2016高考英语考纲解读及热点演练：7 时态与语态

　　课程标准要求中学生掌握常见的十种时态用法。近三年来各地试题考查最多的是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成进行时和现在完成时。高考中动词时态命题，每年每份试卷中都有2～3个小题，每小题均设置明确的语境。一般来说，命题人总是把易混淆或相近的时态放在一起，增加考题的难度。而被动语态的考点大都集中在被动语态的时态，近三年来考查最多的时态是现在完成时，其次是一般过去时。1．(2016·福建，26)The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.A．took

　　B．is taking

　　C．takes

　　D．has been taking

　　2．(2016·北京，28)Hurry up! Mark and Carl ________ us.

　　A．expect

　　B．are expecting

　　C．have expected

　　D．will expect

　　3．(2016·北京，32)—So what is the procedure?

　　—All the applicants ________ before a final decision is made by the authority.

　　A．interview

　　B．are interviewing

　　C．are interviewed

　　D．are being interviewed

　　4．(2016·湖南，22)“What do you want to be？”asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh, I________president，”said the boy, with a smile.

　　A．have been

　　B．am

　　C．was

　　D．will be

　　5．(2016·湖南，26)If nothing________，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.

　　A．does

　　B．had been done

　　C．will do

　　D．is done

　　6．(2016·湖南，34)—I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

　　—I'm so sorry.But I________my homework.

　　A．had done

　　B．was doing

　　C．would do

　　D．am doing

　　7．(2016·江苏，21)Generally，students' inner motivation with high expectations from others________essential to their development.

　　A．is

　　B．are

　　C．was

　　D．were

　　8．(2016·江苏，25)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?

　　—Sure.I________a report at home.

　　A．will be writing

　　B．will have written

　　C．have written

　　D．have been writing

　　9．(2016·山东，27)—Oh no! We're too late.The train________.

　　— That's OK.We'll catch the next train to London.

　　A．was leaving

　　B．had left

　　C．has left

　　D．has been leaving

　　10．(2016·辽宁，22)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all，he________it for a very long time.A.has had

　　B．had had

　　C．has

　　D．had

　　【例1】 “Life is like walking in the snow，”Granny used to say，“because every step ________.”A．has shown

　　B．is showing

　　C．shows

　　D．showed

　　【例2】 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ________ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.

　　A．suggest

　　B．suggests

　　C．suggested

　　D．suggesting

　　答案　B

　　1．经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语如every...，sometimes，at...等连用。

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2．客观真理、客观存在、科学事实或格言警句，若出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

　　Columbus proved that the earth is round.(客观真理)

　　3．一般现在时表将来

　　下列动词：come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

　　4．if条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。

　　I won't go there， if it rains tomorrow.　

　　【例3】 The three of us ________ around Europe for about a month last summer.

　　A．travelled

　　B．have travelled

　　C．had travelled

　　D．travel

　　【例4】 When I got on the bus，I ________ I had left my wallet at home.

　　A．was realizing

　　B．realized

　　C．have realized

　　D．would realize

　　【特别提醒】

　　1．一般过去时也可与since和for引导的时间状语连用。例如：

　　I ________ in London for many years，but I've never regretted my final decision to move back to China.　A．lived

　　B．was living

　　C．have lived

　　D．had lived

　　2．一般过去时还可与today，this week，this month，this year等时间状语连用，但这些时间状语显然是指不包括“现在”在内的过去时间。例如：　Did you see her today？你今天见到她了吗？

　　3．如果since从句的谓语动词是静态动词，则表示动作或状态已结束，不再持续下去。例如：

　　It's two weeks since he was ill.他病愈已有两周了。

　　It's a long time since she lived here.

　　她好久不在这里住了。

　　【例5】 —Ann is in hospital.

　　—Oh，really？I ________ know.I ________ go and visit her.

　　A．didn't；am going to

　　B．don't；would

　　C．don't；will

　　D．didn't；will

　　【例6】 Close the door of fear behind you，and you ________ the door of faith open before you.

　　A．saw

　　B．have seen

　　C．will see

　　D．are seeing

　　一般将来时的用法

　　(1)表示将要发生的动作和存在的状态；

　　(2)表示对将来的看法、假定或推测；

　　(3)常用在与时间状语从句、条件状语从句连用的主句中。　(4)“will＋do”表示从现在来看以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，指事物的固有属性或必然趋势。

　　Fish will die without water.

　　没有水鱼将会死。

　　(5)“be going to＋动词原形”多用于口语中，表示“打算或计划要做某事”。此外，还可以表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，对未来进行推断。

　　They are going to meet outside the school gate.

　　他们打算在校门口见面。

　　(6)有些动词例如：go, come, begin, leave, arrive, return, take等，其一般现在时、现在进行时都可以表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或状态。

　　I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.

