of soup一碗汤

  a length of wood一段木头

  a block of ice 一块冰

  必背:

  在英语中既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的普通量词有:

  a lot of很多

  lots of很多

  plenty of足量的

  enough足够的

  a quantity of大量的

  quantities of大量的

  a supply of提供一定量的

  supplies of很多量的

  a majority of大多数

  majorities of大多数

  a mass of大量的

  masses of大量的

  五、名词化

  在英语中,还有很多其他词类构成的名词,如形容词、动词的-ing形式和-ed形式、基数词、序数词、表示抽象意义的动作名词等。

  1.名词化的特征

  所谓名词化指的是其他非名词类的词转化为名词的情况。名词化的名词有其自己的特征,主要表现在以下四个方面:

  (1)泛指一类人或事物

  the rich 富人

  the wounded伤员

  (2)表示抽象的概念

  feeling情感

  thinking思想、思维

  (3)表示动作

  have a swim去游泳

  make a study学习、研究

  (4)表示特殊含义

  a somebody重要的人物

  a something重要的东西

  2.各种形式的名词化

  英语中名词化的形式主要有如下几种:

  (1)the +形容词

  “the+形容词”常表示一类人或一类事。这样的名词作主语时谓语动词应用复数形式。常见的有:

  the new新生事物

  the old陈旧的事物、老年人

  the rich富人

  the poor穷人

  the blind盲人

  the deaf聋哑人

  the dead死的人

  (2)the+动词的-ed形式

  the wounded伤员

  the unknown未知之人或事

  the aged老年人

  the beloved心爱的人

  the killed被杀害的人

  the learned有学问的人

  (3)动词的-ing形式

  the dying奄奄一息的人

  feeling情感

  suffering苦难

  thinking思维

  (4)基数词

  in one's fifties在某人五十几岁时

  in threes and fours三三两两的

  at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟,不和

  (5)序数词

  come out first获得第一名

  from the first从第一个开始

  need a third in the game三缺一

  (6)具有动作意义的名词

  have a look看一看

  have a break休息一下

  make a choice作出选择

  make a decision作出决定

  have a swim去游泳

  take a sleep睡一觉

  have a go试一试

  (7)个别不定代词

  Jim is really a somebody.

  吉姆真了不起。

  The grand building is really a something.

  这辉煌的大楼真是了不起。

  (8)副词用作名词

  It is dangerous in here.Keep off.

  这里危险,请走开。

  I don't want you to go between yes and no.

  我不想让你在是和非之间举棋不定。

  点击考点

  1.Lucy tried her best to find a good job in the city,but she had no______.

  A.trouble

  B.idea

  C.luck

  D.time

  2.What's your______for being late again?

  A.idea

  B.key

  C.excuse

  D.news

  3.—I feel tired.I have so much work to do and don't have much time for myself.

  —You should take______,I think.

  A.health

  B.exercise

  C.lesson

  D.time

  4.There are______on the table.

  A.a glass of water

  B.a glass of milk

  C.two glasses of water

  D.a glass of orange

  5.—They are thirsty.Will you please give them______?

  —Certainly.

  A.some bottles of waters

  B.some bottles of water

  C.some bottle of water

  D.some bottle of waters

  6.Ask the naughty boys not to make any______.I can't fall asleep.

  A.voice

  B.sound

  C.noise

  D.singing

  7.—Help yourself to______.

  —Thanks.Mmm...it tastes good.

  A.some chickens

  B.a chicken

  C.some chicken

  D.any chicken

  8.Twelve______were hurt,but no______were lost in that accident.

  A.person;life

  B.people;lives

  C.peoples;lives

  D.persons;life

  9.The______are going to fly to Beijing.

  A.German

  B.Germany

  C.Germanys

  D.Germans

  10.There's ______left for the new furniture.

  A.no rooms

  B.not much room

  C.no places

  D.not much place

  11.—Please help me move the table in.

  —But there is not enough______for it.

  A.place

  B.floor

  C.room

  D.ground

  12.—______can you see on the plate?

  —Three pieces of bread.

  A.How many bread

  B.How many breads

  C.How much bread

  D.How much breads

  13.—Where's Tom?

  —He's left a______saying that he has something important to do.

  A.excuse

  B.sentence

  C.news

  D.message

  14.______turn green in spring.

  A.Leaf

  B.Leafs

  C.Leave

  D.Leaves

  15.Father went to his doctor for______about his heart trouble.

  A.an advice

  B.advice

  C.advices

  D.the advices

  16.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into______.

  A.fact

  B.reality

  C.practice

  D.deed

  17.We've missed the last bus.I'm afraid we have no______but to take a taxi.

  A.way

  B.choice

  C.possibility

  D.selection

  18.He dropped the______and broke it.

  A.cup of coffee

  B.coffee's cup

  C.cup for coffee

  D.coffee cup

  19.Here's my card.Let's keep in______.

  A.touch

  B.relation

  C.connection

  D.friendship

  20.He gained his______by printing______of famous writers.

  A.wealth;work

  B.wealths;works

  C.wealths;work

  D.wealth;works

  21.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little ______.

  A.wait

  B.time

  C.patience

  D.rest

  22.If by any chance someone comes to see me,ask them to leave a ______.

  A.message

  B.letter

  C.sentence

  D.notice

  23.You'll find this map of great______in helping you to get round London.

  A.price

  B.cost

  C.value

  D.usefulness

  24.It won't make much_______whether you agree or not.

  A.trouble

  B.difference

  C.troubles

  D.differences

  25.I'm sorry my computer has been out of_______for a few days.I have got to use my pen for a little while.

  A.place

  B.order

  C.touch

  D.date

  26.He left_______with my secretary that he would call again in the afternoon. He said he would keep_______.

  A.words;his words

  B.word;his word

  C.word;word

  D.the word;his word

  27.These football players had no strict______until they joined our club.

  A.practice

  B.education

  C.exercise

  D.training

  28.Students sometimes support themselves by______of evening jobs.

  A.way

  B.choice

  C.means

  D.help

  29.Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas,wind and other forms of______.

  A.energy

  B.source

  C.power

  D.material

  30.Parents always let their children have their own______of living,which can surely suit both the parents and children.

  A.way

  B.method

  C.manner

  D.fashion

  答案:

  1.C 2.C 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.D 21.C 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.A

  第3章冠词

  英语中名词前常会出现a,an或the这三个词,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词是虚词,是名词的一种标志,它不能脱离名词独立存在,不能单独作句子成分。

  在英语中a/an称为不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),the称为定冠词(the Definite Article),名词前不用冠词时称为零冠词(Zero Article)。有时名词前的冠词可以省略,这与零冠词不同。

  一、不定冠词

  1.不定冠词的含义

  不定冠词a/an与one同源,表示微弱的“一”的概念,但并不强调数目,只表示名词为不特定者。a用于辅音前,一般弱读为[],在强调时才重读为[e];an用于元音前,一般弱读为[n],在强调时重读为[n]。

  注意:

  a用在辅音前,而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前,而不是元音字母前。

  an hour [au]一小时

  an honest boy一个诚实的小男孩

  a university一所大学

  a one-eyed horse一匹独眼的马

  a European country一个欧洲国家

  an important meeting一次重要的会议

  university中的u读作 [ju],European中的eu读作[ju],皆以半元音[j]开始,故其前应用a,而不用an。

  (1)表示所属的类别

  这种用法表示人或事物的身份、性质等,此时的a可以不译出。

  My father is a manager and my mother is a doctor.

  我爸爸是经理,我妈妈是医生。

  (2)表示泛指的某人、某物

  用来指某人或某物,不明确指出具体的人或事物,只说明大体情况。

  My father bought me a nice present,but I don't know what it is.

  我爸爸给我买了一件很好的礼物,可我不知道是什么。

  (3)表示微弱的one的概念

  a/an和one同源,但有时意义差别较大;a/an泛指同类事物中的“任何一个”;one则强调数目概念,表示“一个”,不是“两个、三个”。

  —Can a child finish the work?

  —No,but a man can.

  这件工作,孩子能干得了吗?不能,得成年人做。

  —Can one child finish the job?

  —No,at least two children can.

  这件事,一个孩子能干得了吗?一个孩子干不了,至少得两个。

  I would like a cup of coffee and an egg.

  我想要一杯咖啡和一个鸡蛋。

  There is going to be an English lecture tomorrow.

  明天将有一场英语讲座。

  (4)表示单位量词的“每一”

  指某种人或事物中的任何一个,或表示“每一”的概念。

  Take three pills a day and you'll get better soon.

  每天吃三片药,你很快就会好的。

  We have a music class once a week.

  我们每周上一次音乐课。

  注意:

  “每周两次”可有如下表达:twice a week,twice each week,twice every week,twice per week;不可说twice one week。

  (5)表示类属中的“任何一个”

  用来列举此类人或事物中的任何一个都具有某种能力或某种特征。

  A parrot can talk like a person,but it can't think like a person.

  鹦鹉可以像人一样说话,但不能像人一样思考。

  A child should have more free time to think.

  孩子应当有更多的自由时间进行思考。

  (6)表示数量中的“一”

  A hundred and more people attended this meeting.

  100多人参加了这次会议。

  Are you leaving at a quarter to six tomorrow morning?

  你明天早上五点四十五就出发吗?

  2.不定冠词的用法

  (1)用于集体名词前

  I was put in a large class this term.

  这个学期我被编入一个大班。

  The Turners are a musical family.

  特纳一家是音乐世家。

  (2)用于物质名词前

  物质名词如coffee,food,tea,fruit,fog,rain,snow,wind等,在表示“一种、一杯、一场”之意时,常加不定冠词。

  There was a heavy snow yesterday.昨天下了一场大雪。

  I would like a coffee and two beers.我想要一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。

  (3)用于抽象名词前

  I am not sure I'll win,but I'll have a try.

  不知我能否赢,但我要试试。

  Music is really a great pleasure.

  音乐的确是一种很好的娱乐。

  关于抽象名词变为可数名词的详细内容请参阅第一部分第2章“名词”部分。

  (4)用于专有名词前

  He is a Chinese and now is working as a doctor in Japan.

  他是华人,现在日本当医生。

  I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.

  我记得他某个星期天来过,不过很快就走了。

  A John called during your absence.

  你不在时一个叫约翰的来过电话。

  (5)用于某些不可数名词前

  不可数名词如education教育,history历史,knowledge知识,population人口,time时间,world世界等,在表述其某一部分或某一方面的内容、概念时,前面常加不定冠词。

  have a long history

  拥有悠久的历史

  receive a good education 接受良好的教育

  a knowledge of English and computer

  英语和计算机知识

  have a population of 1 billion有10亿人口

  a long time/while很长一段时间

  (6)用于部分动词短语中

  具有动作意义的名词在与动词have,take,make,give等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时,此名词前的不定冠词一般不可缺少,表示“做一做”。

  have a look/walk/break/try/bath/go/swim看一看/散步/休息一下/试一试/洗澡/试一试/游泳

  take a rest/walk/break/bath休息一下/散步/休息一下/洗澡

  give a whistle/laugh/smile/shout吹口哨/笑/微笑/大喊

  make a choice/decision/plan/study作出选择/作决定/制订计划/研究一下

  (7)用于同源宾语前

  在同源宾语中,与动词“同源”的名词前一般要加不定冠词。

  dream a sweet dream做了一个美梦

  smile an attractive smile笑得迷人

  fight a hard fight 进行艰苦的斗争

  die a glorious death光荣牺牲

  sleep a sound sleep睡得很香

  lead/have/live a happy and peaceful life过着幸福、安详的生活

  (8)不定冠词的习惯用法

  ①与时间和方式有关的短语构成搭配

  a moment ago一会儿前

  twice a week每周两次

  a day or two ago一两天前

  after a time一段时间之后

  after a while一会儿后

  for a time暂时;一度

  half an hour半个小时

  in a moment立刻

  at a high speed以高的速度

  just a minute/moment一会儿

  once in a while偶尔

  with a smile微笑着

  once upon a time从前

  all of a sudden突然

  as a rule通常

  as a result因此

  as a matter of fact事实上

  in a special way以特殊的方式

  in a hurry急匆匆地

  in a loud voice大声地

  in a word总之

  ②与一些常用动词构成搭配

  catch a bad cold患重感冒

  do a good deed做好事

  get a cold感冒

  get in a word插话

  give a lecture举行讲座

  go out for a walk出外散步

  have a good time过得愉快

  have a match/meeting比赛/开会

  have a cold/cough/fever/headache/pain感冒/咳嗽/发烧/头疼/疼痛

  make a face做鬼脸

  make an effort努力

  make a living谋生

  make a mistake犯错误

  make a speech做演讲

  make an apology道歉

  make it a rule形成制度

  pay a visit拜访

  take a seat坐下

  take a message for为某人捎口信

  take an interest in对……感兴趣

  keep an eye on照看、密切注视

  lend/give sb. a hand给别人帮忙

  二、定冠词

  定冠词the与this/that/these/those同源,在辅音前读[],在元音前或强调时读作[i],意为“这、那、这些、那些”等。

  1.定冠词的含义

  (1)表示特定的人或物

  这种用法可以表示上文提到过的或谈话双方都明确的人或物,特指某人或某事物,以区别于同类中的其他人或事物。

  Is this the book that you are looking for?

  这就是你正找的书吗?

  Would you mind turning up the radio a little? I can't hear it clearly.

  你把收音机的音量调大一点好吗?我听不清楚。

  (2)表示地球、宇宙中的独一无二的事物

  世界上独一无二的东西很多,这里所指的独一无二主要是指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。

  Man is now studying and using the sun.

  人类正在研究和利用太阳。

  Man traveled to the moon scores of years ago.

  几十年前人类就登上了月球。

  (3)表示地点、方向、时间

  用于表示在具体的地点、方位,具体的时间或某天的一部分等。

  We have friends all over the world.

  我们的朋友遍及世界。

  My parents live in the country.

  我的父母住在乡下。

  in the east在东方

  from the west从西方

  on the left 在左边

  on the right在右边

  to the right朝右边

  in/at the beginning在开始

  in/at the end在末尾

  in the middle of... 在中间

  in the morning在早晨

  in the afternoon在下午

  in the centre在……中央

  注意:

  在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。

  in spring在春天

  in autumn在秋天(美国用in the fall,the不可省略)

  但如果指具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。

  in the spring of the year 2004

  2004年的春天

  有时如果出现对称的方位或时间时,冠词往往可省略或不用。

  from (the) east to (the) west 从东到西

  day after day日复一日

  day by day 一天天地逐渐

  (4)表示某类属的全体

  这种情况常用于单数名词前,代表一类人或事物。

  Do you know who invented the computer?

  你知道是谁发明了计算机吗?

  The cat,like the dog,is liked by many people.

  猫和狗一样被很多人喜欢。

  2.定冠词的用法

  (1)用于比较级、最高级所修饰的名词前和序数词前

  有形容词比较级或最高级修饰的名词前,常用the,表示特指。

  Maths is the most difficult subject and English is the easiest,I think.

  我认为数学是最难的科目,而英语是最容易的。

  Which story is the more interesting (story) of the two?

  这两个故事哪一个更有趣?

  He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

  他总是第一个来最后一个离开。

  注意:

  副词的最高级前的the可有可无。

  He runs (the) fastest in his school.

  他是全校中跑得最快的。

  比较:

  序数词前面也可用不定冠词,但意义与用定冠词不同。

  I have failed twice,but I'll try a third time.(强调再一次)

  我失败两次了,但我还要试一次。

  March is the third month of a year.(强调次序)

  三月是一年的第三个月。

  (2)用于“越……越……”结构中

  在“越……越……”的句型中,the是不可少的。

  The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you'll make.

  你越小心出的错就越少。

  (3)用于形容词或分词前

  有些形容词或分词前面加上the可表示一类人或事物。

  The rich should help the poor.

  富人应当救助穷人。

  The new is to take the place of the old.

  新生事物最终会替代陈旧事物。

  (4)用于乐器前

  在演奏的乐器前常用the。

  The boy of no more than 4 can play the piano very beautifully.

  这个仅四岁的男孩钢琴弹得很漂亮。

  Shall we dance to the guitar?

  我们可以随着吉他跳舞吗?

  (5)定冠词用于集体名词,表示复数概念。

  The museum is open to the public.

  博物馆对公众开放。

  The people in this country are kind and ready to help.

  这个国家的人民善良而又乐于助人。

  (6)用于物质名词前

  定冠词可用于不可数的物质名词前,也可用于可数的物质名词前。

  The iron is harder than the stone.

  铁比石头硬。

  We don't want the air to be dirty.

  我们不想让空气不干净。

  (7)用于专有名词前

  普通名词构成的专有名词前往往要加the,但也有一些特例;有的专有名词不是由普通名词构成的,有时也需要加the。

  The Browns are all living in China.

  布朗一家全住在中国。

  The English are fond of climbing.

  英国人喜欢爬山。

  The Thames runs through London.

  泰晤士河穿过伦敦。

  Every day many children go to the London Zoo.

  每天很多儿童到伦敦动物园去。

  Do you like to read the New York Times?

  你喜欢读《纽约时报》吗?

  The WTO was founded in 1995.

  世界贸易组织是1995年建立的。

  (8)定冠词的习惯用法

  ①常用定冠词的地名、组织名

  the Great Wall 长城

  the Huanghe River 黄河

  the Changjiang River 长江

  the Summer Palace 颐和园

  the Palace Museum 故宫博物馆

  the West Lake 西湖

  the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山

  the Taiwan Straits 台湾海峡

  the History Museum 历史博物馆

  the UK 英国

  the USA 美国

  the UN

  联合国

  the WTO 世界贸易组织

  ②常用定冠词的习惯短语

  A.与时间相关的短语

  all the time 一直

  all the year round一年到头

  at the age of 在……岁数

  at the same time 同时

  at the beginning/end of在……开始/结束时

  in the middle of 在……的中间

  in the day在白天

  in the morning在上午

  in the 1990's/1990s在20世纪90年代

  on the eve of在……的前夕

  the day before yesterday前天

  the next day第二天

  in the past 在过去

  B.与地点相关的短语

  at the top/bottom of在……的顶/底部

  at the beginning/end of在……的开头/结尾

  in the middle of在……的中间

  at the foot of在……的脚下

  at/in/on the corner of在……的角上

  on both sides of在……的两旁

  in the sky在天空中

  in the world 在世界上

  in/on the street 在街道上

  in/on/to the east of在……的东部

  on the right/left 在……的右边/左边

  on the ground/playground在地上/在操场上

  on the way to在去……的路上

  at the back of在……的后边

  in the front of 在……的前边

  C.其他固定短语

  all the same完全一样

  at the top of one's voice以最高的声音

  break the law触犯法律

  by the way顺便问一下

  go to the cinema 看电影

  in the darkness在黑暗中

  in the habbit of有做……的习惯

  in the form of以……的形式

  join the army/league参军、入团

  just the same完全一样

  keep the balance of nature保持大自然的平衡

  listen to the radio听收音机

  make the bed铺床

  make the best use of最好地运用

  on/over/through the radio从收音机上

  put sb. to the trouble of doing sth.使某人陷入做某事的麻烦之中

  tell the truth说实话

  under the leadership of在……的领导下

  with the help of在……的帮助下

  三、零冠词

  1.零冠词的用法

  (1)物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词前

  一般说来在物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词前不用任何冠词。

  Money is not everything.

  金钱不是万能的。

  Music can bring people pleasure.

  音乐可以给人带来乐趣。

  Philip has lived in China for years.

  菲利蒲住在中国多年了。

  (2)泛指的复数可数名词前

  用复数可数名词可以表示类别泛指,这时名词前不用冠词。

  Young people like to read books.

  年轻人喜欢读书。

  Tigers sometimes can be very kind.

  老虎有时也很善良。

  Trees can help clean the air.

  树木可以帮助净化空气。

  区别:

  A cat has sharp eyes at night.

  夜间猫有很敏锐的眼睛。

  Cats are loved by many people.

  猫被很多人喜爱。

  The cat can catch the mouse.

  猫能捕鼠。

  The cats here don't like fish.

  这里的猫不喜欢鱼。

  前三句中的a cat,cats,the cat都可表示泛指意义的“猫”,但之间略有区别。a cat突出强调这类事物中的任一个,cats突出强调猫这一群体,the cat是与其他类事物相对照而言的。第四句中的the cats是特指。

  (3)时间、节日、季节等名词前

  在日期、月份、季节、节日等名词前一般都不用冠词。

  January 1 is New Year's Day.

  元月一日是元旦。

  I have visited many cities since September 2003.

  自2003年九月以来我已走访了很多城市。

  Spring is the best season of the year.

  春天是一年中最好的季节。

  注意:

  当谈论具体的季节或日期时常用定冠词。

  I don't like the spring of Beijing.It's too sandy.

  我不喜欢北京的春天,沙尘太多了。

  The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in the summer of 2008.

  2008奥运会将于2008年的夏天在北京举行。

  (4)三餐、球类运动的名词前

  What do you usually have for lunch?

  你午餐经常吃什么?

  Do you like to play football or baseball?

  你喜欢踢足球还是打棒球?

  (5)表示学科、语言的名词前

  I like physics though it's a bit difficult.

  尽管物理有点难,我还是喜欢。

  English is one of the most important languages.

  英语是最重要的语言之一。

  (6)表示独一无二的职位、头衔、称呼的名词前

  Mr Smith,head of the group,will plan for the whole trip.

  小组的头史密斯将全面制定这次旅行的计划。

  Wendy was made monitor for this month.

  温迪当选这个月的班长。

  Doctor,I'm not feeling myself today.

  大夫,我今天感觉有些不适。

  (7)表示人所熟知的事物的名词前

  There's no place like home.

  任何地方都没有家好。

  Are you going to town?

  你要到市区去吗?

  (8)泛指人类的名词前

  man在泛指人类时前面不加冠词。

  Man can save the earth;man can destroy the earth, too.

  人类能够拯救地球,人类也能够毁灭地球。

  Man can't live without water or air.

  人没有水或空气将不能生存。

  (9)名词前有某些限定词时

  英语中名词前如果出现this,that,these,my等限定词时,其前不能再加冠词。

  This is my address.Let's keep in touch.

  这是我的地址,咱们保持联系吧。

  I'd like some books about cars and toys.

  我想买些关于汽车和玩具的书。

  Bill's camera is like mine.

  贝尔的照相机和我的相似。

  比较:

  I have been ill for the last week.(指从过去某个时间一直延续到说话时的一周)我已病了一星期了。

  I was ill last week.(指这个星期以前的一个星期)我上周病了。

  (10)名词在介词后表示抽象概念时

  介词后表示抽象概念时为习惯用法。

  I don't go to middle school;I'm at college.

  我不是上中学,而是上大学。

  Did you go there by train or by bus?

  你是坐火车去的还是乘公共汽车去的?

  He is still in hospital.

  他仍在住院。

  (11)单数名词相对应使用时

  由介词或连词连接两个相同、相对或关系密切的单数名词组成的一些固定词组中常不用冠词。

  all day and all night整天整夜

  arm in arm胳膊挽着胳膊

  day and night日日夜夜

  day after day日复一日

  day by day 天天

  face to face面对面地

  hand in hand 手拉手

  heart and soul全心全意地

  husband and wife夫妇

  little by little渐渐地

  man and woman男人和女人

  one by one一个接一个地

  shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地

  side by side肩并肩地

  step by step逐渐地

  time and time again反复地

  from time to time时不时地

  women and children妇女和儿童

  father and son父子

  (12)不可数名词前不用不定冠词a/an

  advice建议

  baggage行李

  change零钱

  furniture家具

  homework家庭作业

  information信息

  luggage行李

  money钱

  news资讯

  progress进步

  traffic交通

  energy能量

  equipment仪器

  fun乐趣

  health健康

  ice冰

  industry工业

  luck运气

  music音乐

  nature大自然

  technology技术

  wealth财富

  weather天气

  work工作

  (13)习惯用法

  ①与时间、地点、方式或状态有关的一些词组中,使用零冠词。

  at night 在晚上

  at noon 在中午

  at home 在家里

  at table 正在吃饭

  at school 在上学

  at college 在上大学

  at work 在上班

  at dinner 在吃饭

  at breakfast 在吃早餐

  after school 放学后

  at first 起初

  at last 最终

  at war 处于战争状态

  by hand/machine 手工/机器做的

  for example 例如

  go to bed 上床睡觉

  go to school 上学

  go to college 上大学

  in hospital 住院

  in danger 在危险中

  in time 及时

  in fight 正在交战

  in surprise 惊讶

  in town 在城里

  in fact 事实上

  in ink/pen/pencil 用墨水/钢笔/铅笔

  in excitement 兴奋地

  in silence 静静地

  in fear 恐惧地

  in trouble 处在麻烦中

  in thought 思考中

  on fire 正燃烧着

  on foot 步行

  on time 按时

  with anger 生气地

  with envy 嫉妒地

  with fear 害怕地

  with pleasure 高兴地、乐意地

  with pride 自豪地

  with satisfaction 满意地

  by bus/car/taxi/water/plane/train等

  乘坐公共汽车/汽车/出租车/船/飞机/火车等

  ②在一些动词短语中,习惯上运用零冠词。

  ask for advice 征求建议

  ask for help 寻求帮助

  ask for trouble 找麻烦

  catch fire 着火

  catch/get/take/lay/seize hold of 抓住

  come back to life 苏醒

  come to/into power 掌权

  catch sight of 无意中看见

  do good/harm/wrong to 对……有好处/害处/冤枉

  have sports 进行运动

  have difficulty/trouble in doing sth. 做某事有困难/麻烦

  keep...in mind 牢记

  keep in touch with 与……保持联系

  learn/know...by heart 背诵

  lose weight 减肥

  pay attention to 注意

  set fire to 放火

  sentence sb. to death 判处死刑

  take care of 照顾

  take pride in 以……为自豪

  take office 就职

  take part in 参加

  watch TV 看电视

  ③as/though引导的倒装结构中,如果是名词放于句首,习惯上使用零冠词单数名词。

  Child as/though she is,she plays the violin perfectly.

  尽管是个孩子,但她小提琴拉得很好。

  ④有些一人兼多个身份的情况,只在第一个名词前加冠词,其他几个不再加冠词。

  a clerk and writer

  职员兼作家

  但如若指不同的人则需要加上冠词。

  a clerk and a writer

  一个职员和一个作家

  ⑤系动词turn后如有名词时通常使用零冠词。

  I hoped to become a pianist,but I turned teacher.

  我本想成为一名钢琴家,可最终成了教师。

  对比:

  at table 在吃饭

  at the table 在桌子旁

  at school 上学

  at the school 在学校

  by day 白天

  by the day 按日计算

  in hospital/prison 住院/坐牢

  in the hospital/prison 在医院/在监狱里

  in charge of 掌管

  in the charge of 在……掌管之中

  in future 今后,将来

  in the future 将来

  in place of 取代

  in the place of 在……的位置上

  in front of 在……的前面

  in the front of 在……的前部分

  in office 执政

  in the office 在办公室内

  out of question 毫无疑问

  out of the question 不可能

  take place

  发生

  take the place of

  取代

  have a word with 与……交谈

  have words with

  与……吵架

  a number of

  大量的、很多

  the number of

  ……的数量

  go to bed 上床睡觉

  go to the bed

  朝床边走去

  go to church/college/hospital/prison/school

  做礼拜/上大学/住院/坐牢/上学

  go to the church/college/hospital/prison/school

  到教堂去/到大学去/到医院去/到监狱去/到学校去

  四、冠词的省略

  零冠词主要指不能运用冠词的情况,冠词的省略主要指可用可不用冠词的情况,这与名词前零冠词的运用是不同的。

  1.文章标题、书名等前冠词的省略

  文章的题目、资讯标题、广告语、书名、电报中,在不引起歧义的情况下,冠词可不用,从而使行文更加简明、快捷。

  History of China before the Han Dynasty

  《汉朝以前史》(书名)

  Guangzhou Export Commodities Fair Opens 广州对外出口商品博览会开幕(资讯标题)

  Fully furnished flat to let 全新装修公寓出租

  (广告)

  2.部分并列或对称名词前冠词的省略

  (1)两个并列名词都有冠词在前面时,第二个名词前的冠词常可被省略。

  Is the baby a boy or (a ) girl?

  这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩?

  Both the old and (the) young will be invited to the party.

  年老的和年轻的都会被邀参加这个宴会。

  (2)在一些对称结构中,常常可以将冠词省略掉。

  from (the) east to (the) west从东到西

  from (the) morning till (the) night从早到晚

  from (the) beginning to (the) end从头到尾

  (3)序数词前定冠词的省略

  在某些情况下,序数词前的定冠词常省略。

  月日表达中:March

  (the )

  eighth

  并列使用两个序数词,后面序数词前的定冠词常省略。

  the twentieth and twenty-first centuries等。

  在某些动词短语中,序数词常省略。

  take first place获得冠军

  come out first结果获得第一名

  (4)一些固定短语中冠词的省略

  take (an) interest in对……感兴趣

  catch (a) cold感冒

  take (a) pride in以……为豪

  点击考点

  1.More college graduates would like to work in______west part of our country______next year.

  A.the;the

  B./;/

  C./;the

  D.the;/

  2.We work five days______week.

  A.a

  B.an

  C.the

  D./

  3.—By the way,have you got______E-mail address?

  —Oh yes,it's rggren@hotmail.com.

  A.the

  B.an

  C.a

  D./

  4.______book on the desk is______useful one.

  A.The;an

  B.A;a

  C.The;a

  D.The;/

  5.It takes us______hour or more to go to my hometown by______train.

  A.an;a

  B.a;an

  C.an;/

  D.a;/

  6.Jim liked to play______football and was on______school team.

  A./;the

  B./;/

  C.the;the

  D.a;a

  7.Did you enter for______high jump or______4000-meter race?

  A.a;a

  B.a;the

  C.the;a

  D.the;the

  8.Tomorrow is______Teachers' Day and we'll make______card for our English teacher.

  A.the;/

  B./;the

  C.a;the

  D./;a

  9.______old lady in brown is______university professor.

  A.An;a

  B.An;/

  C.The;an

  D.The;a

  10.We had dinner at______very nice restaurant.Now I can't remember______name.

  A.a;a

  B.a;the

  C.the;a

  D.the;an

  11.______Browns arrived there yesterday evening.

  A./

  B.A

  C.The

  D.An

  12.Beyond________stars,the astronaut saw nothing but________space.

  A.the;/

  B./;the

  C./;/

  D.the;the

  13.Alexander Graham Bell invented________telephone in 1876.

  A./

  B.a

  C.the

  D.one

  14.—Where's Jack?

  —I think he's still in________bed,but he might just be in________bathroom.

  A./;/

  B.the;the

  C.the;/

  D./;the

  15.________from Beijing to London!

  A.How long way it is

  B.What a long way is it

  C.How long way is it

  D.What a long way it is

  16.Many people are still in________habit of writing silly things in________public places.

  A.the;the

  B./;/

  C.the;/

  D./;the

  17.She is________new comer to________chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

  A.the;the

  B.the;/

  C.a;/

  D.a;the

  18.—I'd like________information about the management of your hotel,please.

  —Well,you could have________word with the manager.He might be helpful.

  A.some;a

  B.an;some

  C.some;some

  D.an;a

  19.Many people agree that________knowledge of English is a must in________international trade today.

  A.a;/

  B.the;an

  C.the;the

  D./;the

  20.—Have you seen________pen? I left it here this morning.

  —Is it________black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

  A.a;the

  B.the;the

  C.the;a

  D.a;a

  21.Paper money was in________use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ________ 13th century.

  A.the;/

  B.the;the

  C./;the

  D./;/

  22.Most animals have little connection with________animals of________different kind unless they kill them for food.

  A.the;a

  B./;a

  C.the;the

  D./;the

  23.Mr Smith,there's a man at________front door who says he has________news for you of great importance.

  A.the;/

  B.the;the

  C./;/

  D./;the

  24.The warmth of________sweater will of course be determined by the sort of________wool used.

  A.the;the

  B.the;/

  C./;the

  D./;/

  25.Jumping out of_______airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_______exciting experience.

  A./;the

  B./;an

  C.an;an

  D.the;the

  答案:1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D 9.D 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.D 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.B 25.C

  第4章代词

  代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、不定式、动词的-ing形式、从句或句子的词。在英语中代词用得极为广泛。正确地运用代词可以使句子简洁、明快,但如果使用不得当也容易产生意义理解上的偏差。英语中的代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和连接代词。

  一、人称代词

  1.人称代词概述

  人称代词是表示“我(们)”、“你(们)”、“他(们)”、“它(们)”的词。人称代词不仅指人,也可指物,有人称、数和格的变化。人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格形式在句中作主语、表语等成分;宾格形式在句中作动词宾语、介词宾语、同位语等,有时也作表语。

  (1)单数:

  ①主格:

  第一人称(I)

  第二人称(you)

  第三人称(he,she,it)

  ②宾格:

  第一人称(me)

  第二人称(you)

  第三人称(him,her,it)

  (2)复数:

  ①主格:

  第一人称(we)

  第二人称(you)

  第三人称(they)

  ②宾格:

  第一人称(us)

  第二人称(you)

  第三人称(them)

  I chose Mary,but she didn't agree to go with me.(she为主格作主语,me为宾语作介词with的宾语。)

  我选择了玛丽,可她不愿和我一起去。

  I love swimming.It keeps me fit.(it在句中作主语。)

  我喜欢游泳,它可以使我保持健康。

  —Who took away all the books here?

  —It's I/me.(I/me作表语,在口语中作表语常用宾格。)

  —谁把这里的书都拿走了?

  —是我。

  We,us three will be able to fulfil the task.(us作we的同位语)

  我们,就我们三人能出色完成这项任务。

  Me believe you! (宾格形式在口语中表示强调时,偶尔也可作主语。)

  我相信你!

  2.人称代词的用法

  (1)主格I在句中的任何位置都必须大写。

  (2)在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,如果是单数并列需要按照“你”、“他/她”、“我”的顺序排列;复数并列则按照“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的顺序排列,即单数并列为you,he/she (him/her) and I (me);you and I (me);复数并列为we(us),you and they(them)。如果是承担责任,说话者则把I (me) 或we (us) 放在第一位。

  You,she and I should work together and play together.

  我、你和她应当共同工作、一起玩。

  I and Li Ming broke the window.

  我和李明把窗户打碎了。

  (3)it有时可指不知性别的“婴儿或小孩”或对人物身份进行断定。

  The baby is crying.It must be hungry.

  婴儿在哭,他/她准饿了。

  —Who is standing at the back? —It must be Laura.

  —是谁站在后面的?—准是劳拉。

  (4)人称代词用于as和than之后,如果as和than看作介词,此时往往用宾格;如果是连词,则往往用主格。

  She speaks Japanese as well as me/I.(此时口语中常用me。)

  She speaks Japanese as well as I do.(此时把as作为连词。)

  她日语说得和我一样好。

  (5)人称代词单独使用时,常用宾格而不是主格。

  —I'd like to stay here for another week.

  —Me too.

  —我还想再在这里呆一周。

  —我也是。

  —You are supposed to help Jack.

  —Why me?

  —你应该帮助杰克。

  —为什么是我帮助他?

  2.人称代词的特殊用法

  (1)it的详细用法请参阅第二部分第6章“It的用法”。

  (2)we,you,they的特殊用法

  在英语中we,you和they都可泛指人们,可译为“我们”、“你们”、“他们”。

  We all get into trouble sometimes.(we泛指人们)

  我们每个人有时都会遇到麻烦。

  They say that everyone can make mistakes.(they泛指人们)

  人们说每个人都会犯错误的。

  You should do your best at all times.(you泛指人们)

  无论何时人们都应尽最大的努力。

  (3)she,he等的特殊用法

  ①she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

  China will always do what she has promised to do. (代指国家)

  中国总会按照自己的承诺去做任何事情的。

  Titanic was the greatest boat of the time but she sunk down to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.(代指船只)

  泰坦尼克号是当时最大的船,可它沉到大西洋的海底了。

  ②男主人常用she/her代指自己的爱车、宠物等。

  Would you please take care of my little parrot? She needs good care.(代指鹦鹉)

  你能不能照顾一下我的鹦鹉?她需要好好照顾。

  —Your car looks smart.When did you buy it?

  —I bought her a week ago.(代指车)

  —你的车样子真好。什么时候买的?

  —一周前买的。

  ③女主人常用he/his代指自己的车、宠物等。

  My car still runs perfectly.He has been working for me a dozen years.(He代指the car)

  我的车依然运转很好,他为我工作已12年了。

  ④在寓言、故事中,温柔、善良的动物(鹿、猫、熊猫、小鸟等)常用she替代,凶猛、粗野的动物(老虎、狮子、狼、熊、狐狸等)常用he替代。

  Panda Lily is a new member of the circus.She needs time to get used to the new life.(She替代Panda Lily)

  熊猫丽丽是马戏团的新成员。她需要时间适应新的生活。

  The fierce tiger came at the monkey when the monkey escaped him into the thick trees.(him代指the tiger)

  凶猛的老虎向猴子扑来,而猴子逃到茂密的树林里去了。

  二、物主代词

  1.物主代词概述

  物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的所有格形式,表示“所有”。与人称代词一样,也分第一人称、第二人称和第三人称,每个人称分单数和复数,物主代词可分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词。

  ①形容词性:

  my(我的) your(你的) his(他的)

  her(她的)

  its(它的)

  our(我们的) your(你们的) their[他(她、它)们的]

  ②名词性:

  mine(我的) yours(你的)

  his(他的)

  hers(她的) its(它的)

  ours(我们的) yours(你们的)

  theirs[他(她、它)们的]

  2.物主代词用法

  ①形容词性物主代词

  形容词性的物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前。它们的人称、数和性别取决于它们所指代的名词或代词。

  Her story interested every one of us.

  她的故事使我们每一个人都很感兴趣。

  Teachers often have their students do too much homework.

  老师通常让学生做太多的作业。

  ②名词性物主代词

  名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能用于名词之前,它们的形式取决于它们所指代的名词或代词。名词性的物主代词在句中作主语、表语、宾语或与of连用作定语。

  That isn't my own computer.Mine doesn't work.(mine相当于my computer作主语。)

  那不是我自己的电脑,我的坏了。

  Yours goes wrong,so I'll have to take his.(Yours作主语,his作宾语。)

  你的坏了,我只好用他的了。

  This book is yours.Where's mine? (yours相当于your book,作表语,mine相当于my book,作表语)

  这本书是你的,我的在哪里?

  注意:

  one's own 短语表示强调,意为“完全属于自己的”、“自己的”。

  I want to have a piano of my own.= I want to have my own piano.

  我想有一架完全属于自己的钢琴。

  I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.

  除非我亲眼看见,否则我不会相信任何事情的。

  三、反身代词

  1.反身代词概述

  表示“我(们)自己”、“你(们)自己”、“他/她/它(们)自己”的代词称为反身代词。第一、二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。

  反身代词的基本含义是:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作的发出者把动作反射到动作的发出者本人。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性、数上保持一致,在句中分别作宾语、同位语、表语等。

  单数:

  第一人称(myself)

  第二人称(yourself) 第三人称(himself,herself,itself)

  复数:

  第一人称(ourselves) 第二人称(yourselves) 第三人称(themselves)

  2.反身代词的用法

  (1)反身代词作动词宾语

  Little Albert is only four,but he can feed himself,wash himself,dress himself.(himself分别作feed,wash,dress的宾语。)

  小艾伯特刚四岁,但他能够自己吃饭、洗脸和穿衣了。

  (2)反身代词作表语

  The boy in the picture is myself ,not anyone else.(作表语)

  照片上的男孩不是别人正是我自己。

  (3)反身代词作同位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,表示“由自己”、“亲自”、“本人”等意思,通常跟在名词、代词之后,但也可位于句尾,此时的反身代词应重读。

  I'm afraid I can't help you,you'll have to do it yourself.(作you的同位语)

  我恐怕不能帮你了,你得自己做。

  I myself made the mistake about your address.(作I 的同位语)

  我自己把你的地址搞错了。

  (4)反身代词还常和for,of,in,by等介词搭配,构成固定短语。

  for oneself 亲自

  of oneself自动地

  in oneself本身固有

  by oneself独自

  You'll have to see if he has come for yourself.(for yourself亲自)

  你得亲自去看看他是否已来了。

  The computer can shut off of itself.(of itself自动地)

  计算机会自动关闭。

  Jim is not bad in himself,but he is a little shy.(in himself 本质上)

  吉姆本人并不坏,可有点害羞。

  You shouldn't leave the child by himself at home.(by himself独自,相当于alone)

  你不应把孩子独自留在家里。

  必背:

  常用的由反身代词构成的短语:

  absent oneself from没做、没去

  dress oneself 自己穿衣

  devote oneself to致力于

  enjoy oneself过得快活

  help oneself to随便吃、随便用

  hide oneself把自己藏起来

  say to oneself心里想

  seat oneself坐下

  talk/speak to oneself自言自语

  teach oneself自学

  四、指示代词

  1.指示代词概述

  指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个(些)”、“那个(些)”。常用的指示代词有this,that,these,those。指示代词与定冠词、人称代词一样,都具有指定的含义。它们所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境。指示代词在句中可作定语、主语、宾语、表语等。如

  I loved this concert very much.(定语)

  我非常喜欢这场音乐会。

  This is Bill.Is that Robert speaking? (主语)

  我是比尔,你是罗伯特吗?

  Do you like this? (宾语)

  你喜欢这个吗?

  What I like is this,not that.(表语)

  我所喜欢的是这个,不是那个。

  2.指示代词的用法

  (1)指示代词this,these往往在指时间上或空间上较近的人或物;that,those可指时间上或空间上较远的人或物。

  This is my friend Charlie Brown.(近指)

  这是我的朋友查理·布朗。

  This gift is for you and that one is for your brother.(this近指,that远指)

  这件礼物是你的,那件是你弟弟的。

  I love these books but I don't like those.(these近指,those远指)

  我喜欢这些书,但不喜欢那些。

  (2)that,those常常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避免重复。

  The computers work faster than those we bought last year.

  这些计算机比我们去年买的运行速度快。

  The life in the country is more peaceful than that in the city.

  乡村的生活比城市的生活要安静。

  注意:

  上文提到的事物,英语中常用that或those表示,而汉语却常用“这”表示。

  I had a bad cold.That was why I didn't go to school.

  我感冒了,这是我为什么没上学的原因。

  Those are the VCDs you want.

  这就是你要的影碟。

  (3)在“those who/which/that...或 those people who,those things which/that...”句型中who/which引导的定语从句说明those的范围。

  Those (students) who do not want to go can stay.

  不想去的(学生)可以留下来。

  I have read those books which/that I borrowed.

  我已经读完了我所借的书。

  注意:

  在those (...) who/which...中those 不可用these替代。

  (4)当所指的事物已确定时,后面的指示代词指人时须用he,she或they替代,指物时须用it或they替代。

  —Are the books yours?

  —Yes,they are.

  -这些书是你的吗?

  -是的,正是。

  That is your mistake,isn't it?

  那是你的错,不是吗?

  五、不定代词

  1.不定代词概述

  不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些)事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名词和形容词,表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。但不定代词none和some,any,no,every含有的复合不定代词something,anything,nothing,everybody等词只能在句子中作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语。而every,no在句子中只能作定语不定代词的分类如下所示:

  普通不定代词:some,any,no, somebody,anybody,nobody, someone,anyone,no one(或no-one), something,anything,nothing, one,none

  个体不定代词: every,each,other,another,either,neither,half, everybody,everyone,everything

  数量不定代词: all,both,many,much,few,little,a few,a little,a lot of,lots of,a great deal,a great many,other,others,another,the other

  2.不定代词的用法

  (1)all和both的用法

  ①all 和both均可表示“全部都”, all指三个或三个以上的人或物,both仅指两个人或物。all of/both of后为名词时,of可省略,但为宾格代词时不可省略。

  All (of) the students went to the concert last night.

  昨晚所有的学生都听音乐会去了。

  Both (of) my parents are non-smokers.

  我父母都不抽烟。

  They both accepted my invitation.

  他们两个人都接受了我的邀请。

  She invited both of us to her birthday party.

  她邀请我们两个参加她的生日宴会。

  ②all指事物的整体或抽象概念时当作单数,指人时当作复数。

  All is going perfectly.

  一切进展顺利。

  All are here.So let's get started.

  所有人都到齐了,咱们开始吧。

  ③all,both作主语同位语时应位于实义动词之前,系动词、助动词或情态动词之后。

  They both like coffee very much. 他们两个人都很喜欢咖啡。

  You should all hand in your homework by tomorrow. 明天你们必须都把作业交上。

  ④在简略答语中,不可置于句尾。

  —Were you all present at the meeting?

  —Yes,we all were.

  你们都出席会议了吗?

  是的,我们都出席了。

  注意:

  下列all的用法都是正确的:

  all money所有的钱

  all the money所有的钱

  all of the money所有的钱

  all of it所有的

  all people所有的人

  all the people所有的人

  all of the people所有的人

  all of them他们中所有的人

  (2)one的用法

  不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,也可指物。one既可以单独使用,也可以放在可数名词单数的前面作定语。其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one's,反身代词为oneself。

  ①单独使用,泛指“人”、“一个人”、“人们”。这种用法中可以出现one's和oneself与之呼应。

  One should help the sick and the poor.

  人们应当帮助病人和贫穷的人。

  One should do one's/his best at all times.

  一个人无论何时都应尽最大努力。

  One should take care of oneself/himself.

  一个人应当照顾好自己。

  ②表示具体的“一个人”或“一个事物”。

  He is not one who is easy to work with.

  他不是容易共事的人。

  This is the one you're looking for.

  这就是你要找的那一个。

  注意:

  当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容词前必须有冠词或代词。

  the best one最好的一个

  a nice one一个好的

  her last one她的最后一个

  ③替代上文已出现过的单数可数名词或复数名词,one可以避免重复。

  I prefer red roses to white ones.

  我喜欢红玫瑰胜过白玫瑰。

  This problem is harder than that one.

  这个问题比那个更难。

  Miss Green is a strict but kind teacher,one who cares for every pupil.

  格林老师是一位严格但很和善的老师,她关心每一个学生。

  I don't like this cell phone,the one you just showed me.

  我不喜欢这部手机,就是你刚才给我看的那一部。

  The students in your class are livelier than the ones in my class.(the ones在这里等同于those。)

  你们班的学生比我们班的学生更活泼。

  比较区别:

  it与one

  it和one都可以替代上文出现过的名词,但二者是有区别的。it往往指上文出现过的特定的事物,即同一事物;而one则代替与前面事物同属一类的事物,并不是同一个事物。

  I bought a radio yesterday,but it doesn't work well.(it代替昨天买的收音机,是同一台收音机。)

  我昨天买了一台收音机,可收音效果不好。

  I don't like this radio.Will you please show me another one? (拿另一台收音机,是同一类事物。)

  我不喜欢这台收音机,你能否再给我拿另一个?

  (3)none的用法

  不定代词none通常相当于名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有人”、“没有东西”。既可替代可数名词的单数形式,也可替代不可数名词,还可替代复数名词。

  I have invited them all but none have/has arrived yet.

  我已邀请了他们所有的人,但还没有人到。

  He hoped to earn some money,but he got none.

  他希望赚些钱,可一点也没赚到。

  None of the medicine works.

  这些药都失效了。

  None of my friends have/has been to Pairs.

  我的朋友没有一个去过巴黎。

  (4)each和every的用法

  ①each

  A.意义:每个(强调个体)

  B.作用:主语、宾语、定语、同位语

  C.用法:两者或两者以上与of搭配:可

  ②every

  A.意义:每个(整体描述)

  B.作用:只能作定语

  C.用法:三者或三者以上与of搭配:不可

  They both came on time,but each left ahead of time.(作主语)

  他们两个按时到达,但每个人都提前走了。

  Tokyo and London are two large cities.I really love each.(宾语)

  东京和伦敦是两个大城市。两个城市我都喜欢。

  We send each other an email each week.(定语)

  我们每周给对方发一封电子信件。

  Every student needs to be careful with their studies.(定语)

  所有的学生学习时都需要细心。

  Each of us hopes to have free weekends.

  我们每一个人都希望有自由的周末。

  注意:

  ①each作同位语时,谓语动词应和真正的主语保持一致。

  We each have received a special gift from the teacher.

  我们每一个人都收到了老师的礼物。

  ②every可与-one,-body,-thing等合成不定代词everyone,everybody,everything等。

  (5)some和any

  some

  A.意义(一些、某些、某一个)

  B.作用 (主语、宾语、定语)

  C.肯定句 (可以,表示“一些”、“某个”)

  D.否定句 (一般不用于否定句)

  E.疑问句 (可以,表示说话者的肯定语气)

  F.条件句(可以,表示说话者的肯定语气)

  G.与of搭配 (可以)

  H.修饰可数复数 (可以,谓语动词用复数)

  I.修饰可数单数(可以,表示“某一个”)

  J.修饰不可数名词 (可以,谓语动词用单数)

  any

  A.意义[一些、某些、任何一个(些)]

  B.作用(主语、宾语、定语)

  C.肯定句(可以,表示“任何一个(些)”)

  D.否定句(可以,替代some表示“一(某)些”)

  E.疑问句 (可以,替代some表示“一(某)些”)

  F.条件句(可以,替代some表示“一(某)些”)

  G.与of搭配(可以)

  H.修饰可数复数(可以,谓语动词用复数)

  I.修饰可数单数(可以,表示“任何一个”)

  J.修饰不可数名词(可以,谓语动词用单数)

  ①some和any的作用

  Some people work to live,and some live to work.(第一个some作定语,第二个some作主语。)

  一些人工作为了生活,一些人活着是为了工作。

  There is a great deal of knowledge.Each of us will have to learn some.(宾语)

  世界上有大量的知识,我们每人只能学习一部分。

  There is not any work left for us.(定语,用于否定句中。)

  我们没剩下什么活了。

  If he has any,ask him to give us some.(宾语,any用于条件句中。)

  如果他有,让他给我们一些。

  Have you got any tapes? (定语,用于疑问句中。)

  你有磁带吗?

  ②some和any的用法

  A.some有时也用于疑问句,表示说话者的肯定语气。any有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”,“任何一些”;not (...) any=no。

  Would you like some tea? (表明说话者的礼貌及肯定语气。)

  你想喝点茶吗?

  Any normal child can learn a language very quickly.

  任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。

  I don't know any person here.=I know no person here.

  这里的人我一个也不认识。

  B.“some/any of+...”结构作主语时,谓语动词需要根据of后面的名词单复数而定。

  Some of the food has gone bad.

  有些食品变质了。

  Some of them agree,and some of them don't.

  他们中有些人同意,有些人不同意。

  I don't think any of them are coming.

  我认为他们没人会来。

  C.some和any既可以修饰可数名词单数、复数,也可修饰或代替不可数名词。some 不能代替可数名词的单数形式。

  Will you please give me some advice?(修饰不可数名词)

  给我提一些建议好吗?

  Some people are out of work and some find work.(修饰可数名词复数)

  一些人失业了,又有一些人找到了工作。

  Some person downstairs is asking to see you.(修饰可数名词单数)

  楼下有一个人找你。

  Have you had any work to do? (修饰不可数名词)

  你有活干吗?

  I don't think any of my friends have been there before.(代替可数名词复数)

  我认为我朋友中没有一个去过那里。

  (6)other和another

  ①other

  A.意义(另外的(泛指))

  B.用法(只修饰复数)

  C.例句(I have read some of them and I’ll read other diaries tomorrow.(泛指另外一些)我已读了一些,另外一些日记明天读。)

  ②others

  A.意义(另外的(泛指))

  B.用法(不能修饰名词;可与of连用,后跟them/us/you或特指的复数)

  C.例句(Some of the questions are hard;others are easy.这些问题中有些很难,有些容易。)

  ③the other(the other one/two/three...)

  A.意义(特指两部分或更多部分中最后的一个或一些)

  B.用法(可单独运用,也可修饰复数。(the other one只能用作单数))

  C.例句(I have two brothers.One is a soldier and the other(one) is a singer.(两者中的另一个)我有两个哥哥,一个当兵,另一个是歌手。I lived abroad for five years.I studied in London for the first three years.And I spent the other two years in Paris.我在国外生活了五年,前三年在伦敦学习,另外两年在巴黎度过。)

  ④the others

  A.意义(特指两部分或更多部分中最后一些)

  B.用法(只能单独运用)

  C.例句(This term,in my class,Jack took up music,Milton gymnastics and the others computer.本学期,我们班里杰克选修音乐,米尔顿选修体操,所有其他的人选修计算机。)

  ⑤another

  A.意义(泛指三者或三者以上的另外一个(些))

  B.用法(可单独运用也可修饰可数名词单数。)

  C.例句(Sorry,I don’t like this one.Will you show me another(one)? (泛指多个中的另外一个。)对不起,我不喜欢这个。请您再给我拿一个,好吗?)

  ⑥another one/two/three=one/two/three other

  A.意义(泛指三者或三者以上的另外一个/两个/三个)

  B.用法(可单独运用也可修饰复数(another one和one other只能用作单数))

  C.例句(I need another three hours(= three other hours) to finish this work.我还需要三个小时完成这项工作。)

  (7)either和 neither

  ①either

  A.意义(两者中的任何一个)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、定语)

  C.用法(可指人或物,修饰可数名词单数)

  D.与of搭配(of后跟复数或them,us,you)

  ②neither

  A.意义(两者中任何一个都不)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、定语)

  C.用法(可指人或物,修饰可数名词单数)

  D.与of搭配(of后跟复数或them,us,you)

  Either of the plans is easy to carry out.

  这两个计划,不论哪一个都很容易实施。

  —Which of the two rooms would you like,sir?

  —Oh,neither.

  —先生,这两个房间你喜欢哪一个?

  —噢,两个都不喜欢。

  Can you write with either hand?

  你左右手都能写字吗?

  (8)many和much

  ①many和much是表示数量的不定代词,在句中既可充当名词的作用,也可充当形容词的作用,可作主语、宾语、定语等,意思为“许多”、“大量”。many修饰或替代可数名词,而much修饰或替代不可数名词。

  Many hands make light work.

  人多好办事。

  Sorry,I'm afraid I can't go with you.I've got much work to do.

  对不起,我恐怕不能和你去了,我手头有很多工作要做。

  Spring is usually very short in much of China.

  在中国许多地方春天通常很短。

  Many don't agree to this plan.

  有很多人不同意这个计划。

  ②many作主语时谓语动词用复数,much作主语时,谓语动词用单数。many和much后面可以加of短语,此时many和much相当于名词。

  Much of the work has been done.

  这项工作的大部分已完成。

  Many of my friends live abroad.

  我很多朋友住在国外。

  I invited all my friends,but many of them didn't come.

  我邀请了所有的朋友,但很多没来。

  注意:

  many,much前可有as,so,too,how等进行修饰。

  There are too many mistakes in your diary.

  在你的日记中有很多错误。

  You should spend as much time as you can on English.

  你应尽可能多花点时间学习英语。

  (9)little,a little,few和 a few的区别:

  ①little

  A.意义(几乎没有)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语(可修饰比较级))

  C.用法(修饰不可数名词)

  D.与not连用(不可)

  E.与quite连用(不可)

  F.与only连用(不可)

  G.与of搭配(of后为特指的不可数名词或it)

  ②a little

  A.意义(有一点)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语(可修饰比较级))

  C.用法(修饰不可数名词)

  D.与not连用(not a little很多)

  E.与quite连用(quite a little许多)

  F.与only连用(only/just a little很少)

  G.与of搭配(of后为特指的不可数名词或it)

  ③few

  A.意义(几乎没有)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、表语、定语)

  C.用法(修饰可数名词)

  D.与not连用(不可)

  E.与quite连用(不可)

  F.与only连用(不可)

  G.与of搭配(of后为特指的复数或them,you,us)

  ④a few

  A.意义(有几个)

  B.作用(主语、宾语、表语、定语)

  C.用法(修饰可数名词)

  D.与not连用(not a few相当多)

  E.与quite连用(quite a few许多)

  F.与only连用(only/just a few仅仅少数)

  G.与of搭配(of后为特指的复数或them,you,us)

  如:

  It was too late,but I could still see a few people in the street.

  已经很晚了,但我还是能看见路上有一些行人。

  A lot of guests were invited,but few came.

  邀请了很多朋友,但来者不多。

  Few of the visitors were happy with this trip.

  没有几个参观者对此次旅行感到满意。

  —Can you speak English?

  —Yes,but a little.

  —你会说英语吗?

  —是的,不过只会一点点。

  Please add a little sugar to the coffee.

  请给咖啡加点糖。

  We usually have little rain in spring.

  我们这里春天几乎不下雨。

  He ate little of the food.

  他吃了很少饭。

  注意:

  little的比较级和最高级分别为less,least;few的比较级和最高级分别为fewer,fewest。

  Jim spends less time on maths,but he is much better at it.

  吉姆学数学用的时间较少,却学得更好。

  Who made the fewest mistakes?

  谁犯的错误最少?

  (10)由some-,any-,every-,no-与-one,-body,-thing构成的不定代词称为复合不定代词。

  复合不定代词如下所示:

  前缀 some-

  后缀 -one

  someone

  后缀 -body

  somebody

  后缀 -thing

  something

  前缀 any-

  后缀 -one

  anyone

  后缀 -body

  anybody

  后缀 -thing

  anything

  前缀 every-

  后缀 -one

  everyone

  后缀 -body

  everybody

  后缀 -thing

  everything

  前缀 no-

  后缀 -one

  no one/none

  后缀 -body

  nobody

  后缀 -thing

  nothing

  ①这些词在句中的作用相当于名词,可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语等。

  Somebody must have been using my books.They are all in a mess on the shelf.(somebody作主语)

  肯定有人在用我的书。它们被乱七八糟地放在书架上。

  Have you got anything else to say before you leave? (anything作宾语)

  走之前,你还有什么要说的吗?

  What I get for you is something you are interested in.(something作表语)

  我带来的是你感兴趣的东西。

  ②some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句中,any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。当some-类复合不定代词用于肯定句、疑问句和条件句时,表示肯定的意义。当any-类用于肯定句时表示“任何”之意。

  I haven't seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help.(anybody作宾语,用于否定句,表示“任何人”。)

  在这周围,我没找到任何能帮助我的人。

  Does someone here know Lily's telephone number? (someone用于疑问句,表明说话者期待着肯定的答复。)

  有人知道李莉的电话号码吗?

  ③由-one和-body构成的不定代词可以相互换用,只是前者较文雅。

  Someone/Somebody seems to have been here.

  似乎有人来过这里。

  Everybody's/Everyone's business is nobody's /no one's business.

  事关大家无人管。

  ④复合不定代词后可加由-'s构成所有格。

  There's somebody's backpack left in the classroom.

  有人的书包落在教室里了。

  It's anybody's plan,not mine.

  谁知这是谁的计划,反正不是我的。

  ⑤复合不定代词后常加else表示“另外……的”。

  I cannot finish the work on time.Can someone else come to help me out?

  我不能按时完成这项工作了,有另外的人能帮一下吗?

  There're already five people included in our group.Does anyone else would prefer to join?

  我们组已经有五个人了,还有想参加的吗?

  ⑥形容词修饰复合不定代词,应将形容词置于其后。在需要强调的时候,偶尔将形容词置于复合不定代词之前。

  There's nothing important in today's newspaper.

  今天报纸上没有什么重要的资讯。

  If you want to get something successful,you are to work twice as hard.

  如果你确实想获得某些成功,你就应该加倍努力。

  ⑦no one,none的区别:

  A.no one

  a.指代:(常指代人)

  b.可数与不可数:(只能为可数)

  c.回答how many/much:(×)

  d.回答who:(√)

  e.跟of结构:(×)

  B.none

  a.指代:(指代人或物)

  b.可数与不可数:(可数、不可数皆可)

  c.回答how many/much:(√)

  d.回答who:(×)

  e.跟of结构:(√)

  如 No one in our class failed the maths exam.我们班没人在数学考试中不及格。(强调没有一个不及格,no one的语气强烈。)

  None of them believed his story.(强调全部都不)

  他们都不相信他的故事。

  —How many of you have been to the Three Gorges Dam?

  —None.

  —你们中有多少去过三峡?

  —一个没有。

  —Who knows the answer to this question?

  —No one.

  —谁知道这个问题的答案?

  —没人知道。

  Greg has made lots of money,but he would prefer to spend none on books.

  格雷格挣了很多钱,但他一点也不愿花在书上。

  ⑧everyone与every one的用法辨析

  everyone指“每个人”、“人人”,只指人;every one指“每个”、“个个”,既可指人,也可指物。指人时everyone比every one常用。everyone后不能跟of短语,而every one后可加of 短语。

  Every one of us loves peace.

  我们每一个人都热爱和平。

  Everyone/Every one seeks love and happiness.

  每个人都追求爱和幸福。

  I like all the pictures,every one.

  我喜欢每一张照片。

  六、相互代词

  相互代词是表示相互关系的代词,主要有each other,one another,意为“互相、相互”。each other 主要用于两者之间,one another主要用于三者或三者以上。在现代英语中each other 也可指三者或三者以上。相互代词在句中只能作宾语、定语等。each other 和one another 的所有格形式为:each other's和one another's 。

  We often help each other when in trouble.(作宾语)

  遇到麻烦时我们常常相互帮助。

  Jeffery and I often write e-mails to each other.(作介词宾语)

  我和杰夫里经常互发电子信件。

  We received one another's postcards before Christmas.(作定语)

  圣诞节前我们各自收到了对方的卡片。

  注意:

  each other's和one another's和其后的名词构成的词组不能作主语。

  One another's postcards have been received.(×)

  We have received one another's postcards.(√)

  我们已收到了对方寄来的贺卡。

  七、疑问代词

  1.疑问代词概述

  用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。主要的疑问代词及其功能如下所示:

  (1)指人疑问代词在句中的语法功能:

  ①主格(who):做主语或宾语

  ②宾格(whom):做宾语;可跟of短语搭配

  ③属格(whose):做主语或宾语、表语、定语

  (2)指物疑问代词在句中的语法功能:

  ①主格(which)(可指人):做主语或宾语、定语;可跟of短语搭配

  ②宾格(what):做主语或宾语、表语、定语

  2.疑问代词的用法

  疑问代词各有其不同的含义,在选用时需根据其具体的含义而定。

  (1)who,whom的用法

  who的意义为“谁”,既可以指单数,也可指复数,在句中主要作主语、宾语和表语。whom在句中只能作动词宾语和介词宾语,作动词宾语时可与who互换使用,作介词宾语时只能用whom,但如果不出现在介词后,也可用who替代。

  Who put the light out before I finished my work? (作主语)

  谁在我做完作业前把灯熄灭了?

  Whom/Who have you chosen to take part in the sports meet? (作chosen的宾语)

  你选了谁参加运动会?

  With whom did you go to the concert? (whom不可用who替代)

  你和谁去听的音乐会?

  注意:

  疑问代词作主语时,动词用单数还是复数形式,要根据它们代表的数决定。如果数的概念不清,动词多采用单数形式。

  Who are there on the playground? (问话者和听话者都知道操场上有一些人。)

  谁在操场上?

  Who is in the room? (说话者和听话者都可能不知道有人或有多少人。)

  谁在屋内?

  (2)whose的用法

  whose表示“谁的”,既可置于名词前,作定语,也可单独使用,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

  They are all good at maths,but whose is the best? (whose作主语)

  他们都擅长数学,但谁的最好?

  Whose do you like better,Jack's or Sally's? (作宾语)

  你更喜欢谁的呢,杰克的还是沙丽的?

  Both Jim and Jack speak English.Whose pronunciation is better? (作定语)

  吉姆和杰克都说英语,谁的发音更好呢?

  Helen has already taken her bag away.Whose is this? (作表语)

  海伦已把她的书包拿走了,这是谁的呢?

  注意:

  whose既可指单数,也可指复数。

  Whose are these school bags?

  这些书包是哪些人的?

  (3)which的用法

  which意为“哪一个、哪一些”,既可指人也可指物,既可指可数名词的单数;也可指复数。在句中作主语、宾语、定语等。

  Which is more interesting,this book or that one? (作主语)

  这两本书哪一本更有趣?

  I don't know which to choose? (作choose的宾语)

  我不知道该选哪一个?

  Which cities are you going to visit this summer? (作定语)

  今年夏天你打算参观哪些城市?

  (4)what的用法

  what意为“什么”,可单独使用,也可放在名词前运用。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

  What makes you love your hometown so much? (作主语)

  是什么使你这么热爱你的家乡?

  What do you usually do Sundays? (作宾语)

  星期天你经常做什么?

  What are your parents? (作主语)

  你父母是干什么的?

  What interests do you have? (作定语)

  你有哪些兴趣?

  比较:

  ①what和which

  what常泛指“哪一类”,which常指在具体的范围内进行选择。

  Which colour do you like better,red or yellow? (在红色和黄色中进行选择)

  红色和黄色,你更喜欢哪一种?

  What colour do you like? (没有指定选择的范围)

  你喜欢什么颜色?

  ②what和who

  What is your father? (询问职业)

  你爸爸是做什么的?

  —Who is the man? (询问身份)

  —He is my brother.

  —那个人是谁?

  —是我哥哥。

  八、关系代词

  关系代词的详细内容请参阅第二部分第4章“定语从句”部分。

  九、连接代词

  连接代词指连接主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的代词。连接代词主要包括表示疑问的连接代词和不表示疑问的连接代词,前者称为普通连接代词,后者称为复合式连接代词。

  连接代词主要包括:who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whichever,whatever等。

  1.普通连接代词

  普通连接代词在名词性从句中表示疑问,作从句的特定成分。

  Who will be elected president of the company won't be known until late this afternoon.(who引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,表示疑问。)

  今天下午晚些时候,我们才能知道谁将被选为公司老总。

  We're wondering whomever we're working for.(whomever引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语,表示疑问。)

  我们一直在纳闷我们在为谁工作。

  The question is whatever we are to do to prevent the environment from being polluted any further.(whatever引导表语从句,在从句中作宾语,表示疑问。)

  问题是,我们究竟应该做些什么才能阻止环境进一步被污染。

  I have no idea whomever I should invite to the get-together.(whomever引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语,表示疑问。)

  我不知道究竟应该邀请谁参加这次聚会。

  2.复合式连接代词

  复合式连接代词在名词性从句中不表示疑问,在从句中作特定的成分。

  (1)who

  who的这种用法相当于anyone who...或the person who...任何人、……的人。

  Who breaks the law should be punished.(who引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,不表示疑问,相当于Anyone who...)

  不管是谁违犯了法律都应受到处罚。

  注意:

  who不表示疑问的这种用法现在越来越多地被whoever所替代。

  (2)what

  what相当于anything that...或all that...或something that...任何事、……的事。

  I'll tell you what we're planning to do in the coming days.(what引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语,不表示疑问,相当于all that...或anything that...。)

  我会告诉你我们在最近几天将要做的事情。

  (3)whoever

  whoever相当于anyone who...任何人。

  I won't believe whoever cheats me.(whoever引导宾语从句,在从句中作主语,不表示疑问,相当于anyone who...。)

  我不会相信任何欺骗我的人。

  (4)whichever

  whichever相当于anyone who...或any one which...不管哪个(些)人、不管哪个(些)东西,既可指人,也可指物。

  Make yourself comfortable and help yourself to whichever you like.(whichever引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语,不表示疑问,相当于anything that ...)

  随便点,你可以随便用任何一个你喜欢的东西。

  (5)whomever

  whomever相当于anyone who/whom...,任何人。

  I have invited whomever you rang this morning.(whomever引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语,不表示疑问,相当于anyone who/whom...。)

  我已经邀请了你今天早晨打过电话的每个人。

  (6)whosever

  whosever相当于any...that...,任何人的、无论谁的东西。

  I'll walk around and collect whosever homework has been well done.(whosever引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,不表示疑问,相当于anyone's homework that ...。)

  我要到下面去把同学做完的作业收起来。

  点击考点

  1.—______does your father do?

  —He is a worker.

  A.Which

  B.Who

  C.What

  D.How

  2.—Can you speak Chinese,Peter?

  —Yes,but only______.

  A.little

  B.few

  C.a little

  D.a few

  3.—Do you like Jane's new shirt?

  —Yes,very much.I'll ask mum to buy______for me.

  A.one

  B.it

  C.the other

  D.a

  4.She always thinks of______more than herself.

  A.other

  B.others

  C.the other

  D.the others

  5.You may go and ask him.He knows______about Japanese.

  A.a few

  B.few

  C.a little

  D.little

  6.Students are usually interested in sports.Some like running;some like swimming;______like ball games.

  A.the others

  B.others

  C.other

  D.another

  7.The colour of her skirt is different from______of mine.

  A.one

  B.that

  C.it

  D.this

  8. —Do you have enough men to carry these chairs?

  —No.I think we need______men.

  A.another

  B.two others

  C.more two

  D.two more

  9.The Class 3 and Class 1 runners both ran very slowly.______of them ran faster than the Class 2 runners.

  A.Either

  B.Nobody

  C.None

  D.Neither

  10.They didn't learn______in this lesson.

  A.something new

  B.anything new

  C.new something

  D.new anything

  11.There are so many buildings on______side of the road.

  A.all

  B.either

  C.both

  D.every

  12.Boys,don't touch the machine,or you may hurt______.

  A.myself

  B.yourself

  C.yourselves

  D.themselves

  13.The old man has two children but______of them lives with him.

  A.both

  B.none

  C.neither

  D.all

  14.—______blouse do you like best?

  —The blue one.

  A.Who

  B.Which

  C.Whom

  D.Whose

  15.There are forty students in my class.Nineteen of them are girls and______are boys.

  A.the other

  B.the others

  C.other

  D.others

  16.Mr Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except_________who had already taken them.

  A.the ones

  B.ones

  C.some

  D.the others

  17.Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge.I can't remember______.

  A.where

  B.there

  C.which

  D.that

  18._________of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret.

  A.Each

  B.Any

  C.No one

  D.None

  19.—Are the new rules working?

  —Yes._________books are stolen.

  A.Few

  B.More

  C.Some

  D.None

  20.We couldn't eat in a restaurant because_________of us had_________money on us.

  A.all;no

  B.any;no

  C.none;any

  D.no one;any

  21.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_________to buy.

  A.what

  B.which

  C.how

  D.where

  22.— Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?

  — I'm afraid ____ day is possible.

  A.either

  B.neither

  C.some

  D.any

  23.Few pleasures can equal _________of a cool drink on a hot day.

  A.some

  B.any

  C.that

  D.those

  24.—Is_________here?

  —No,two have asked for leave.

  A.anybody

  B.somebody

  C.everybody

  D.nobody

  25.—Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's?

  —No,but it's almost the same as_________.

  A.her

  B.yours

  C.them

  D.their

  26.Don't all speak at once! _________,please.

  A.Each at one time

  B.One by one time

  C.One for each time

  D.One at a time

  27.They were all very tired,but_________of them would stop to take a rest.

  A.any

  B.some

  C.none

  D.neither

  28.If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay _________$15.

  A.another

  B.other

  C.more

  D.each

  29.If this dictionary is not yours,_________can it be?

  A.what else

  B.who else

  C.which else's

  D.who else's

  30.—When shall we meet again?

  —Make it _________day you like;it's all the same to me.

  A.one

  B.any

  C.another

  D.some

  31.Tom felt that he knew everybody's business better than they knew it _________.

  A.themselves

  B.oneself

  C.itself

  D.himself

  32._________we can't get seems better than _________we have.

  A.What;what

  B.What;that

  C.That;that

  D.That;what

  33.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _________he or she wants.

  A.however

  B.whatever

  C.whichever

  D.whenever

  34.Sarah has read lots of stories by _________American writers.Now she would like to read stories from _________countries.

  A.some;any

  B.other;some

  C.some;other

  D.other;other

  35.—My grandma is over 100 years old.

  —Really? She doesn't look_______.

  A.that

  B.it

  C.so

  D.this

  答案:

  1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.B 16.A 17.C 18. D19.A 20.C 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.B 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.D 30.B 31.A 32.A 33.B 34.C 35.C

  第5章数词

  表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词分为基数词、序数词、小数、分数和百分数五种。基数词、小数、分数和百分数表示数目或数量的多少,如one,two,three,20%,5.25等。序数词表示顺序和等级,如first,ninth,fifth,twenty-eighth等。数词与不定代词用法很相似,其功能相当于名词或形容词。数词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语等成分。

  一、基数词

  1.基数词的构成

  基本基数词共31个,其中100以下的27个,100以上的4个。如下所示:

  100以下的基本基数词:

  1~10

  1 one

  2 two

  3 three

  4 four

  5 five

  6 six

  7 seven

  8 eight

  9 nine

  10 ten

  11~19

  11 eleven

  12 twelve

  13 thirteen

  14 fourteen

  15 fifteen

  16 sixteen

  17 seventeen

  18 eighteen

  19 nineteen

  20~90

  20 twenty

  30 thirty

  40 forty

  50 fifty

  60 sixty

  70 seventy

  80 eighty

  90 ninety

  100以上的基本基数词:

  100

  a/one hundred

  1,000 a/one thousand

  1,000,000 a/one million

  1,000,000,000 a/one billion(美)a/one thousand million(英)

  (1)13~19数字的表达

  13~19的数字皆以-teen[-ti:n]结尾,其中,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen和nineteen分别由four,six,seven,eight,nine加后缀-teen变成,eighteen中只保留一个t。thirteen,fifteen分别由three和five转化而来。

  (2)20~90数字的表达

  20~90的数字皆以-ty结尾,其中,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety分别由six,seven,eight和nine加后缀-ty变成,eighty中只保留一个t。

  21~99之间的各数字须在十位与个位之间加连字符号“-”,如: thirty-nine。

  注意:

  在读音时,注意百位和十位之间、百位和个位之间要加连接词and。134,056,486应读作one hundred and thirty-four million,fifty-six thousand,four hundred and eighty-six。104读作one hundred and four。

  (3)“万”的表达

  英语中表示“万”时,用10千。forty thousand 四万。表示“亿”时需用一千个百万表示。two thousand million 两亿。

  (4)其他注意事项

  1000以上的数字,从后向前数,每三位加“,”;第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为one thousand million,或one billion(美国) ,然后每一节按百、十、个的顺序表示。

  基数词hundred,thousand,million,billion作确定的数目时不用复数形式,如two hundred,three thousand。若其后加名词时,名词需用复数,如five hundred students。

  注意:

  hundred,thousand,million,billion等词可以用how many,many,several,a few等词修饰。

  —How many hundred people attended the meeting?

  —Only a few hundred.

  有几百人参加了这次会议?

  只有几百人。

  2.基数词的语法功能

  基数词起名词或形容词的作用,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语。

  Three from eight leaves five.(主语、宾语)

  八减去三得五。

  My telephone number is 21653289.(表语)

  我的电话是21653289。

  We still have one hour left. (定语)

  我们还有一个小时的时间。

  We two will help you.(同位语)

  我们两个会帮你的。

  二、序数词

  1.序数词的构成

  序数词除了开头的三个词(first,second,third)有独特的形式外,其他都是在基数词词尾加-th构成。

  基本序数词的构成:

  (1)1st first

  2nd second

  3rd third

  4th fourth

  5th fifth

  6th sixth

  7th seventh

  8th eighth

  9th ninth

  10th tenth

  (2)11th eleventh

  12th twelfth

  13th thirteenth

  14th fourteenth

  15th fifteenth

  16th sixteenth

  17th seventeenth

  18th eighteenth

  19th nineteenth

  (3)20th twentieth

  21st twenty-first

  22nd twenty-second

  23rd twenty-third

  24th twenty-fourth

  25th twenty-fifth

  26th twenty-sixth

  27th twenty-seventh

  28th twenty-eighth

  29th twenty-ninth

  (4)30th thirtieth

  40th fortieth

  50th fiftieth

  60th sixtieth

  70th seventieth

  80th eightieth

  90th ninetieth

  100th one hundredth

  1000th one thousandth

  1,000,000th one millionth

  1,000,000,000th one billionth

  第20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90是将基数词词尾-y改为-i加-eth构成。如thirtieth,seventieth。

  其他序数词由以上基本序数词构成。仅把个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。如twenty-first,twenty-second,twenty-third,twenty-fourth,twenty-fifth等。

  序数词的缩写形式是在数字后直接加上序数词最后两个字母构成。如1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,34th等。

  100以上的序数词的表示法如下:

  第100为100th(读作one hundredth),第101为101st(读作one hundred and first)其他的情况类推。

  2.序数词的语法功能

  序数词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

  The second was a tall man.(主语)

  第二个人是高个男子。

  I am the second to invite you. (表语)

  我是第二个邀请你的。

  Do you prefer the first or the second?(宾语)

  第一个和第二个你更喜欢哪一个呢?

  三、数词的用法

  1.表达编号

  编号可用序数词或基数词表示,序数词位于名词之前,并加定冠词,基数词位于名词之后。一般情况下,用基数词较常见。

  第8号:Number 8(读作number eight,缩写为No.8)

  第109页:Page 109(读作page one hundred and nine)

  第9行:Line 9(读作line nine或the ninth line)

  第418房间:Room 418,Room No.418或the No.418 Room

  12路公共汽车:Bus No.12,Bus 12 或the No.12 Bus

  第5大街:Street No.5或the No.5 Street

  电话号码009-902-435-7334:Tel.No.009-902-435-7334读作 telephone number zero,

  zero,nine,(dash),nine,zero,two,(dash),four,three,five,(dash),seven,double three,four.

  邮政编码100089:postcode (或zip code) 100089

  注意:

  电话号码中的0可读作zero或o[u],双数如33可读作three,three或double three,中间的“-”号可读作dash,也可稍作停顿不读出。

  2.表达年、月、日和年龄

  公元前476年:476

  B. C.读作four seven six

  B. C.或four seventy-six

  B. C.或four hundred seventy-six

  B. C.

  公元381年:381 A. D.或 A. D.381读作three eighty-one

  A. D.或three hundred and eighty-one

  A. D.或three eight one

  A. D.

  公元1900年:1900 读作nineteen hundred

  公元1908年:1908 读作nineteen and eight或nineteen hundred and eight或one nine oh eight

  2004年11月25日: November 25(th),2004或,25(th) November,2004读作November (the) twenty-fifth,two thousand and four

  在2004年12月22日:on December 22,2004

  在20世纪90年代:in the 1990s或in the 1990's

  在七岁时:at the age of seven,at seven,at age seven。

  一个七岁的女孩:a girl who is seven,a girl who is seven years old,a girl aged seven,a seven-year-old girl,a seven-year old girl,a girl of seven,a girl of seven years old

  比较:

  在表示时间时,汉语中常以“年—月—日”的顺序,而英语中常以“日—月—年”或“月—日—年”的顺序。2004年6月1日在英语中可写为:June 1,2004或1 June,2004或1/6/2004或1. 6,2004。在美国英语中也可写作6/1/2004或6. 1,2004。

  必背:

  在英语中月份的省略写法如下:

  January—Jan.

  February—Feb.

  March—Mar.

  April—Apr.

  May—May

  June—June

  July—July

  August—Aug.

  September—Sept.

  October—Oct.

  November—Nov.

  December—Dec.

  3.表达时刻

  (1)通用法

  8:21

  读作twenty-one past eight或 eight twenty-one

  8:56

  读作four to nine或eight fifty-six

  8:30

  读作eight-thirty或half past eight

  (at) seven o'clock(在)七点钟

  (at) eight a.m.(或am)(在)上午八点钟

  注意:

  具体时刻表达法:

  在表达时刻时,如果在30分钟以内,可用past或after,9:25可读作twenty-five past nine或twenty-five after nine。如果超过30分钟,则用to或of,9:55可读作five to ten或five of ten。

  (2)不同的时制

  表示时刻时英国英语和美国英语有些差异。

  6点15分的英国写法为6.15或06.15,常读作a quarter past six;美国写法为6:15或06:15,常读作six fifteen或fifteen after six。

  6点整的写法和读法为:6.00,06.00,6:00,06:00读作six o'clock 20:30读作twenty thirty。

  4.表达币制

  (1)英国的币制

  英国的币制表示如下:

  1 p 一便士 (读作one penny或one p)

  10 p 十便士 (读作ten pence或ten p)

  £11.56

  11英镑56便士(读作eleven pounds fifty-six pence)

  (2)美国的币制

  美国的币制表示如下:

  1¢一美分(读作one cent)

  10¢十美分(读作ten cents)

  $11.56

  11美元56美分(读作eleven US dollars fifty-six cents,eleven US dollars fifty-six或eleven fifty-six)

  5.表达分数、小数、百分数

  表示分数时,分子须用基数词,分母须用序数词。分子如果是1以上的任何数时, 表示分母的序数词须用复数形式。

  1/2:one half,a half (不读作one second)

  1/3:one third或a third

  2/3:two thirds

  3/4:three quarters 或 three fourths

  2/5:two fifths

  5:five and three fourths

  67.89读作sixty-seven point eight nine或six seven point eight nine

  0.05读作zero point zero five

  46%读作forty-six percent

  注意:

  表达分数时基数词与序数词之间有时需加“-”。“三分之二的学生”可写作two-thirds of the students。

  6.表达算式

  英语中加、减、乘、除的读法主要有如下几种情况:

  5+6=11读作:Five and/plus six is/are/makes/make/equal/equals eleven.

  11-5=6读作:Eleven minus five equals/is/makes six.

  5×6=30读作:Five times six is /are/ makes/make/equal/equals thirty.或Five multiplied by six is /are/ makes/make/equal/equals thirty.

  30÷5=6读作:Thirty divided by five equals/is/makes six.或Five into thirty equals/is/makes six.

  注意:

  在表示加和乘的算式中,谓语动词可用动词的单数形式,也可用复数形式,但减和除中,只能用单数形式。

  7.表达倍数

  表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice/double,三倍以上用基数词+ times。

  数词表达倍数主要有如下五种方式:

  (1)double/twice/three/four times as many/much...as...型

  We have produced three times as many computers as we did last year.

  我们生产的计算机是去年生产的三倍之多。

  (2)double/twice/three/four times the size of...型

  用法与size相同的名词常见的有weight(重量),height(高度),depth(深度),width(宽度),age(年龄),length(长度)等。

  China is almost twice/double the size of Mexico in area.

  在面积上中国是墨西哥的两倍大。

  (3)double/twice/three/four times+ what 从句型

  The length of the road is twice/double what it was three years ago.

  这条路是三年前的两倍长。

  (4)double/twice/three/four times +比较级+than型

  I am twice older than you.

  我比你们大一倍。

  He has read three times more books than I have.

  他读过的书是我读过的三倍。

  (5)比较级+than...+by+倍数程度型

  The line is longer than that one by twice.

  这根线是那根线的两倍长。

  注意:

  分数、百分数等也可用于上面的各种表达法中。

  I usually spend half what I earn on books.

  我经常将赚得的一半钱用于买书。

  We increased 20% as many products as last year.

  我们比去年的产量提高了百分之二十。

  We lost the game by one score.

  我们以一分之差输了这场比赛。

  8.复合数词的用法

  数词可以构成复合数词。复合数词用以表达计量、数目或数量,常用作形容词,在句中作定语,一般不作表语。

  a three-month-old baby

  一个三个月的婴儿

  a two-month visit to Japan 一次为期两个月的日本访问

  a two-week trip around China 一次为期两周的中国旅行

  two hours' delay 延误两个小时

  注意:

  在复合数词中,如果有连字符出现,不用复数形式。

  a three-months-old baby (×)

  a two-months visit to Japan(×)

  9.表达泛指的数目

  ten,hundred,thousand,million,billion等可以构成短语,表示泛指的数目多。这些词不能被具体的数字修饰,但可被many,several,a few等词修饰。

  tens of 数十

  hundreds of数百

  tens of hundreds of数千

  thousands of数千

  tens of thousands of上万

  millions of数百万

  hundreds of hundreds of 成百成百的

  thousands of thousands of 成千成千的

  millions of millions of 成百万的

  a few hundreds of 几百

  several thousands of几千

  many millions of 好几百万

  注意:

  score,dozen也可表示数量。

  a score of people二十人

  a dozen people十二人

  several score of people几十人

  several dozen people几十人

  a score of them他们中的二十个

  a dozen of them他们中的十二个

  two score of these books这些书中的四十本

  two dozen of these books这些书中的两打

  (many/several/a few) scores of数十个

  (many/several/a few) dozens of数打

  点击考点

  1.About______films were shown during the 5th Shanghai International Film Festival.

  A.two hundred of

  B.two hundreds of

  C.two hundred

  D.two hundreds

  2.In our class______of the students______girls.

  A.three fifths,are

  B.three fifth,are

  C.three fifths,is

  D.three fifth,is

  3.The boy always stays there for______.

  A.one and half hour

  B.one and a half hour

  C.one and half hours

  D.one and a half hours

  4.______foreigners visit the Great Wall every year.

  A.Thousands of

  B.Thousand

  C.Thousands

  D.Thousand of

  5.______of the workers in this factory is about two hundred.______of them are women workers.

  A.The number,First third

  B.The number,One third

  C.A number,Half

  D.A number, Three quarters

  6.Where are the students? Are they in______?

  A.the Room 406

  B.Room 406

  C.the 406 Room

  D.406 Room

  7.—How long is the river?

  —It's______metres.

  A.about three hundred and seventeen

  B.about two hundreds and forty-five

  C.more than two hundreds

  D.less than three hundreds and seventy

  8.—Can you write the number eighty-five thousand,six hundred and twenty-six?

  —Yes,it is______.

  A.85662

  B.85626

  C.58662

  D.58626

  9.16-year-old school leavers in England should understand 15_______words.

  A.thousand

  B.thousands

  C.thousand of

  D.thousands of

  10.They have got______books about science in the library.

  A.hundred of

  B.hundreds of

  C.hundred

  D.hundreds

  11.______people go swimming in summer in Dalian.

  A.Thousands of

  B.Hundred of

  C.Thousand of

  D.Hundred

  12.September______is Teachers' Day.

  A.the ten

  B.the tenth

  C.the ten's

  D.ten

  13.—How deep is the hole?

  —It is______.

  A.four metre deep

  B.four metres deep

  C.four-metre deep

  D.four-metres-deep

  14.The little boy wrote a______letter to his uncle.

  A.five-hundred-words

  B.five-hundred-word

  C.five-hundreds-word

  D.five-hundreds-words

  15.Han Meimei and Lucy are good friends.They are in______.

  A.Class Three

  B.Three class

  C.Class Third

  D.Third Class

  16.________people attended the meeting last night.

  A.A hundred of

  B.Hundred

  C.Hundreds of

  D.Hundred of

  17.He wrote a________report about the history of the research into space.

  A.two-thousand-words

  B.two-thousand-word

  C.two-thousands-word

  D.two-thousands-words

  18.We will have a _____ holiday after the exam.

  A.two month

  B.two-month

  C.two month's

  D.two-months

  19.We are going to learn________next week.

  A.Lesson Twelve

  B.Lesson Twelfth

  C.Twelfth Lesson

  D.the Lesson Twelfth

  20.About________of the workers in that steel works are young people.

  A.third-fifths

  B.three-fifths

  C.three-fives

  D.three-fifth

  21.Two________died of cold last winter.

  A.hundreds old people

  B.hundred old people

  C.hundreds old peoples

  D.hundred old peoples

  22.After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced________tractors in 1988 as the year before.

  A.as twice many

  B.as many twice

  C.twice as many

  D.twice many as

  23.Shortly after the accident,two________police were sent to the spot to keep order.

  A.dozen of

  B.dozens

  C.dozen

  D.dozens of

  24.________ from class made me lag behind.

  A.A ten-day absence

  B.A ten-day-absence

  C.Ten days' absence

  D.The ten-day-absence

  25.It is not rare in________that people in________fifties are going to university for further education.

  A.90s;the

  B.the 90s;/

  C.90;their

  D.the 90s;their

  26.I'm sure he will be back in________.Just wait for a moment or two.

  A.a day or two

  B.one day or two

  C.a or two days

  D.one or two day

  27.Every few________along the Great Wall there are some watch towers.

  A.hundred metres

  B.hundreds metre

  C.hundreds of meter

  D.hundreds of meters

  28.He has been here for________.I am sure he is now already familiar with the people here.

  A.two and a half months

  B.two and half a month

  C.two and the half months

  D.two and a half month

  29.—Did you buy anything in the store?

  —Yes,I bought two________watches.

  A.five dollars

  B.five-dollar

  C.five-dollars

  D.five dollar

  30.We can go there on foot.It is only________walk.

  A.twenty minute

  B.twenty minutes

  C.a twenty-minute

  D.twenty minutes of

  答案:

  1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.A 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.B 21.B 22.C 23.C 24.A 25.D 26.A 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.C

  第6章形容词

  形容词是描述人和事物的特征、性质、属性或状态的一种开放性词类。主要用来修饰名词或代词。一般置于所修饰的名词之前,多数形容词具有比较级以及独特的后缀。

  一、形容词的分类

  根据不同的标准,形容词有不同的分类。其分类方式主要有三种。

  1.根据其构成分类

  根据构成形式形容词可分为简单形容词和复合形容词两类。

  (1)简单形容词

  kind善良的

  green绿色的

  bright聪明的

  broad宽广的

  interesting有趣的

  amusing有趣的

  astonished感到惊奇的

  tired疲劳的

  (2)复合形容词

  所谓复合形容词指的是由几个词共同组成并起到形容词作用的词。这些复合形容词主要用作定语,一般不作表语。

  常见的复合形容词类型有:

  ①数词+名词+形容词

  a 500-meter-long bridge

  一座500米长的桥

  a fifteen-minute talk

  一次15分钟的谈话

  a five-year-old girl

  一个五岁的小女孩

  ②形容词(或数词)+名词+ed

  a one-eyed camel

  一只眼睛的骆驼

  a middle-aged man

  一位中年男子

  a fifteen-storeyed building

  一座十五层的大楼

  ③形容词+动词的-ing形式

  an ordinary-looking woman

  一位相貌普通的女子

  a good-looking man

  一位相貌好看的男子

  ④名词+动词的-ed形式

  a man-made lake

  人工湖

  a grass-covered ground

  被草覆盖的地面

  a snow-covered mountain

  被雪覆盖的山

  ⑤副词+动词的-ed形式

  a well-known writer

  一位著名的作家

  a well-received report

  一场很受欢迎的报告

  a newly-built bridge

  一座新建的桥

  注意:

  “副词+分词”形式的复合形容词其比较级和最高级一般是在其前加more,most构成。

  a more well-known writer

  一位更加著名的作家

  a most well-known writer

  一位最著名的作家

  a more well-received report

  一场更受欢迎的报告

  a most well-received report

  一场最受欢迎的报告

  上面的比较级和最高级也可为:a better-known writer,a best-known writer,a better-received report,a best-received report。

  2.根据与名词的关系分类

  根据与名词的关系,形容词可分为限制性形容词和描述性形容词两类。

  (1)限制性形容词

  所谓限制性的形容词是指描述事物本质的形容词,它与名词紧紧相连,这些形容词如果去掉会严重影响名词的意义。

  (2)描述性形容词

  描述性形容词又称非限制性形容词,置于名词之前,常对名词进行描述,省略之后也不会影响所修饰名词的本义。

  a delicious English dish

  一道美味的英式菜

  a smooth French table

  一张平滑的法国造桌子

  3.根据形容词本身的性质分类

  根据形容词本身的性质可将形容词分为等级形容词和表语形容词两类。

  (1)等级形容词

  等级形容词是指直接说明人或事物的特征、性质并有比较等级变化的形容词,可以用程度副词来修饰。在句中可作定语、表语和补足语。

  Mary has a nice voice.(作定语)

  玛丽有一副很好的嗓子。

  We're making every effort to make our environment much cleaner and safer.(作宾语补足语)

  我们在努力使环境变得更干净、更安全。

  Cities today seem to be becoming much busier than ever before.(作表语)

  今天的城市似乎正变得比以往任何时候都繁忙了。

  (2)表语形容词

  有一类形容词在句中只能作表语,不作定语,这种形容词称为表语形容词。以元音字母开始的形容词大多属于这一类。

  The film is well worth seeing.

  这部电影很值得看。

  Mum has been ill for nearly a week.

  妈妈病了近一周了。

  Go and see whether the baby is awake or asleep.

  去看看孩子是醒着还是在睡觉。

  注意:

  有些表语形容词当意义变化时也可作定语。

  These days I usually have ill luck.(ill表示“坏的”)

  这些天来我总是运气不好

  有些表语形容词作定语时需要置于被修饰词的后面。

  The old man still alive can work for hours without pause.

  老人依然很活跃,能连续不停地工作好几个小时。

  二、形容词的功能

  形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等成分。

  1.形容词的语法功能

  功能:

  ①定语:

  A.解释:修饰名词,说明其性质、特征等

  B.例句:Harbin is a nice city in north China.

  哈尔滨是中国北方一座美丽的城市。

  There's nothing serious at all.

  没有什么要紧的。

  ②表语

  A.解释:与连系动词构成系表结构,说明主语的性质或特征

  B.例句:The tea is very strong.

  茶很浓。

  I feel sick today.

  今天我感觉病了。

  The room is bright.

  这间屋子很明亮。

  ③宾语补足语

  A.解释:说明宾语的性质、状态或特征

  B.例句:Don't make your parents angry.

  不要让你父母生气。

  Who has left the door open?

  谁让门开着的?

  ④主语补足语

  A.解释:说明主语的性质、状态或特征

  B.例句:Hungry and tired,he had to stop working.

  又累又饿,他只好停止了手中的活。

  The room was found very dirty.

  发现房间很脏。

  She was standing in the dark,unable to see anything.

  她站在黑暗处,什么也看不见。

  2.形容词的特殊用法

  (1)有少数形容词一般只能作表语,不能作定语,作定语时有特殊的要求。

  afraid害怕

  alive活着的

  alone单独的

  asleep睡着的

  awake醒着的

  ready准备好的

  sorry对不起

  well身体健康的

  worth值得的

  ashamed羞愧的

  alike相似的

  (2)一些形容词作定语与作表语意义不同。

  certain当然的(表语);特定的(定语)

  complete完成的、完美的(表语);完全的(定语)

  ill有病的(表语);坏的(定语)

  late晚的、迟到的(表语);已故的;新近的(定语)

  present出席的;参加的(表语);出席的;目前的(定语)

  ready准备好的;愿意的(表语);现成的(定语)

  (3)除了连系动词be后可跟形容词之外,还有一些连系动词后也可以接形容词作表语,这类动词有

  become变得

  get变得

  go变得

  feel感觉

  look看上去

  seem看上去

  appear显得

  sound听起来

  smell闻起来

  taste尝起来

  turn变得

  grow变得

  remain保持

  stay停留,保持

  keep保持

  (4)某些形容词加上定冠词the 就相当于名词,指一类人或事物。作主语时要求谓语用复数动词。或表示抽象事物,作主语时要求谓语用单数动词。

  the old老人、陈旧的东西

  the new新鲜的东西

  the poor穷人

  the rich富人

  the blind盲人

  the young年轻人

  the sick病人

  the wounded伤员

  三、形容词的位置

  形容词在句中的位置主要指作定语时与名词的排列位置。

  1.置于名词前

  形容词作定语一般位于名词之前。

  Children should be given plenty of free time.

  应给孩子们充足的自由时间。

  Nice and warm days are coming.

  美好温暖的日子来了。

  2.置于名词后

  (1)一些表语形容词作定语时必须置于名词后。

  表语形容词如alive,afraid,awake,alone,asleep,worth等作定语,常放于被修饰词的后面。

  He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today.

  他是当今世界上活着的最著名的科学家。

  The baby still asleep might be awake very soon.

  还在熟睡的婴儿可能马上就会醒来。

  注意:

  有些形容词和一部分以-ible,-able结尾的形容词作前置定语和后置定语意义不同。

  Our present problem is how to help reduce the noise around the school.

  我们目前的问题就是如何帮助减少学校周围的噪音。

  The people present at the meeting are mostly from the west of China.

  出席会议的大多数人来自中国的西部。

  (2)形容词在修饰someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,nobody,nothing等不定代词时,需要置于其后。

  Attention,please! I've got something important to tell you all.

  大家请注意!我有重要的事情要告诉你们。

  There you go.It's nothing serious at all.

  得了吧,根本没什么严重的事情。

  (3)当形容词后接“介词+名词”或不定式构成扩展的定语时要后置。

  There is a lake full of fish to the west of my hometown.

  我家西面有一个湖,里面全是鱼。

  The music is pleasant to listen to.

  这音乐很好听。

  (4)两个意义相反的形容词中间用and或or连接作定语时,常需要后置。

  All the people on this island,young or old,are all fond of music.

  这个岛上的人,不论年轻人还是年长的人都喜欢音乐。

  (5)away,long,wide,high,deep,old等词附有数词短语说明时,要后置。

  The street is 50 meters wide.

  这条街五十米宽。

  It's over 10,000 meters deep at the deepest point of the ocean.

  海洋最深处深达10,000多米。

  3.多个形容词修饰名词的排列顺序

  多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时,其排列顺序通常如下:

  限定词(包括冠词、人称代词、指示代词等)+大小+形状+性质或状态+色彩+年龄或新旧+材料或种类+来源+名词。

  a few big round black new wooden French tables

  几张新的大而圆的法国黑色木桌子

  a famous German medical school

  一所著名的德国医学学校

  the last few unforgettable sunny days on the beach

  在海滩度过的令人难忘的最后几个阳光明媚的日子

  四、形容词的比较级和最高级

  英语中的形容词常有三种形式来表达事物的等级差别,分别是原级、比较级和最高级。大部分形容词的比较级和最高级是通过变化词尾来实现的,属于规则变化,但也有少数是没有规则的。

  英语中有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,故而没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有:

  right正确

  wrong错误

  excellent最好的

  final最后的

  last最后的

  possible可能的

  first第一

  eastern东方的

  empty空的

  impossible不可能的

  wooden木制的

  1.比较级和最高级的构成

  (1)规则变化

  ①规则变化的构成

  单音节词和少数双音节词变化如下所示:

  构成

  1)一般加-er,-est

  原级 great伟大的

  比较级 greater 较伟大的

  最高级 greatest 最伟大的

  2)以字母e结尾只加-r,-st

  原级 nice好的

  比较级 nicer更好的

  最高级 nicest最好的

  3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,双写这一辅音字母后再加-er,-est

  原级 big大的

  比较级 bigger较大的

  最高级 biggest最大的

  4)以辅音字母+y结尾的词,将y变为i再加-er,-est

  原级 happy高兴的 heavy重的

  比较级 happier较高兴的 heavier较重的

  最高级 happiest最高兴的 heaviest最重的

  5)其他双音节词和多音节词,在词前加more或most

  原级 difficult 困难

  比较级 more difficult更困难的

  最高级 most difficult最困难的

  6)分词形容词的比较级和最高级一般在其前加more,most。

  原级 interesting令人感兴趣的 tired 疲劳的

  比较级 more interesting更令人感兴趣的 more tired 更疲劳的

  最高级 most interesting最感兴趣的 most tired最疲劳的

  ②规则变化的读音

  规则形容词的比较级和最高级的发音规律如下:

  一般情况下-er,-est分别读作:[]、[ist]。tall—taller [t:l]—tallest[t:list]。

  如果形容词原级的词尾为不发音的字母r,在加-er,-est时要发[r]。clear—clearer[klir]—clearest[klirist]

  如果形容词原级词尾的发音为[],在加-er和-est时,在[]后要加[g],变成[g]。strong—stronger[strg]—strongest[strgist]

  必背:

  ①双写形容词尾加-er,-est的常用形容词归纳如下:

  big大的

  fat胖的

  glad高兴的

  hot热的

  red红色的

  thin瘦的

  ②变-y为i再加-er,-est的常用形容词归纳如下:

  angry生气的

  busy繁忙的

  dirty脏的

  early早的

  happy高兴的

  hungry饥饿的

  lazy懒惰的

  lonely孤独的

  lucky幸运的

  noisy吵闹的

  unhappy不高兴的

  (2)不规则变化

  形容词、副词的不规则变化如下所示:

  ①原级:good,well(身体健康的)

  比较级:better

  最高级:best

  ②原级:bad,ill

  比较级:worse

  最高级:worst

  ③原级:little

  比较级:less

  最高级:least

  ④原级:much,many

  比较级:more

  最高级:most

  ⑤原级:far

  比较级:farther(只指距离:更远的)

  further(指距离:更远的,等同于farther;指程度:更深入的)

  最高级:farthest(只指距离:最远的)

  furthest(指距离:最远的,等同于farthest;指程度:最深入的)

  ⑥原级:old

  比较级:older(指年龄、新旧:较老的、较旧的;指血缘:长辈的,此时等同于elder)

  elder (只指血缘:长辈的)

  最高级:oldest(指年龄、新旧:最老的、最旧的;指血缘:最年长的,此时等同于eldest)

  eldest (指血缘:最年长的)

  ⑦原级:late

  比较级:later (较迟的、后来)

  最高级:latest(最新的)

  注意:

  有很多形容词可有两种形式的比较级和最高级。在现代英语中作表语的比较级和最高级,无论其音节多少,人们总喜欢用more,most形式。

  glad,fond,shy,fit等词可以在其后加-er,-est构成比较级和最高级,也可在其前加more,most构成比较级和最高级。但real只能通过加more,most构成比较级和最高级。

  2.比较级的用法

  (1)原级的用法

  ①此时常用as+原级形容词+as的结构。

  My handwriting is as beautiful as yours.

  我的书法和你的一样好。

  ②在否定句中,既可用as...as...结构,也可用so...as...结构。

  I am not as/so busy as I used to be.

  我没有过去那么忙了。

  ③如第一个as后的形容词作定语修饰名词,应将该名词及有关修饰语全列在第一个as之后。

  I don't make as much money as you do.

  我挣的钱不如你挣的多。

  (2)一方高于或低于另一方的比较

  运用“比较级+than”的结构可以表达一方超过或低于另一方的情况。

  You look much younger than I do.

  你看上去比我年轻多了。

  I look less younger than you (do).

  我看上去不如你年轻。

  She doesn't work harder than you (do).

  她工作不如你努力。

  (3)表示两者程度不同的其他结构

  可用more than(多于……),not more than(不多于……),less than (少于……),not less than(不少于……),less+adj.+than等。

  We haven't got more than one hour left right now.

  我们现在还有不到一个小时了。

  It is less colder today than it was yesterday.

  今天没有昨天冷。

  比较:

  many more,much more的用法区别

  many more只能修饰可数名词复数形式。如:many more workers还有很多工人

  much more既可修饰不可数名词,也可构成比较级。如:much more money还有很多钱,much more important更重要

  (4)比较级+and+比较级

  这种句型表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长,意为“越来越……”。

  As summer is coming,the day is becoming longer and longer.

  夏天到了,天变得越来越长了。

  (5)“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”

  这种句式用来表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度平行增长,意为“越……(就)越……”。

  The shorter your dialogue is,the better it is.

  你的对话越短越好。

  The more difficult the problem is,the more careful we should be.

  问题越难,我们就应越小心。

  (6)比较级常见的错误

  ①more不可修饰比较级,但可以用much来加强比较级,意为“……多”“更……”。

  She looks more younger than I.(×)

  She looks much younger than I.(√)

  她看上去比我年轻得多。

  ②比较的对象或范围出现错误。

  The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai.(×)

  The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.(√)

  北京的天气比上海冷。

  China is larger than any country in Asia.(×)(出现了逻辑上的错误。中国就是亚洲的一个国家,应当排除在外。)

  China is larger than any other country in Asia.(√)

  中国比亚洲的任何国家都大。

  注意:

  than后面接代词时,一般要用主格,但在口语中也可使用宾格。如果than后为一个小句子,不可使用宾格。

  He works harder than me.

  He works harder than I do.

  他比我用功。

  (7)倍数表达法

  详细内容请参阅第一部分第5章“数词”部分。

  3.最高级的用法

  (1)表示三者或三者以上程度最高

  最高级表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比较方式。此时应运用形容词的最高级,其句式为:the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。

  Jack is the tallest student in his class.

  杰克是他班上最高的学生。

  He is the fastest runner of the three boys.

  他是这三个男孩中跑得最快的。

  (2)most不表示“最……”的用法。

  most前如若没有定冠词the,就没有比较的意思,只是用来加强语气,有“很”、“非常”之意。同very。

  This is a most interesting story.

  这是一个很有趣的故事。

  Annie is most hard-working.

  安妮非常用功。

  比较:

  介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围。

  如果在一定的地域空间内,用in,如果在同一类事物的范围内进行比较用of。

  China is the largest country in Asia.

  中国是亚洲最大的国家。

  China is the largest one of all the Asian countries.

  中国是亚洲所有国家中最大的。

  (3)“最……”的其他表达法。

  运用比较级表达最高级的概念。

  Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.

  Julia is taller than the other girls in her class.

  Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.

  朱丽叶是她班上最高的女生。

  以上三句表达的意思等同于最高级Julia is the tallest of the girls in her class.

  I have never heard a better voice than yours.(=Your voice is the best voice that I have ever heard.)

  我从未听过比你更好的嗓音。

  4.比较级和最高级修饰语

  (1)比较级修饰语

  修饰比较级的常用词和短语有:

  much,even,still,yet,(by)far,far and away,a lot,a great deal,twice,five times,many times,two-fifths,20%,a little,a bit,rather等。quite一般不修饰比较级,偶尔见到I feel quite better.的用法。

  I feel much/a great deal better today.

  我今天感觉好多了。

  He is five years older than I.

  他比我大五岁。

  Your handwriting is far and away/(by)far better than mine.

  你的书法远比我的好。

  注意:

  Our school is twice larger than yours.

  正确的翻译应为“我们学校是你们学校的两倍大。”,而不应翻译为“我们的学校比你们的学校大两倍。”

  上面的句子等同于Our school is twice as large as yours.

  类似的句子还有:

  This street is three times wider than that one.=This street is three times as wide as that one.这条街是那条街的三倍宽。(或这条街比那条街宽两倍。)

  (2)最高级修饰语

  常用的修饰语有序数词以及much,(by)far,nearly,almost等。

  The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

  黄河是中国第二长河。

  Of the three girls Betty is much the cleverest.

  这三个女孩中,贝蒂是最最聪明的。

  Of all the students,Jack's oral English is almost the best.

  在所有的学生中,杰克的英语口语几乎是最好的。

  This is (by) far the best book that I've ever read.(=This is the best book by far that I've ever read.)

  这是我读过的最好的书。

  五、形容词的主动和被动意义

  1.以-ing和-ed结尾的形容词

  英语中有些形容词是由动词的-ing构成的,与之对应的便是动词的-ed构成的形容词。前者表示主动意义,后者表示被动意义。由于它们的形式与现在分词和过去分词完全一样,故又称之为分词形容词。常见的这类形容词列举如下。

  amazing令人惊异的

  amazed感到惊异的

  amusing令人愉快的

  amused感到开心的

  astonishing令人吃惊的

  astonished感到吃惊的

  boring令人讨厌的

  bored感到厌烦的

  confusing令人迷惑的

  confused感到迷惑的

  disappointing令人失望的

  disappointed感到失望的

  discouraging令人丧气的

  discouraged感到丧气的

  disturbing烦人的

  disturbed受到干扰的

  encouraging令人鼓舞的

  encouraged受到鼓励的

  entertaining愉快的、有趣的

  entertained感到愉快的

  exciting令人兴奋的

  excited感到兴奋的

  freezing冰冻的、严寒的

  frozen冻僵了的

  frightening令人害怕的

  frightened感到害怕的

  inspiring令人鼓舞的

  inspired受到鼓舞的

  interesting令人感兴趣的

  interested感兴趣的

  inviting诱人的

  invited被吸引的

  moving感动人的

  moved受感动的

  pleasing令人高兴的

  pleased感到高兴的

  puzzling令人不解的

  puzzled感到不解的

  satisfying令人满意的

  satisfied感到满意的

  shocking骇人听闻的

  shocked震惊的

  surprising令人感到惊讶的

  surprised感到惊讶的

  tiring令人疲劳的

  tired感到疲劳的

  touching令人感动的

  touched受感动的

  worrying令人担忧的

  worried感到担忧的

  2.以-ful,-ory,-ous,-some结尾的形容词

  这些形容词往往具有主动意义。

  dangerous危险的、带来危险的

  serious严峻的、令人感到严肃的

  credulous轻信的

  fabulous令人难以置信的

  marvelous令人感到不可思议的

  satisfactory令人满意的

  delightful令人感到高兴的

  harmful带来危害的

  helpful带来帮助的

  quarrelsome好争论的、爱吵架的

  tiresome令人感到疲劳的

  awesome令人敬畏的

  3.以-able,-ible结尾的形容词

  这类形容词往往具有被动意义。

  credible 可信的、可靠的

  incredible不可靠的、不可信的

  possible可能的

  impossible不可能的

  respectable值得尊敬的

  desirable期望得到的

  六、形容词与介词的搭配

  在英语中有很多形容词后需要加特定的介词,构成固定的搭配结构,这些介词是不可以随便改变的。常见的搭配有如下几种情况:

  1.形容词与about搭配的短语

  be careful about对……小心

  be sure about对……有把握

  be certain about对……有把握

  be worried about对……担忧

  be anxious about对……感到焦虑

  be sorry about对……感到遗憾

  2.形容词与at搭配的短语

  be surprised at对……感到惊奇

  be angry at对……生气

  be good at在……方面擅长

  be clever at在……方面聪明

  be expert at在……方面专长

  be experienced at有……的经验

  3.形容词与for搭配的短语

  be famous for由……而著名

  be well known for由于……而著名

  be ready for准备好干……

  get ready for为……作好准备

  be sorry for为……感到抱歉

  be fit/unfit for适合……/不适合……

  be good for对……有好处

  be bad for对……有坏处

  be harmful for对……有害

  4.形容词与in搭配的短语

  be interested in对……感兴趣

  be weak in在……方面薄弱

  be poor in在……方面薄弱

  be different in在……方面不同

  be strict in对……事情要求严格

  be experienced in有……的经验

  be expert in在……擅长

  5.形容词与of搭配的短语

  be afraid of害怕……

  be certain of对……有把握

  be fond of喜欢……

  be proud of为……感到自豪

  be tired of对……感到厌倦

  be full of充满……

  be careful of对……小心

  be sure of对……有把握

  be short of

  ……短缺

  be ashamed of对……感到羞愧

  6.形容词与to搭配的短语

  be good to对……态度好

  be kind to对……和蔼

  be nice to对……友好

  be rude to对……粗鲁

  be polite to对……有礼貌

  be bad to对……态度不好

  be useful to对……有用

  7.形容词与with搭配的短语

  be angry with对……生气

  be careful with处理……时小心

  be busy with忙于……

  be satisfied with对……感到满意

  be pleased with对……感到满意

  be happy with对……感到高兴

  be patient with对……有耐心

  be strict with对某人要求严格

  注意:

  有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义差别不大。

  be expert at/in/on在……方面擅长

  be experienced at/in在……方面有经验

  be sure of/about对……有把握

  be certain of/about对……有把握

  有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义不同。

  be good at对……擅长

  be good to对……友好

  be good for对……有好处

  点击考点

  1.The coat I bought last week is too big for me.I'd like to change it for a______one.

  A.small

  B.large

  C.nicer

  D.smaller

  2.Their school is three times as______as ours.That means our school is______than theirs.

  A.big;three times smaller

  B.small;large

  C.big;small

  D.large;twice smaller

  3.Things are______on the moon______on the earth.

  A.much lighter;than

  B.much heavier;than

  C.as heavy;as

  D.not so light;as

  4.Miss Gao asked a question,but it was______that nobody could answer it.

  A.very difficult

  B.too difficult

  C.difficult enough

  D.so difficult

  5.—I hear Tom is working at history very hard.

  —I'm ______he will pass the history exam this time.

  A.afraid

  B.surprised

  C.sure

  D.sorry

  6.There is a smile on her face.I think she's______with my work.

  A.strict

  B.angry

  C.pleased

  D.sorry

  7.The Yellow River is the second_________river in China.

  A.long

  B.longer

  C.longest

  D.the most longest

  8.Can we do our work better with_________money and_________people?

  A.lesser;few

  B.less;fewer

  C.little;less

  D.few;less

  9.He made the_________mistakes in the dictation exercise.

  A.less

  B.least

  C.fewer

  D.fewest

  10.The coat _______ that one.

  A.as old as

  B.is old

  C.that is as old as

  D.is as old as

  11.John has three sisters.Mary is the_________of the three.

  A.most cleverest

  B.more clever

  C.cleverest

  D.cleverer

  12.He had never spent a _________day.

  A.more worry

  B.most worrying

  C.more worrying

  D.more worried

  13.The pianos in the other shops will be_________,but_________.

  A.cheaper;not as better

  B.more cheap;not as better

  C.cheaper;not as good

  D.more cheap;not as good

  14.Which is_________country,Canada or Australia?

  A.a large

  B.larger

  C.a larger

  D.the larger

  15.It takes a long time to go there by train;it's_________by road.

  A.quick

  B.the quickest

  C.much quick

  D.quicker

  16.—If you don't like the red coat,take the blue one.

  —OK,but do you have_________one in blue? This one is a bit tight for me.

  A.a big

  B.a bigger

  C.the big

  D.the bigger

  17.How beautifully she sings! I've never heard_________.

  A.the best voice

  B.a better voice

  C.a best voice

  D.the better voice

  18.Professor White has written some short stories,but he is_________known for his plays.

  A.the best

  B.more

  C.better

  D.the most

  19.This news sounds________.

  A.encouraging

  B.encouraged

  C.encourage

  D.to encourage

  20.These oranges taste________.

  A.good

  B.well

  C.to be good

  D.to be well

  21.—Would you like some wine?

  —Yes.Just________.

  A.little

  B.very little

  C.a little

  D.little bit

  22.—How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

  —It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the________days at the seaside.

  A.few last sunny

  B.last few sunny

  C.last sunny few

  D.few sunny last

  23.Wait till you are more________.It's better to be sure than sorry.

  A.inspired

  B.satisfied

  C.certain

  D.calm

  24.Professor Blitz is________interesting person as a lecturer,but he goes on very badly with the people around.

  A.more

  B.so much

  C.a most

  D.the most

  25.—Are you satisfied with the lecture made by the expert on clone techniques?

  —Not at all.It couldn't have been________.

  A.worse

  B.so bad

  C.better

  D.the worst

  26.That________man is very kind and friendly to the students from China.

  A.American tall young

  B.American young tall

  C.tall young American

  D.tall American young

  27.Tony is going camping along with________boys this summer vacation.

  A.little two

  B.two little other

  C.two other little

  D.little other two

  28.—Do you have a big music band in your school?

  —No,we don't —at least not_________yours.

  A.bigger as

  B.as big as

  C.as big than

  D.so bigger than

  29.—The weather's better today,isn't it?

  —Yes,it's not_________.

  A.as colder

  B.as cold

  C.much cold

  D.much colder

  30.The great use of the school education is not so much to teach you things_________to teach you the art of learning.

  A.as

  B.than

  C.rather than

  D.nor

  31.—Would you like to join us?

  —Sorry.I am not_________as any of you.

  A.so good a player

  B.so good player

  C.a player so good

  D.a so good player

  32.After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced_________tractors in 2002 as the year before.

  A.as twice many

  B.as many twice

  C.twice as many

  D.twice many as

  33.The balloon Li Ming's father has just bought him is_________mine.

  A.as three times big as

  B.three times big as

  C.as three times the size of

  D.three times the size of

  34.Would you be_________to step this way,please? I'll lead you right there.

  A.too kind

  B.so kind

  C.so kind as

  D.as kind as

  35.You should read more such good books,I think,_________the ones you've already read.

  A.with

  B.as

  C.that

  D.and

  36.If the manager had to choose between the two,he would say John was________choice.

  A.good

  B.the best

  C.better

  D.the better

  37.This year they have produced_________grain_________they did last year.

  A.as less;as

  B.as few;as

  C.less;than

  D.fewer;than

  38.The Chinese government collected_________30 million yuan of needy things to be sent to the war-stricken Afghanistan.

  A.as many as

  B.as much as

  C.so many as

  D.so much as

  39.—Have you any money on you?

  —I have_________two yuan left in my pocket.

  —Only two yuan? That's enough.

  A.less than

  B.more than

  C.no more than

  D.not more than

  40.China Daily is_________a newspaper,which greatly helps our English study.

  A.less than

  B.more than

  C.no more than

  D.not more than

  41.—Can I help you?

  —Well,I'm afraid the box is________heavy for you,but thank you all the same.

  A.so

  B.much

  C.very

  D.too

  42.—Is the flower beautiful?

  —Yes,at least it is_________the one I bought yesterday.

  A.as bad as

  B.no better than

  C.not better than

  D.no worse than

  43.—Do you want any sugar in your coffee?

  —________,please.

  A.Little

  B.A little

  C.One

  D.The one

  44.Of all the students,I spent________time and made________mistakes.

  A.much;many

  B.more;more

  C.the least;the least

  D.the least;the fewest

  45.________problem cannot be worked out by a boy of five.

  A.So a hard

  B.So hard a

  C.A such hard

  D.Such hard a

  46.Paper produced every year is________the world's production of vehicles.

  A.the three times weight

  B.three times the weight of

  C.as three times heavy as

  D.three times as heavier as

  47.The salesman showed her several bags and she chose_________one as she didn't want to spend too much money on it.

  A.the less expensive

  B.less expensive

  C.the least expensive

  D.least expensive

  48.Of the two shirts,I'd like to choose_________one.

  A.the less expensive

  B.the most expensive

  C.less expensive

  D.most expensive

  49.Borris has brains.In fact,I doubt whether anyone in the class has_______IQ.

  A.a high

  B.a higher

  C.the higher

  D.the highest

  50.His English is________better than mine,for he knows________English words and expressions than I do.

  A.far;many more

  B.quite;rather more

  C.much;much more

  D.far;a little more

  答案:

  1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.D 10.D 11.C 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.A 21.C 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.C 27.C 28.B 29.B 30.A 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.C 38.B 39.C 40.B 41.D 42.D 43.B 44.D 45.B 46.B 47.C 48.A 49.B 50.A

  第7章副词

  副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

  一、副词在意义和形式上具有自己的特征

  意义上的特征

  在意义上,副词用以说明事件发生的时间、地点,行为的方式、程度,说话者的态度、观点。副词具有明显的修饰和强调功能。

  (1)以-ly结尾的副词

  大多数副词以形容词直接加-ly构成。这些副词主要用以描述如何地、怎样地。

  frequently频繁地

  constantly经常地

  rapidly迅速地

  calmly沉着地

  happily高兴地

  anxiously焦虑地

  注意:

  形容词加-ly变副词的规律

  ①许多副词都是在形容词后直接加后缀-ly构成的。

  careful→carefully,quick→quickly,safe→safely,slow→slowly等。

  ②以-le结尾的形容词需去掉e再加y。

  gentle→gently,possible→possibly,comfortable→comfortably等。

  ③以-y结尾的形容词把y改为i,再加-ly。

  easy→easily,happy→happily,heavy→heavily,busy→busily,lucky→luckily等。

  特例:shy的副词形式为shyly。

  (2)与形容词同形的副词

  在英语中有很多形容词和副词是同形的。

  late(adj.)已故的、(ad.)迟到

  high(adj.)高的、(ad.)高

  firm(adj.)稳固的、(ad.)稳固地

  early(adj.)早的、(ad.)早

  hard(adj.)硬的、(ad.)努力地

  straight(adj.)直的、(ad.)径直

  fast(adj.)快的、(ad.)快

  long(adj.)长的、(ad.)长时间地

  enough(adj.)足够的、(ad.)足够

  low(adj.)低的、(ad.)低

  slow(adj.)慢的、(ad.)慢

  (3)其他情况

  有些词原形既是形容词又是副词,但在加-ly之后又可以构成另外的副词,这两种形式的副词其意义既有区别又有联系。

  hard 努力

  hardly 几乎不

  near 附近

  nearly 几乎

  high 高

  highly 高度地

  most 大多数

  mostly 多部分地

  deep 深入地下

  deeply 深深地

  wide 嘴、眼等张得大大地

  widely 广泛地

  late 迟到

  lately 最近、近来

  close 靠近

  closely 密切地

  注意:

  (1)加-ly的副词往往具有比喻意义。

  The picture is hanging high on the back wall.

  这幅画高高地挂在后墙上。

  Playing with fire is highly dangerous.

  玩火是高度危险的。

  (2)有些副词与加-ly的副词在修饰动词时基本相同。

  The boy held his mother's hand firmly/firm.

  孩子紧紧握住他妈妈的手。

  二、副词的分类

  副词根据其意义和语法功能可分为以下十类。

  1.时间副词

  表示时间的副词称为时间副词。常用的时间副词有:

  now 现在

  then 那时

  just now 刚才

  right now 刚才

  now and then 时不时地

  right then 就在那时

  right away 立刻、马上

  today 今天

  tomorrow 明天

  soon 很快

  ago 以前

  late 迟到

  since 自……以来

  immediately 立刻

  often 经常

  Mr Wood called just now.

  伍德先生刚才来过电话。

  I went to London five years ago and I have lived there since.

  我五年前去了伦敦,自此一直住在那里。

  Young people often forget what they should do.

  年轻人经常忘记自己应该做的事。

  2.地点副词

  表示地点的副词称为地点副词。常用的地点副词有:

  here 这里

  there 那里

  here and there 到处

  in 在里边

  out 在外边

  inside 在里边

  outside 在外边

  down 在下边

  up 在上边

  upstairs 在楼上

  downstairs 在楼下

  back 在后面

  far 在远处

  over 在那边

  everywhere 到处

  outdoors 户外

  indoors 室内

  I looked everywhere for my glasses but didn't find them.

  我到处找眼镜可没找到。

  I live upstairs,and my parents downstairs.

  我住在楼上,我父母住楼下。

  Here is my card.Let's keep in touch.

  这是我的名片,咱们保持联系吧。

  3.方式副词

  描述动作发生方式的副词称为方式副词。常用的方式副词有:

  well 很好

  fast 快地

  hard 努力

  carefully 细心地

  slowly 缓慢地

  suddenly 突然地

  simply 简直

  kindly 和蔼

  together 一起

  He put the letter carefully into the mailbox.

  他把信小心地投进了邮箱。

  Slowly,the old woman told us her story.

  这位老太太缓慢地给我们讲述着她的故事。

  Everything goes very well.

  一切进展很顺利。

  4.程度副词

  用来描述动作、行为或状态程度的副词称为程度副词。常用的程度副词有:

  much 很、非常

  little 很少地

  very 很

  enough 充足地

  hardly 几乎不

  extremely 极端地

  entirely 完全地

  a bit 有一点

  so 如此

  too 太

  rather 相当

  nearly 几乎

  almost 几乎

  half 一半

  quite 很

  It is much hotter today than yesterday.

  今天比昨天热多了。

  I can hardly understand my foreign teacher's classes.

  我几乎听不懂外教的课。

  Your voice sounds rather strange today.

  你的声音今天听起来很怪。

  5.频度副词

  频度副词主要指一定时间内动作发生的次数。常用的频度副词有:

  usually 通常

  often 经常

  sometimes 有时

  never 从来不

  always 总是

  for ever/forever 总是、永远

  constantly 经常地

  frequently 频繁地

  I usually play the piano after supper.

  我通常吃完晚饭后弹钢琴。

  It is never too old to learn.

  活到老学到老。

  Sometimes computers also make mistakes.

  有时电脑也出错。

  6.评论副词

  用来对主句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词称为评论副词。常用的评论副词有:

  luckily 幸运

  happily 幸运

  generally 一般说来

  honestly 诚实地说

  roughly 大体上

  briefly 简洁地

  hopefully 充满希望地、令人感到有希望的是

  naturally 很自然地

  broadly 广义上

  narrowly 狭义上

  Luckily I found a job I like best.

  真幸运我找到了一份我最喜欢的工作。

  Honestly,I don't agree to your plan.

  老实说我不同意你的计划。

  Hopefully,our team can win.

  很有希望,我们的队能赢。

  7.疑问副词

  疑问副词主要用来构成特殊疑问句。常用的疑问副词有:

  where 在哪里

  when 在什么时候

  why 为什么

  how 如何

  whenever 究竟什么时候

  wherever 究竟在哪里

  however 究竟如何

  Where would you like to go to college?

  你准备到哪里上大学?

  We still don't know when and how he will come.

  我们仍不知他什么时候、如何来。

  Wherever should I put all these things?

  我究竟该把这些东西放在哪里?

  8.关系副词

  关系副词主要用来引导定语从句。常用的关系副词有:

  where ……的地方

  when ……的时候

  why ……的原因

  I still remember the time when I first appeared on TV.

  我仍然记着我第一次上电视的时候。

  We're trying to find out the reason why the trees here are dying.

  我们正在尽力查明这里的树死亡的原因。

  9.连接副词

  连接副词主要用来连接句子或从句。

  (1)连接两个句子

  therefore 因此(表结果)

  moreover 再者(表补充)

  besides 况且(表补充)

  however 不管怎样(表转折)

  otherwise 否则(表条件)

  then 然后(表时间)

  though 但是(表转折,用于句尾,其前有逗号隔开)

  (2)引导从句的复合连接副词

  复合连接副词主要连接从句,不表示疑问。这类副词主要有:

  when相当于the time when...

  where相当于the place where...

  why相当于the reason why...

  whenever相当于any time when...

  wherever相当于any place where

  however相当于any way that...

  I will forever treasure when I studied at college.

  我会永远珍惜上大学的时光。

  That's where the traffic accident happened.

  那就是交通事故发生的地方。

  Whenever you've got questions,please feel free to ask me for help.

  不管什么时候有问题,请找我帮忙好了。

  10.其他副词

  其他副词主要包括:yes,no,certainly,surely,really,how等。how可作感叹副词,构成感叹句。

  Is your story really true?

  你的故事的确是真的吗?

  How excited we all were at the good news!

  听到这好消息,我们是多么激动啊!

  三、副词的功能

  1.作状语

  副词作状语可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、分词和全句。

  He works very hard on his subjects.(修饰动词)

  他努力专攻自己的课题。

  She speaks English very beautifully.(修饰另一副词)

  她英文说得很好。

  I'm very busy these days.(修饰形容词)

  这些天我很忙。

  Luckily,she had got another chance.(修饰整个句子)

  很幸运,她得到了另一个机会。

  2.作表语

  副词作表语主要指主语的方位、方向、动作等情况。

  When the meeting is over,give me a phone call.

  会议结束时,给我来个电话。

  Sorry,I have to be off right now.

  对不起,我得马上走。

  Is anybody in?

  里边有人吗?

  3.作定语

  作定语的副词主要为表示时间或地点的副词(here,there,in,out,up,down,below,above,upstairs,downstairs,indoors,outdoors,now,then等),这些副词作定语时应后置。

  Who is the person over there?

  那边的人是谁?

  Only this can help us all out.

  仅此就能使我们脱离困境。

  The people there are very kind to visitors.

  那里的人对来访者很友好。

  注意:

  ①有些副词可修饰名词,用以加强语气,相当于状语。常用的这类副词有quite,rather,even。

  We held quite a party last weekend.

  上周末我们举行了一次相当不错的宴会。

  Even a child won't believe such a story you told.

  就连孩子都不会相信你所说的话。

  ②有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。常用的这类副词有almost,nearly,roughly,mostly等。

  Nearly anyone present at the meeting was an expert on SARS.

  参加这次会议的人几乎都是SARS方面的专家。

  I learned three foreign languages at college,but now I have forgotten almost all of them.

  我上大学时学过三门外语,可现在几乎全忘了。

  4.作宾语补足语或主语补足语

  副词作补足语主要说明宾语或主语所处的位置、状态等。

  Did you see anybody in?

  (宾语补足语)

  你看到里面有人吗?

  The boy was seen upstairs.(主语补足语)

  有人看见这个男孩在楼上。

  四、副词的位置

  1.修饰形容词、其他副词时的位置

  修饰形容词、副词时,位于被修饰词的前面。

  Computers work much faster than before.

  计算机的速度比原来快多了。

  Happy days pass too soon.

  快乐的日子很快过去了。

  注意:

  enough作为副词时总是置于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。

  The book is easy enough for little kids.

  这书对小孩来说足够容易。

  enough作形容词时,可置于名词之前或之后。

  We haven't enough time/time enough to prepare for the meeting.

  我们没有足够时间准备会议了。

  2.多个副词的排列顺序

  (1)时间副词、地点副词

  时间副词和地点副词同时出现时,时间副词置于地点副词之后。

  I have gone nowhere recently,for I have a dozen irons in the fire.

  我最近哪里也没去,因为我实在是太忙了。

  (2)强调某一副词时

  在强调某一动词的具体方式、状态、程度时,将需要强调的副词提到前面。

  We walked slowly downstairs.

  我们慢慢地向楼下走去。

  (3)有助动词时

  说明行为频度的副词常位于行为动词之前,系动词之后;句中有助动词时,则在其后;有多个助动词时,则置于第一个助动词之后。

  Jeff is always ready to help others.

  杰夫总是乐于助人。

  I often go to school at six in the morning.

  我经常早上六点去上学。

  I have never visited the Great Wall.

  我从未到过长城。

  You'll always be asked to keep silence over what's happened.

  对于所发生的一切,要求你必须保守秘密。

  有关副词作状语时在句中的位置请参阅第二部分第7章“倒装”部分。

  五、副词的比较级和最高级

  副词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语和形容词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语一样,请参照形容词的比较级和最高级的构成、用法、修饰语。

  六、常见副词的用法

  1.very,much,very much的区别

  very

  (1)修饰形容词或副词

  (2)修饰形容词性的-ing形式

  (3)修饰形容词性的-ed形式

  (very)much

  (1)修饰形容词或副词的比较级

  (2)修饰动词的-ed形式

  I'm very fond of music.

  我非常喜欢音乐。

  This story is very exciting.

  这故事很棒。

  I was much troubled by the noisy children.

  这些喧闹的孩子很惹我烦。

  I was very,very much excited to hear it.

  听到这我很兴奋。

  修饰动词要用much或 very much。修饰形容词或副词比较级、最高级要用much。

  I love climbing very much.

  我很爱登山。

  Thank you very much for your kind help.

  非常感谢你热情的帮助。

  Thanks very much.

  非常感谢。

  注意:

  tired,excited,pleased,delighted,surprised,frightened等,在实际使用中既可用very,又可用much修饰,书面语中一般仍用much。

  2.ago,before

  ago用于表示以现在为起点的“以前”,而before则用于以过去某时刻或将来为起点的“以前”,故ago常与一般过去时连用,before则用于完成时态的句子中。另外before还可作连词、介词等,before前还可加上long,构成long before短语。

  I arrived here a few minutes ago.

  我几分钟前到达这儿。

  I have never before read such a moving story as The Bridges of Madison County.

  我从来没有读过比《廊桥遗梦》更令人动情的故事了。

  I was told that he had gone to town half an hour before.

  有人告诉我说他半小时前进城了。

  Hurry up,or you'll be probably told that the bus has left a few minutes before when you get to the station.

  快点,不然在你到车站时就会被告知车已经走了几分钟了。

  I had seen the film The 39 Steps long before.

  很久前我就看过电影《三十九级台阶》。

  3.already,yet,still

  (1)作“已经”讲,already用于肯定句,yet用于疑问句。

  We've already met before.

  我们以前已经见过面。

  Have you been to Paris yet?

  你去过巴黎吗?

  (2)already用于疑问句表示惊讶之意。

  Have you been to Paris already?

  你去过巴黎?

  (3)作“还”讲,yet用于否定句,still主要用于肯定句、疑问句,表示“依然、继续”,有时也用于否定句。

  The rain hasn't stopped yet.

  雨还没停。

  It is still raining now.

  现在雨还在下。

  4.too,as well,also,either

  (1)too和as well主要用于肯定句和疑问句,多用于口语,一般放在句尾,但有时根据修饰的需要,位置也可以灵活变动。

  If you would like to go,I will go,too.

  如果你去,那我也去。

  She can dance and she can sing as well.

  她会跳舞,也会唱歌。

  (2)also主要用于肯定句和疑问句,多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。

  She can dance and she can also sing.

  她会跳舞,还会唱歌。

  (3)either用于否定句和否定的疑问句,往往放于句尾。

  She can't speak Chinese and her husband can't either.

  她不会说汉语,她丈夫也不会。

  5.hard,hardly

  hard意为“努力”,而hardly意为“几乎不”。

  No one works harder than the new comer.

  没有人比新来的那个人工作更卖力。

  I could hardly understand the physics professor.

  我几乎听不懂物理教授的课。

  6.rather,fairly

  (1)两词都可作“相当”讲,前者修饰褒义词或贬义词皆可,而后者只修饰褒义词。请你仔细比较下列各句:

  The book is rather easy for the children of 10.(意思是“不适合”)

  这本书对于10岁的孩子来说太容易了。

  The book is fairy easy for the children of 10.(意即“适合读”)

  这本书对于10岁的孩子来说难易正适中。

  Your story is rather interesting.

  你的故事相当有趣。

  (2)rather可修饰比较级或too引起的短语,而fairly则不可。

  The question is rather too difficult for me.

  这个问题对我来说太难了。

  I feel rather better today.

  今天我感觉好多了。

  7.deep,deeply

  deep往往指有形的“深”,而deeply往往指比喻意义上的“深”。

  Frogs will go deep under the ground to have a long sleep in winter.

  在冬天青蛙将会深入地下进行冬眠。

  I'm working deep into the night these days for a report.

  我近来一直工作到深夜准备一份报告。

  I was deeply moved by your story.

  我被你讲的故事深深打动了。

  8.wide,widely

  wide指有形的“宽”,而widely指比喻意义上的“宽广”、“广泛”等意。

  All the children opened their eyes wide at the news.

  听到这消息,所有的孩子都睁大了眼睛。

  Computers are now widely used in almost every way.

  今天计算机几乎已在每个方面都得到了广泛应用。

  9.close,closely

  close作副词用时意思为“靠近地”,closely的意思是“紧密地、密切地”。

  Don't stand too close to the fire.

  不要离火太近。

  Watch closely what I am doing and try to see what's happening.

  请仔细观察我所做的一切,努力看发生了什么。

  10.late,lately

  late的意思是“迟到”,lately的意思是“近来、最近”。

  I never come to school late.

  我上学从来不迟到。

  How have you been lately?

  你最近怎么样?

  11.near,nearly

  near指时间、距离、事件等的“靠近、附近”,nearly是“几乎差不多”之意。

  The cinema is quite near.

  影院离这儿很近。

  It's nearly six o'clock.Let's start.

  已近六点了,咱们开始吧。

  12.high,highly

  high指有形的“高”,highly指比喻意义上的“高、高度地”。

  If you stand higher,you'll get a wonderful view of the park.

  登上高处,你会看到整个公园的美好景色。

  We all think highly of Bob's new songs.

  我们对鲍勃的新歌评价很高。

  It's highly dangerous to live very near TV stations.

  住在离电视台很近的地方非常危险。

  13.almost,nearly

  副词almost和nearly都有“几乎、差不多”之意。

  (1)almost比nearly更接近所提到的某一程度。

  My little son is almost 10 years old.(可能再有几天就是十岁生日了。)

  我的小儿子马上就十岁了。

  My little son is nearly 10 years old.(可能是八岁或九岁。)

  我的小儿子快十岁了。

  (2)一般情况下,在修饰表示肯定意义的动词、形容词、副词和名词时,在all,every,always之类的词之前,两者可换用。

  I nearly/almost fell off my bike.

  我差点没从自行车上摔下来。

  Time is almost/nearly up.

  时间差不多到了。

  She is nearly/almost always at home in the evening.

  她晚上差不多总在家。

  Almost/Nearly everybody came.

  差不多每个人都来了。

  (3)almost可与never,nobody,nothing,no,none,too,more than等词连用,而nearly则不可。在与一些不表示空间或时间,无法比较或衡量的词语连用时,表示心理感觉或心境的词一般用almost。

  The speaker said almost nothing worth listening to.

  那位发言者所说的话几乎没有一句值得听的。

  Our cat understands everything—he's almost human.

  我们家的猫什么都懂——他几乎是通人性的。

  This is almost more than we feared.

  这远远超过我们所害怕的。

  You could almost imagine you were in Switzerland.

  你差不多可以设想你在瑞士的情景。

  (4)nearly可被very,pretty或not前置修饰,而almost则不能。

  I'm not nearly ready.

  我一点都没准备好。

  She looks like her mother very nearly.

  她非常像她母亲。

  14.perhaps,likely, maybe, possibly, probably

  这一组词都有“或许、可能”之意,但描述可能性的角度不一样。

  (1)perhaps意思为“也许、可能”,与maybe意思和用法基本相同,口语化较浓,语气较弱,可能性也非常小。

  Perhaps/Maybe tomorrow the weather will turn out to be fine.

  或许明天天气会转好。

  (2)possibly 意思为“可能”、“也许”,来自形容词possible,强调客观存在的可能性,并带有可能性很小的意味;常与may,might 或can,could连用。前者使语气婉转,后者加强语气。在书面语中,possibly 有时可表示perhaps 的意思。

  What he said may possibly be true.

  他所说的可能是真的。

  I will come as soon as I possibly can.

  我尽可能快点来。

  You can't possibly walk 20 miles in an hour.

  你一小时无论如何也走不了二十英里。

  He's possibly the most selfish man in town.

  他也许是镇上最自私的人。

  (3)probably 意为“或许”、“大概”,来自形容词probable ,强调有根据、合情理,常有可能性很大的意味,语气比possibly强,常用more,most修饰,不可用very修饰,也不能用于can,could,may,might等情态动词后。

  John most probably told his father all about the matter.He usually tells him everything.

  约翰很可能把这件事的一切都告诉了他的父亲, 他通常对父亲从不隐瞒任何事。

  (4)likely 侧重从表面看来很有可能,常与probably 混用,但likely 既可作形容词,也可作副词,可用very,more,most修饰。

  They'll very likely come by car.

  他们很可能坐轿车来。

  I shall most likely be at home all day tomorrow.

  明天我很可能全天在家。

  点击考点

  1.________I went to the railway station to see my friend off.

  A.After eating quickly my dinner

  B.After my eating quickly dinner

  C.After eating my dinner quickly

  D.After eating my quickly dinner

  2.Mrs Smith warned her daughter________after drinking.

  A.never to drive

  B.to never drive

  C.never driving

  D.never drive

  3.—Will you give this message to Mr White,please?

  —Sorry,I can't.He________.

  A.doesn't any more work here

  B.doesn't any longer here work

  C.doesn't work any more here

  D.doesn't work here any longer

  4.—How did you find your visit to the museum?

  —I thoroughly enjoyed it.It was_________than I expected.

  A.far more interesting

  B.even much interesting

  C.so more interesting

  D.a lot much interesting

  5.The experiment was_________easier than we had expected.

  A.more

  B.much more

  C.much

  D.more much

  6.If there were no examinations,we should have_________at school.

  A.the happiest time

  B.a more happier time

  C.much happiest time

  D.a much happier time

  7.There are________more people in our city than in yours.

  A.a bit

  B.much

  C.a great deal

  D.a great many

  8.—Would you please find________for the children to read?

  —Yes,sure.

  A.something easily enough

  B.easy something enough

  C.enough something easy

  D.something easy enough

  9.What he said sounds________,but it doesn't.

  A.nicely

  B.pleasantly

  C.friendly

  D.wonderfully

  10.She doesn't speak________her friend,but her written work is excellent.

  A.as well as

  B.so often as

  C.so much as

  D.as good as

  11._________to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.

  A.Brave enough students

  B.Enough brave students

  C.Students brave enough

  D.Students enough brave

  12.It's believed that________you work,________result you'll get.

  A.the harder;the better

  B.the more hard;the more better

  C.much;much more

  D.far;a little more

  13.Get________and offer our immediate support to the after-war Afghanistan.

  A.there enough fast

  B.there fast enough

  C.enough there fast

  D.fast there enough

  14.I am________too shy to ask people for directions,but I often receive replies that puzzle me.

  A.no longer

  B.no more

  C.not in the least

  D.neither

  15.—Richard had another car accident!

  — I'm not surprised.He always drives _______too fast.

  A.very

  B.much

  C.so

  D.such

  16.We decided not to climb the mountains as it was raining________.

  A.badly

  B.hardly

  C.strongly

  D.heavily

  17.A foreign language can't be learned very quickly;it must be learned________.

  A.by and by

  B.little by little

  C.more and more

  D.sooner and sooner

  18.The students tested on are________young people between the ages of 16 and 20.

  A.most

  B.almost

  C.mostly

  D.at most

  19.—What do you think of the weather in Beijing recently?

  —It is________.Many people simply can't go to work as usual.

  A.much so sandy

  B.too much sandy

  C.much too sandy

  D.so much sandy

  20.The sea is not deep________.Some parts of it are very shallow.

  A.anywhere

  B.nowhere

  C.somewhere

  D.everywhere

  21.—Can you ask your neighbours for help?

  —I'm afraid not.I ________know them.

  A.hardly

  B.only

  C.just

  D.seldom

  22.The machine is getting old and cannot run_________it did.

  A.as faster as

  B.so fast than

  C.so faster as

  D.as fast as

  23.Though in good health now,she hardly works_________before.

  A.so hard than

  B.hard like

  C.as hard

  D.so hard as

  24.There had been a long discomfort with his eyes and_________he lost his sight.

  A.as usual

  B.as matter of fact

  C.as a result

  D.as well

  25.________book of this writer is East and West.

  A.Known to be the best

  B.It was the best known

  C.Known as the best

  D.The best known

  答案:

  1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.C 20.D 21.A 22.D 23.D 24.C 25.C

  第8章介词

  用来表明名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与句中其他词的关系的词叫做介词。介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独作句子成分,需要和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的部分称为介词宾语,简称介宾。

  一、介词的分类

  根据形式和意义可将介词分为不同的类别。

  1.根据介词的形式分类

  根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为简单介词、合成介词、双重介词、短语介词和动词的-ing形式介词五类。

  (1)简单介词

  由一个词构成的介词称为简单介词。

  at在……上/时

  in在……里面

  on在……上面

  for长达……

  near在……附近

  by在……附近

  after在……之后

  before 在……之前

  with和……一起

  behind在……之后

  (2)合成介词

  由两个词合在一起构成的介词称为合成介词。

  inside在……里面

  outside在……外面

  onto到……上面

  into进入……

  nearby在……附近

  within在……范围内

  without没有……

  (3)双重介词

  由两个简单介词重叠在一起构成的介词称为双重介词。

  from behind从后面

  until after直到……后

  from among从……中间

  (4)短语介词

  短语介词指由一个或几个简单介词和一个或几个其他词类组合构成,在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词。

  at the back of在……后面

  instead of替代

  in place of取代

  in front of在……前面

  at the top of在……顶上

  at the bottom of在……底部

  on the edge of在……边上

  on the point of在……时刻

  thanks to多亏了

  owing to由于

  due to由于

  (5)动词的-ing形式介词

  在英语中有一部分动词的-ing形式具备介词的性质,在很多情况下,将它们视为介词。

  including包括

  considering考虑到

  regarding关于

  concerning关于

  2.根据介词的意义分类

  根据介词的意义可将介词分为表示空间关系的介词、表示时间的介词、表示方位的介词、表示手段的介词和其他介词。

  (1)表示空间关系的介词

  at在……上

  around在……周围

  on在……上

  in在……里

  under在……下面

  over在……正上方

  above在……上方

  below在……下方

  behind在……后面

  in front of在……前面

  inside在……里边

  outside在……外面

  beside在……旁边

  among在……中间

  between在……中间

  round在……周围

  near在……附近

  nearby在……附近

  close to靠近

  near to靠近

  away from远离

  off远离

  out在外

  up在上面

  down在下面

  along沿着

  (2)表示时间的介词

  at在……时

  on在……时

  in在……后

  about大约

  around大约

  round大约

  between在……之间

  from...to...从……到……

  since自从

  for长达

  during在……期间

  until直到

  till直到

  by到……为止

  after在……之后

  before在……之前

  (3)表示方位的介词

  beyond在……那一边

  over在……远处

  past超过

  up在高处

  across在……对面

  opposite在……对面

  (4)表示手段、施动者等的介词

  like像

  with用

  in用

  by用

  (5)表示其他含义的介词

  of具有……性质

  with带有……

  without没有……

  except除了……

  besides包括……在内

  instead of而不是……

  二、介词的含义

  介词的含义相当丰富,主要用来表示时间、地点、方向、工具、手段、材料等。

  1.表示时间

  (1)at,on,in,during

  表示时间的介词主要有at,on,in,during。

  ①at

  at表示在某一具体时刻,或把某一段时间看作某一时刻时也可用at,在节假日也常用at。

  at 7:30在七点半

  at Christmas在圣诞节

  at noon在正午

  at midnight在半夜

  at that time在那时

  at breakfast time在吃早饭时

  at first首先

  at last最后

  at the end of在……最后

  at the end最终

  at the beginning of在……开始时

  at the beginning在开始

  at the moment当时、这时

  at present目前

  at the present time目前

  ②on

  当表示在具体的某一天,某一天的早晨、中午或晚上时常用介词on,对某一天或某一天的早晨、中午或晚上进行详细描述时也用on。

  on Monday在星期一

  on the following day第二天

  on May the first五月一日

  on New Year's Day在元旦

  on Monday morning在星期一早晨

  on the morning of April the first四月一日上午

  on a rainy day在一个雨天

  on a cold day在寒冷的一天

  on the following evening第二天傍晚

  on the weekend在周末

  ③in

  当所指的时间比一天更长或更短时用介词in。 in还可表示在将来,还可以表示从现在算起的一段时间之后。

  in the evening在傍晚

  in August在八月

  in spring在春季

  in 2004在2004年

  in the 21st century在二十一世纪

  in one's life在一生中

  in the 1990's在二十世纪90年代

  in the future在将来

  in my school days在我上学期间

  in the daytime在白天

  ④during

  during除了具有in表示时间段的功能之外,还可指在某一项活动过程中。

  during the night在晚上

  during the fire在发生大火期间

  during the meeting在开会期间

  during the meal在吃饭过程中

  比较:

  in与after都可以表示“……之后”,其区别如下:

  ①“in+一段时间”表示从说话时间算起的一段时间之后;“after+一段时间”表示从过去一点时间或将来一点时间算起的一段时间之后。

  We'll meet again in two weeks.(从说话时算起的两周后。)

  两周后我们还会再见面的。

  We started out for the United States on July the first and after 20 hours,we arrived at Los Angeles Airport.(表示在过去时间July the first后的20小时。)

  我们于7月1日出发去美国,20小时后,我们就到达了洛杉矶机场。

  Next week,we're going on a trip to Hong Kong and after about a week,we're visiting Malaysia.(表示在将来时间next week后的一周之后。)

  下周我们去香港,大约一周后,我们访问马来西亚。

  ②另外,after后还可跟一点时间,而in不可。

  after supper晚饭后

  after six o'clock

  6点后

  after school放学后

  after graduation毕业后

  (2)for,since

  for 后面接表示一段时间的词语,since之后接表示某一具体的时间或表示具体时间的从句。由 for,since短语修饰的主句常用完成时态或完成进行时态,表示从过去某点时间到说话时一直延续的动作或行为。

  I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.(for后跟一段时间)

  我在这个城市居住了10年多了。

  I have lived here since two years ago/since last year.(since后跟点时间)

  两年前我就住在这里。

  I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993.(since后跟表示一点时间的从句)

  自从1993年毕业后我就一直在这家工厂工作。

  (3)before,by

  二者都可表示“在……之前”,但by含有“最晚不迟于……”、“到……为止”的意思。如果by后是将来的时间,则与将来时连用或将来完成时连用;如若是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。

  I will be back before suppertime.

  晚饭前我将赶回来。

  Supper will be ready by 6:00.

  6点之前晚饭将准备好。

  This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last year.

  到去年年末,这家工厂已经生产了一百多万辆小汽车。

  (4)after,since

  after表示从过去或将来某时间算起的一段时间后,不可与完成时态连用,after后也可跟点时间,这时既可指过去或将来的点时间后,也可指从现在算起的一点时间后。 since后只能跟点时间或表示点时间的从句,表示从过去某一点时间一直到现在,与完成时态连用。

  I woke up at midnight and after some time I heard some strange noise.(after表示在过去的时间at midnight后的一段时间。)

  我半夜醒来,一会儿后,我听见了一些奇怪的声音。

  After you wrote me last time,I sent you two letters.(after引导的状语从句,指从上次你写信以后一段时间内,并不涉及到现在。)

  你上次给我写过信后,我给你写了两封信。

  I'm going to work as a cook after I graduate next year.(指将来某时间后)

  明年毕业后,我将当厨师。

  After supper,I usually take a short walk.(与点时间连用)

  晚饭后,我通常进行短距离散步。

  I have been watching TV since suppertime.(与点时间连用,主句的动作一直持续到说话时。)

  自晚饭以来我一直在看电视。

  (5)by,until

  by表示到什么时候为止动作已经完成,而until表示动作持续到什么时候。在终止性动词的否定式中,二者通用。

  Can you repair my bike by Friday?

  星期五之前你能修好我的自行车吗?

  I'll work here until six o'clock.

  我在这里将一直工作到6点。

  The work won't be finished by/until tomorrow.

  这项工作到明天才能做完。

  2.表示地点、方向

  (1)表示相对位置的介词

  表示相对位置的介词主要有over/above,under/below,in front of/in the front of/before,after/behind等。

  ①over,above

  over主要强调在某一物体的正上方。above强调在上方,不一定在正上方,可指温度、海拔等的刻度。

  The bridge over the river has a long history.

  河上的这座桥历史悠久。

  The plane flew above the clouds.

  飞机在云朵上方飞翔。

  The average temperature here in summer is well above 30°C。

  这里夏天的平均温度远远超过30℃。

  ②under,below

  under强调正下方,是over的反义词。below强调在下方,不一定是正下方,可指温度、海拔等的刻度。是above的反义词。

  A cat is sitting under your feet.

  你脚下蹲着一只小猫。

  I live below the mountain.

  我住在山脚下。

  ③in front of,in the front of

  in front of表示在某一空间外部的前面。

  in the front of表示在某一空间内部的前面。

  In front of my home runs a small river.

  在我家门前有一条小河。

  Don't sit in the front of the car.

  不要坐在小汽车的前部。

  ⑤before,after

  before通常指时间的先后顺序,有时也指空间的顺序,此时可与in front of 通用。after通常指时间的先后顺序,是before的反义词,在指空间的先后时与behind通用。

  Be sure to come before eight o'clock.

  务必于八点之前来。

  A couple were just sitting before/in front of me and making lots of noise during the whole film.

  整个电影放映过程中,一对夫妇正好坐在我的前面,一直噪音很大。

  August comes after July.

  八月在七月之后到来。

  (2)between,among

  between指数目明确的事物之间,而among则指数目不确定的事物之间。

  The house stands between two farms.(确定的数目)

  这座房子位于两个农场之间。

  The house stands among farms.(不确定的数目)

  这座房子位于农场间。

  The village lies between three hills.(确定的事物)

  这个村庄坐落于三座山之间。

  The village lies among hills.(不确定的事物)

  这个村庄坐落于群山之间。

  Switzerland lies between France,Germany,Austria and Italy.(确定的事物)

  瑞士位于法国、德国、奥地利和意大利之间。

  (3)round,around,about

  around,round与about基本通用,指围绕某一位置或物体。在表示时间“大约”时,三者也通用。

  We were sitting around/round/about the teacher,playing games.

  我们围着老师坐着,玩游戏。

  Don't walk around/round/about the room.

  不要在房子里到处走动。

  We're going to start off at about/around/round six tomorrow.

  我们大约在明天早晨6点出发。

  (4)across,through,past,over

  across强调穿过某一平面,其宾语常为the street,the square,the bridge,the river等;through强调从某一空间内通过,其宾语常为the street,the forest,the gate,the valley等;past强调从某事物的一旁经过;over 强调从一边到另一边或越过某一高度,其宾语常为the street,the bridge,the mountain,the sqaure等。

  Be careful enough while walking across the street.

  过街时务必多加小心。

  I saw an old man walking over the street and disappearing into the far side.

  我看到一个老头走过街道就消失了。

  Our bus drove past the Great Hall of the People.

  我们的公共汽车开过人民大会堂。

  The dog jumped over the fence and ran away.

  狗跳过栅栏跑了。

  Walk through the gate and you'll see the rest room.

  走过大门你就会看到厕所。

  3.表示工具、手段和材料

  表示“用”这一意义时常用介词with,by,in。

  with多指用工具,用身体的某部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言、工具的具体类型等。

  What can I cut the cake with?

  我用什么切蛋糕?

  You can see it with your own eyes.

  你可以亲自去看看。

  Why don't we go there by car instead?

  我们怎么不坐小汽车去呢?

  He made the speech in English.

  他用英语作了这场报告。

  Don't write it in pencil.Write it in ink,please.

  不要用铅笔写,请用钢笔写。

  4.表示“包括、排除”

  英语中表示“排除”的介词有but,except,except for,but for,表示“包括”的介词有besides。

  (1)在一般情况下,but和except通用,主要用于nobody,none,nothing,nowhere,all,every,everything,everyone,everywhere,anybody,anyone,anything,anywhere和表示疑问的who,what等词后,表示“除……之外”。

  Nobody but/except John knows the city well.

  只有约翰非常了解这个城市。

  My books seem to be everywhere but/except where they should be.

  我的书到处都有,就是该有的地方没有。

  Who but/except you should be blamed for the mistake?

  除了你还有谁应为这个错误负责呢?

  注意:

  如果在句首或句尾,且其前有逗号隔开时,常用except。

  Except my salary,I have nothing to live on.

  除了薪水,我无以为生。

  Children would prefer to do everything,except what their parents ask them to.

  孩子们乐于做一切事情,就是不做父母要求他们做的。

  (2)except for,but for的意思为“要不是因为”,但but for只表示假设的情况,因此常用于虚拟语气。

  The street in the early morning is very quiet except for a few cars.

  清早的街道十分安静,只是有几辆小汽车。

  The bus is empty except for two passengers.

  公共汽车里只有两个乘客,要不就空了。

  But for your advice,I would have failed.

  要不是你的建议,我就失败了。

  They would have lost their lives but for the help of the firefighters.

  要不是消防队员的帮助,他们都会送命的。

  注意:

  有时except for和except的用法相同,也可表示“除了……”。

  I almost know nobody except for/except a few.

  除了几个人之外我几乎都不认识。

  (3)besides的意思为“包括……在内”、“除……之外、还……”。

  Many students have been to the Great Wall besides me.

  很多学生去过长城,我也去过。

  Besides reading,I love listening to music.

  除了阅读之外,我还喜欢听音乐。

  对比:

  All of them have been to the Great Wall except me.(不包括我)

  所有的人都去过长城,只有我没去过。

  All of them have been to the Great Wall besides me.(包括我)

  所有的人都去过长城,我也去过。

  三、介词的位置

  介词一般放在介词宾语之前,但在下列情况下,介词通常后置:

  1.介词宾语为疑问词时

  What are you interested in?

  你对什么感兴趣?

  I don't know whom he talked to just now.

  我不知道刚才他和谁谈话。

  That's what we are talking about.

  那就是我们正在谈论的事情。

  2.感叹句中介词也可后置

  What a naughty boy to look after!

  这真是一个难以看管的淘气的男孩!

  What great trouble we are in!

  我们现在的麻烦可真大啊!

  3.介词宾语为关系代词时

  All that I am interested in is traveling.

  我所感兴趣的就是旅行。

  This is the very thing that we're looking for.

  这就是我们正在找的东西。

  注意:

  在有些定语从句中介词可以提前。

  This is the school in which I studied.

  这就是我过去就读的学校。

  但当“动词+介词”形成固定搭配具有习语的性质时,介词不可提前。

  All the children you are going to look after are under 6.

  你要照看的孩子都在6岁以下。

  4.含有介词的短语动词用于被动句中,介词置于后面

  The sick and the old here are taken good care of.

  病人和老人在这里被照顾得很好。

  All these things will be talked about next time.

  所有这一切下次再讨论。

  5.其他情况下的介词后置

  She is a nice girl to work with.

  和这个姑娘一起工作真好。

  The music is worth listening to once again.

  这音乐值得再听一遍。

  四、介词的宾语

  介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词的宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有名词、代词、数词、副词、从句、动词的-ing形式、含有疑问词的不定式等。

  1.名词作宾语

  I live near the city center,but I work far from that.

  我住在城市中心附近,但在很远处上班。

  2.代词作宾语

  I'm afraid I don't agree with you.

  恐怕我不同意你。

  3.数词作宾语

  Four from ten leaves six.

  10减4等于6。

  4.副词作宾语

  When you come in here,make less noise.

  当你来到这里时,声音要小些。

  5.从句作宾语

  We're going to talk about when we'll leave.

  我们准备讨论什么时候出发。

  6.动词的-ing形式短语作宾语

  Thanks very much for your coming.

  多谢你的光临。

  7.疑问词+不定式作宾语

  Could you give me some advice on how to improve my health,Doctor?

  医生,能否就如何改善身体状况给我提些建议?

  注意:

  介词后的从句只能是名词性从句,由that和if引导的名词性从句不能充当介词宾语。

  不定式一般不能作介词宾语,但由疑问词who,whom,whose,which,where,when,how等加不定式构成“wh-不定式”时可以作介词的宾语。

  五、介词短语的功能

  介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语,介词短语在句中可以作主语、表语、补足语、定语、状语、插入语等。

  1.介词短语作主语

  Between 6 and 7 in the morning is a good time for reading.

  早晨6至7点是读书的好时光。

  From Shanghai to Los Angeles is about 17 hours' flight.

  从上海到洛杉矶需要飞行大约17个小时。

  2.介词短语作表语

  She looks like a dancer.

  她看上去像个舞蹈家。

  They are from Canada and I am from China.

  他们来自加拿大,我来自中国。

  3.介词短语作补足语

  When she woke up,she found herself in hospital.(宾语补足语)

  当她醒来时,她发现自己躺在医院里。

  He is considered as the greatest leader in China.(主语补足语)

  他被认为是中国最伟大的领袖。

  4.介词短语作定语

  Have you got the answers to these quesitons?

  你找到这些问题的答案了吗?

  Trees on both sides of the street are good shade.

  路两旁的树是很好的遮荫。

  5.介词短语作状语

  Can you sing this song in English? (方式状语)

  你能用英语唱这支歌吗?

  Because of the traffic,I was late for class.(原因状语)

  由于交通堵塞,我上课迟到了。

  I will see you at your office.(地点状语)

  我会到你的办公室见你的。

  The final examinations take place in early June.(时间状语)

  期终考试在六月初举行。

  6.介词短语作插入语

  He was too careless,in a word,he made too many mistakes.

  他太粗心了,一句话,他犯的错误太多。

  In short,what shall we do then?

  总之,我们需要做什么?

  六、介词的固定搭配

  介词具有较强的搭配能力,它可以跟在动词、形容词、名词后,与它们一起构成各种搭配。

  1.介词与名词搭配

  (1)介词与后面的名词构成搭配,这种结构往往具有特殊的含义。

  at first 当初

  at night 在夜间

  at noon在上午

  at breakfast在吃早饭

  at least至少

  at last最终

  at home在家里

  at work在上班

  at school在上学

  at once 立刻

  at present在目前

  at the cinema在电影院

  at Christmas在圣诞节

  at the moment在此刻

  after school放学后

  by oneself独自

  by the way顺便问一下

  by the lake在湖边

  by the end of 到……末为止

  in English用英语

  during the night在晚上

  during the meeting在会议期间

  for example例如

  for a moment一会儿

  for years多年

  for some reason由于某种原因

  in ink用墨水、用钢笔

  in class在上课

  in time及时

  in danger处于危险之中

  in a minute一会之后

  in these days在这些日子

  in those days在那些日子

  in the train坐火车

  in town在城里

  in the countryside在农村

  in the day在白天

  in the daytime 在白天

  in July在七月

  in 2004在2004 年

  in the morning在早上

  on the hour准时地

  of course当然

  on the way to在去……的路上

  on Monday在星期一

  on the weekend在周末

  on a train在火车上

  on time按时

  on a cold day在寒冷的一天

  on July the first在七月一日

  on the New Year's eve在新年的除夕

  over the weekend整个周末

  (2)介词与前面的名词构成搭配。

  key to

  ……的答案;……的钥匙

  answer to ……的答案

  note to

  ……的注释

  way to 通向……的路

  visit to

  到……的访问

  interest in 对……的兴趣

  reason for ……的原因

  love for 对……的热爱

  2.介词与动词搭配

  介词可以与其前面的动词构成固定搭配,一般说来这样的动词都是不及物动词,与介词共同构成及物动词,后面跟宾语。

  listen to 听

  write to给……写信

  hear from收到...来信

  get to 到达

  look at 看

  shout at 对……吼叫

  run into 碰到、撞上

  knock at/on 敲门

  look for 寻找

  look after 照顾

  ask for 要求得到

  wait for 等待

  get on 上车

  get off 下车

  put on 穿上

  put off 推迟

  take on 穿上

  take off 脱下

  turn on 打开

  operate on 给……做手术

  learn from 向……学习

  worry about 为……担忧

  do with 处理

  talk about 谈论

  talk of 谈到、讲述

  speak about 谈论

  speak of 谈到

  think about 考虑、认为

  think of 想到、认为

  agree with 同意

  3.介词与形容词搭配

  介词可以与其前面的形容词构成固定搭配:

  be afraid of对……感到害怕

  be full of充满

  be angry with对……感到生气

  be angry about对……感到生气

  be interested in对……感兴趣

  be happy with对……感到高兴

  be pleased with对……感到高兴

  be strict with对……要求严格

  be busy with忙于

  be good at擅长

  be good/bad for 对……有好处/害处

  be late for 做……事迟到

  be sorry for为……感到抱歉

  be ready for为……做好准备

  be famous for以……出名

  be polite to对……有礼貌

  be kind to对……和蔼

  be far from离……远

  be near to离……近

  be surprised at对……感到惊奇

  be wrong with出错

  laugh at 嘲笑

  smile at 对……微笑

  七、介词的省略

  一般说来介词是不可省略的,但在一些特殊表达或固定搭配中,有些介词是可以省略的。

  主要有如下几种情况。

  1.表示时间的介词at,on,in的省略

  在next,last,this,these,today,yesterday,tomorrow,one,any,every,each和all等词前,at,on,in一般都要省略。

  this morning今天早晨

  yesterday昨天

  the next day第二天

  next week下周

  every week每周

  2.在某些名词词组前,in或on可以省略

  (on)that day那天

  (in)the year before last前年

  (on)Mondays每逢周一

  (on)Sundays每逢周日

  (on)Monday星期一

  3.在肯定句中表示一段时间的for常可省略,如:

  I have been waiting for you (for)a whole afternoon.

  我整个下午一直在等你。

  但位于句首或在否定句中,常常带着for。如:

  For a whole month,there is no rain.

  一个月都没有下雨。

  We haven't seen each other for a long time.

  我们很长时间没见面了。

  4.of+大小、形状、年龄、面积、材料结构中,of常省略。

  of+大小、形状、年龄、面积、材料结构中,of常可省略,特别是of后有the same时。

  When I was (of) your age,I knew much less than you.

  我在你这个年龄时,知道的比你少得多。

  The desks in our class are (of) the same color,material,shape,height and length.

  我们教室内的桌子颜色、材料、形状、高度和长度都一样。

  China and Canada are almost (of) the same size,but (of) very different populations.

  中国和加拿大面积大小几乎相当,但人口总数相差悬殊。

  There are clouds of different shapes in the sky.

  天上有形状各异的云彩。

  必背:

  “of+名词”表示事物的具体特征时,常用的名词有:

  area面积

  color颜色

  depth深度

  height高度

  length长度

  shape形状

  size大小

  type类型

  weight重量

  volume体积

  age年龄

  material材料

  5.某些习语中的省略

  be busy (in) doing sth.忙于做……

  have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做……有困难

  (in) this/that way以这种/那种方法

  spend (in) doing sth.在……花……

  have a good time (in) doing sth.做……玩得快乐

  waste...(in) doing sth.在……浪费

  pass time (in) doing sth.做……度过时光

  kill time (in) doing sth.消磨时光做

  prevent/stop...(from) doing sth.阻止……做……

  It's (of) no use (in) doing sth.做某事没用

  (in)...way以……方式

  (at) any time任何时候

  near/nearer/nearest (to)靠近、离……较近、离……最近

  点击考点

  1.I was born______July 2,and my birthday is coming soon.

  A.for

  B.at

  C.in

  D.on

  2.The boys______green sports shirts are the fans of Guo'an Team.

  A.with

  B.in

  C.at

  D.from

  3.The foreigners arrived______Shanghai late______night.

  A.at;at

  B.in;at

  C.in;in

  D.at;in

  4.Walk along this street______and you'll find the hospital.

  A.in the end

  B.to the end

  C.by the end

  D.at the end

  5.The Young Pioneers walked______the gates with Uncle Wang.

  A.through

  B.across

  C.over

  D.after

  6.My aunt arrived here______a warm spring morning.

  A.in

  B.at

  C.on

  D.by

  7.The foreigners have visited many places of interest______the west of China.

  A.to

  B.on

  C.at

  D.in

  8.Meimei is better than me______singing.

  A.on

  B.to

  C.at

  D.for

  9.—How long has he had that nice car?

  —______1999.

  A.In

  B.Since

  C.From

  D.After

  10.—What did Mary have______breakfast this morning?

  —She was late for school and hurried off_____breakfast.

  A.for;without

  B.at;without

  C.for;after

  D.at;after

  11.—Show me the letter,please.

  —Which one? The one______pencil?

  A.in

  B.with

  C.by

  D.on

  12.—Why couldn't you get to Hong Kong that night?

  —Because______10:30 all the trains had left the station.

  A.of

  B.at

  C.by

  D.until

  13.Swimming is good for our health,but______the same time we mustn't forget the danger.

  A.in

  B.at

  C.on

  D.for

  14.It's very nice______you to take care of my baby while I was away.

  A.for

  B.to

  C.with

  D.of

  15.You should take more exercise.It's good______your health.

  A.for

  B.with

  C.at

  D.to

  16.We say TV______short in our daily life.

  A.on

  B.in

  C.at

  D.for

  17.I'll meet you at the school gate______8:00 and 9:00 tomorrow.

  A.among

  B.from

  C.between

  D.in

  18.China built the Great Wall______the northern part______the country.

  A.to;in

  B.across;of

  C.across;on

  D.at;of

  19.He often mistakes me______my brother.

  A.to

  B.as

  C.for

  D.with

  20.I remember Susan left______a very cold morning of January.

  A.in

  B.on

  C.at

  D.from

  21.Thank you very much______lending the eraser______me.

  A.for;at

  B.to;to

  C.for;to

  D.to;for

  22.No one can stop her______leaving for Shanghai.

  A.of

  B.from

  C.to

  D.for

  23.This programme was sent to the USA______China______satellite.

  A.in;of

  B.of;in

  C.from;by

  D.by;from

  24.Here are some presents______you______our best wishes.

  A.to;with

  B.for;with

  C.of;about

  D.for;for

  25.Wei Fang bought a new pen at a shop______her way home.

  A.on

  B.at

  C.in

  D.to

  26.________the day went on,the weather got worse.

  A.With

  B.Since

  C.While

  D.As

  27.________,I went to the railway station to see my friend off.

  A.After eating quickly my dinner

  B.After eating my dinner quickly

  C.After my quickly eating dinner

  D.After eating my quickly dinner

  28.We offered him our congratulations________his passing the college entrance exams.

  A.at

  B.on

  C.for

  D.of

  29.He suddenly returned _____ a rainy night.

  A.in

  B.at

  C.on

  D.during

  30.The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200.This means it has risen________20%.

  A.by

  B.at

  C.to

  D.with

  答案:

  1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.B 21.C 22.B 23.C 24.B 25.A 26.D 27.B 28.B 29.C 30.A

  第9章连词和感叹词

  连词是连接单词、短语、从句或句子的一种虚词,在句中不单独作任何成分,一般不重读。感叹词是用以表示人们的各种情感或情绪的词,在句中不作任何成分。

  一、连词的分类

  根据不同的标准,连词可以分为不同的类别。

  1.按照连词的构成分类

  按照其构成可分为简单连词、关联连词、分词连词和短语连词四类。

  (1)简单连词

  and 和

  or 或者

  but 但是

  if 如果

  because 因为

  so 所以

  (2)关联连词

  both...and... 二者都

  not only...but also... 不仅……而且

  not...but... 不是……而是

  (3)分词连词

  supposing 如果

  provided 如果

  providing 如果

  given 假如

  (4)短语连词

  as if 仿佛

  as though 仿佛

  even if 即使

  even though 即使

  as long as 只要

  2.按照连词的性质分类

  按照性质,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词。

  (1)并列连词

  and 和

  or 或者

  but 但是

  for 因为

  while 然而

  when 既然

  (2)从属连词

  that (无实义)

  whether 是否

  if 是否;如果

  unless 除非

  until 直到

  when 当……时

  before 在……之前

  after 在……之后

  since 自……以来

  because 因为

  although 虽然

  though 尽管

  as if 仿佛

  as though 仿佛

  even if 即使

  even though 即使

  as long as 只要

  二、并列连词

  并列连词主要用来表示并列关系、转折关系、选择关系、因果推理关系等。

  1.表示并列关系

  表示并列关系的连词主要含有“和”、“补充”、“增加”等意思。用来表达并列关系的连词有如下几个:

  and 和

  both...and... 二者都

  neither...nor...

  既不……也不……

  either...or...

  或者……或者……

  not only...but also

  不但……而且……

  as well as

  也、连同

  I used to live in Paris and London.

  我过去住在伦敦和巴黎。

  Both Jane and Jim are interested in pop music.

  詹妮和吉姆对流行音乐都很感兴趣。

  The weather here is neither too cold nor too hot.

  这里的天气既不太冷也不太热。

  She is not only kind but also honest.

  她不但和蔼而且诚实。

  Bob as well as his parents is going on holiday this summer.

  鲍勃和他的父母今年夏天要去度假。

  2.表示转折关系

  常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有如下几个:

  but

  但是

  yet

  然而

  still

  仍然

  while

  然而

  when

  然而、偏偏

  The car is very old but it runs very fast.

  这辆小汽车虽然很旧了,但跑得很快。

  The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm.

  北京的冬天很冷,然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。

  Why did you borrow the book when you had one?

  这本书你有一本,为什么偏偏还借呢?

  The problem was a little hard,yet I was able to work it out.

  这道题有点难,然而我却把它做出来了。

  I explained twice,still he couldn't understand.

  我解释了两遍,然而他却还不懂。

  注意:

  while在表示转折关系时,往往连接内容和结构对称的句子。

  I love strong tea while my father loves coffee.

  我喜欢浓茶,然而我爸爸却喜欢咖啡。

  3.表示选择关系

  表示选择关系的并列连词有:

  or 或者

  either...or...

  或者……或者……

  neither...nor

  既不……也不……

  or else否则

  otherwise 否则

  Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?

  你是想走呢还是想留?

  Do you go to school by bus or on foot?

  你上学是坐公共汽车去还是走着去?

  You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.

  你可以星期六来也可以星期天来。

  Neither you nor I nor anyone else believes such things.

  不管你我或者其他任何人都不会相信这些事情。

  注意:

  both...and...not结构和neither...nor...的区别在于前者表示部分否定,后者指全部否定。

  Both you and I are not correct.

  你和我不全正确。

  Neither you nor I am right.

  你和我都不正确。

  4.表示因果推理关系

  表示因果关系的并列连词主要有so,for,then,therefore等。

  The air here is polluted,so the crops are dying.

  这里的空气受到了污染,所以庄稼快要死了。

  The leaves of the trees are falling,for it's already autumn.

  树叶在落,因为秋天已经到来了。

  注意:

  并列连词for引导的分句只能放于句尾,前面用逗号隔开,表示补充说明的微弱理由,只是为前面的内容提供推断的理由,有时译为并列的某种形式。这与because不同,because引导的是一种明确的因果关系,解释原因,常可回答why的提问。

  The days are short,for it's already December.

  天短了,因为早是十二月了。

  He must be at home,for the light in his room is still on.

  他准在家,因为他屋里的灯还亮着。

  He was late again because the traffic was too heavy.

  他又迟到了,因为交通太拥挤。

  5.几个特殊并列连词的用法

  表示并列关系的and,or,as well as,not only...but also...等连词也有比较活跃的用法。

  (1)and

  and作并列连词有多重含义,除了可以表示并列关系之外,还可以表示顺承、目的、条件、反复等关系。

  He went to the market and bought some vegetables.(表示顺承,动作的先后发生。)

  他到市场买了一些蔬菜。

  Come and help me out.(表示目的)

  过来帮我一下。

  Be careful and you'll make fewer mistakes.(表示条件)

  如果仔细你犯的错误就少。

  He talked and talked and talked until late into the night.(表示动作反复)

  他谈呀谈,一直谈到深夜。

  注意:

  在连接三个或三个以上名词或相当于名词的短语时,一般在最后两者之间加and。

  He got up,washed his face,had breakfast and rushed to school.

  他起床后,洗了脸,吃完早饭然后奔向学校。

  (2)or与either...or...

  在表示选择关系时or与either...or...用法基本相同,但either...or...更具强调性。在多个对象中进行选择时,可以用A or B or C...,either A or B or C...,neither A nor B nor C...。

  You can come either today or tomorrow.=You can come today or tomorrow.

  你可以今天来,也可以明天来。

  Either Jim or Jack or Jeff knows about this.

  要么吉姆,要么杰克,要么杰夫知道这件事。

  He neither wrote to me,nor telephoned me nor came to see me.

  他既没给我写信,也没给我打电话,也没来看我。

  注意:

  当or,neither...nor,either...or等连接主语时,谓语动词由or或nor后面的部分而定。

  Neither the students nor the teacher knows the answer.

  老师和学生们都不知道答案。

  (3)as well as,not only...but also...

  名词+as well as+名词作主语时,强调前面的名词,谓语动词要根据前面的名词而定。not only...but also...连接名词作主语时,其强调点在后者,谓语动词要根据后面的名词而定。

  China as well as many other countries loves peace.

  中国和世界上的其他许多国家一样热爱和平。

  Not only Bill but also his parents want to stay in China for another year.

  不仅比尔而且他父母都想在中国再呆一年。

  三、从属连词

  从属连词通常引导一个从句,修饰主句。从属连词一般分为两类:引导名词性从句(如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)的从属连词和引导状语从句的从属连词。

  1.引导名词性从句的从属连词

  引导名词性从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether等。

  I don't think that we should stay another week.(引导宾语从句)

  我认为我们不该再呆一周。

  Whether he'll come or not is unknown.(引导主语从句)

  没人知道他是否要来。

  One interesting thing about travel here is that you don't have to give tips to waiters,maids,guides or everyone.(引导表语从句)

  在这里旅游的一件有意思的事情是你不用给服务员,女佣,导游或任何人付小费。

  That there is someone waiting for you is obvious.(引导同位语从句)

  显然,有人在等你。

  2.引导状语从句的从属连词

  英语中的状语从句共有九类,这些状语从句各有其引导词,有的引导词又可以引导不同类型的状语从句。

  (1)引导时间状语从句

  引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有when,while,as,after,before,until/till,since,as soon as等。

  When you came in,I was talking with a few boys.

  你进来时,我正和几个小男孩谈话。

  It started to rain while we were playing outdoors.

  我们正在室外玩耍时,开始下雨了。

  They laughed as they walked down the river.

  他们边沿着河边走边笑。

  After you finish this form,come to my office.

  填完这张表格后,来我的办公室。

  Don't hand in your papers before you are sure there are no mistakes.

  确保没有错误后再交试卷。

  Wait here until/till I come back.

  在这里等到我回来。

  I have lived in England since I was three.

  我自三岁以来一直住在英格兰。

  As soon as you feel sick,go to see a doctor.

  一感觉有病就去看医生。

  (2)引导地点状语从句

  引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要是where。

  I live where there are mountains.

  我住在多山的地方。

  You shouldn't go where you are not asked to.

  你不该去不让你去的地方。

  (3)引导原因状语从句

  引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because,since,as等。

  We'll have to go to bed early because we'll start off early tomorrow.

  因为明天很早就出发,所以我们只好早睡觉。

  Since you know all about it,tell me please.

  既然你都知道,那就告诉我吧。

  As all the seats were taken,I had to stand.

  由于所有的位子都坐满了人,我只好站着。

  (4)引导条件状语从句

  引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if,unless,once(一旦)等。

  If you wish to go,please go.

  如果你想去,请去吧。

  We won't finish the work in time unless we work hard.

  除非我们努力工作,否则就不能及时完成这项工作。

  Once you have made your decision,you shouldn't change it.

  一旦作出决定就不要改了。

  (5)引导目的状语从句

  引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有in order that,so that,so。

  In order that/So that we can arrive there on time,we should start off early.

  为了按时赶到那里,我们必须早出发。

  He played the piano very gently so that/in order that/so the baby could sleep well.

  他轻轻地弹钢琴,以便让孩子睡好。

  (6)引导让步状语从句

  引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although,though,even if,even though。

  Though/Although Canada is large,the population is small.

  尽管加拿大面积大,但它的人口少。

  Even if/Even though we got a local guide,we still had some difficulty walking through the bush.

  尽管找了一位当地向导,我们经过灌木丛时还是有一些困难。

  (7)引导结果状语从句

  引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有:so,so...that...,such...that...,so that。

  My parents are expecting me,so I must be off now.

  父母在等我,所以我得走了。

  He was so careless that he forgot to write his name on the paper.

  他如此粗心,以致试卷上忘了写名字。

  Dalian is such a beautiful city that a great many people go there for holiday.

  大连是如此美丽的城市,以致很多人到那里度假。

  The teacher explained very clearly so that we all understood.

  老师解释得如此清楚,因此我们都听懂了。

  (8)引导比较状语从句

  引导比较状语从句的从属连词主要有than,as (so)...as...。

  China has a larger population than India (does).

  中国的人口比印度的多。

  He speaks English as well as most Americans (do).

  他的英语说得和大多数美国人的一样好。

  Some people think that planes now are not so/as safe as trains (are).

  有些人认为现在飞机没有火车安全。

  (9)引导方式状语从句

  引导方式状语从句的从属连词主要有:as,as if,as though等。

  You should do as I do.

  你应按我做的做。

  He walked about as though /if he had lost something.

  他到处走动着,好像丢了什么东西。

  四、感叹词

  说话者为了表达各种情感或情绪,如欢欣、惊奇、痛苦、恐惧、咒骂等,突然发出的词称为感叹词。感叹词通常位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾。感叹词没有实在意义,在句中不作任何成分,独立于句子之外,因此又称独立词。

  常用的感叹词有:

  oh 啊、噢

  ah 啊

  aha 啊哈

  alas 啊呀

  phew 啐

  hurrah 好哇

  heavens 天哪

  wow 哇

  ha ha 哈哈

  uh-huh 啊哈

  Oh,I never thought you would come.

  噢,我从没想到你会来。

  Wow! What a good idea!

  哇,多么好的主意啊!

  Aha,now I see.

  啊哈,我现在明白了。

  Heavens! You can believe in such a person!

  天啊,你怎么信任这么一个人!

  点击考点

  1.Which is bigger,the sun______the moon?

  A.or

  B.and

  C.but

  D.so

  2.Why not look up the new word in a dictionary______you don't know it?

  A.if

  B.that

  C.though

  D.whether

  3.The twin sisters have learned a lot______they came to China.

  A.when

  B.as soon as

  C.since

  D.after

  4.You'll be late for school______you don't hurry.

  A.if

  B.whether

  C.or

  D.so

  5.______all the passengers are here,why don't we start at once?

  A.As soon as

  B.After

  C.Now that

  D.When

  6.I was reading a newspaper______he came in.

  A.as soon as

  B.since

  C.while

  D.when

  7.We won't have supper ______my brother comes.

  A.after

  B.since

  C.while

  D.until

  8.______Lily______Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.

  A.Not only;but aslo

  B.Neither;nor

  C.Both;and

  D.Either;or

  9.______he was out of the room,he turned back and knocked at the teacher's door again.

  A.Before

  B.Since

  C.As soon as

  D.Until

  10.Work hard,______you're sure to have a good result in the exam!

  A.but

  B.and

  C.for

  D.or

  11.I can't understand this passage______there are no new words in it.

  A.if

  B.because

  C.though

  D.and

  12.Come______see my family.

  A.and

  B.or

  C.but

  D./

  13.—When did you go to bed last night?

  —I didn't go to bed______my father got home.

  A.until

  B.while

  C.after

  D.when

  14.______Mum had asked Mike to close the windows before he went out,______Mike forgot to do so.

  A.Though;/

  B.Though;but

  C.Till;/

  D.Until;then

  15.I like listening to music,______ I don't have much time for it.

  A.but

  B.for

  C.and

  D.so

  16.Hurry up,______we'll be late for the meeting.

  A.and

  B.but

  C.then

  D.or

  17.His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

  A.after

  B.before

  C.since

  D.for

  18.Mr Dick is very old,______he is still healthy.

  A.so

  B.because

  C.but

  D.since

  19.Mick turned off the clock alarm_______he could sleep late.

  A.therefore

  B.however

  C.so

  D.that

  20.All of us enjoy playing computer games,______we can't spend too much time on it.

  A.and

  B.or

  C.but

  D.so

  答案:

  1.A 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.C 19.C 20.C

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