　　星期天我要去西藏。

　　【例7】 —I'm not finished with my dinner yet.

　　—But our friends ________ for us.

　　A．will wait

　　B．wait

　　C．have waited

　　D．are waiting

　　【例8】 “The moment ________ soon”，he thought to himself，waiting nervously. A．came

　　B．has come

　　C．was coming

　　D．is coming

　　现在进行时的用法

　　(1)表示说话时正在发生的动作；

　　(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作；

　　(3)表示近期特定的安排或计划；

　　(4)go，come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。

　　(5)常与always，often等频度副词连用，表示某种感情色彩。如：

　　He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

　　The girl is always talking loud in public.

　　(6)事物作主语时，多用一般现在时表示按计划安排的活动；人作主语时，多用现在进行时表示计划要做的事。试比较：

　　The train leaves at 10 p．m.火车晚上10点开。

　　I am leaving tonight.我今天晚上要走了。

　　注意，下列动词不能用于进行时：

　　感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等；

　　情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等；

　　思想类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand，agree, know等；

　　其他类：have, contain, win, hold, belong to等。　

　　【例9】 After school we went to the readingroom to do some reading，only to be told that it ________.

　　A．was decorated

　　B．had decorated

　　C．had been decorating

　　D．was being decorated

　　【例10】 —When did the computer crash?

　　—This morning，while I ________ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.

　　A．have sorted

　　B．was sorting

　　C．am sorting

　　D．had sorted

　　过去时行时的用法

　　(1)表示过去某时正在进行的动作(不强调是否完成)；

　　(2)表示某动作在过去某时间段内发生或经常发生；

　　(3)在口语中，有时用过去进行时表示现在的想法，语气显得委婉。如：I was wondering if you could do me a favour.不知你能否帮我一个忙；

　　(4)与一般过去时的区别：

　　a．一般过去时强调动作已完成；而过去进行时强调动作正在进行(未必完成)。

　　b．一般过去时的谓语动词既可以延续性的，也可是终止性的；而过去进行时的谓语只能是延续性的。如：

　　His brother joined in the army in 1992.他哥哥于1992年参军。(join为终止性动词)。

　　My mother was cooking when I got home.我到家时我母亲正在做饭。(cook为延续性动词)。

　　现在完成进行时

　　【例11】 In order to find the missing child，villagers ________ all they can over the past five hours.

　　A．did

　　B．do

　　C．had done

　　D．have been doing

　　【例12】 Tom ________ in the library every night over the last three months.

　　A．works

　　B．worked

　　C．has been working

　　D．had been working

　　现在完成进行时的用法

　　(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。如：

　　I have been learning English since three years ago.

　　三年以来我一直在学英语。(现在还在学)

　　The workers have been building the bridge for five months.工人们建造这座桥已经5个月了。(现在还在建)

　　(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。如：

　　Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去了哪里？我们一直在到处找你。　

　　将来进行时【例13】 I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I ________ to Shanghai.

　　A．will be flying

　　B．will fly

　　C．have been flying

　　D．have flown

　　【例14】 If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you ________ fresh watermelon in the fall.

　　A．eat

　　B．would eat

　　C．have eaten

　　D．will be eating

　　将来进行时的用法

　　(1)表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。

　　(2)表示稍后的安排。

　　(3)表示对将要发生的动作的预测。

　　(4)将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：

　　at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow，from 1：30pm to 4：30pm tomorrow/the day after tomorrow　

　　【例15】 —Look！Somebody ________ the sofa.

　　—Well，it wasn't me.I didn't do it.

　　A．is cleaning

　　B．was cleaning

　　C．has cleaned

　　D．had cleaned

　　【例16】 —I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?

　　—Sorry，I ________ the piano for years.

　　A．don't play

　　B．wasn't playing

　　C．haven't played

　　D．hadn't played

　　1．表示过去的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，常与非延续性动词连用，常与其连用的词有already，just，never等。如：

　　His brother has joined the Party already.他的兄弟已经入党了。

　　2．表示从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态，通常用延续性动词，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：

　　I've taught English for 15 years.我教过15年英语。

　　Where have you been all these years?

　　你这些年去哪里了？

　　3．表示过去的动作对现在来讲已成为经历或经验。

　　We've all played with snow and ice.我们都玩过雪和冰。

　　4．常用现在完成时的句型。

　　It has been(is)＋一段时间＋since从句。

　　This(That/It)is the first(second...)time＋that从句。

　　5．与since连用的句子常用现在完成时，since后常接从句(需用过去时)或表示过去某一时间的短语。

　　I've lived in this house since I moved here.自从我搬到这，就住在这所房子里。

　　6．在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。　【例1】 By the time Jack returned home from England，his son ________ from college.

　　A．graduated

　　B．has graduated

　　C．had been graduating

　　D．had graduated

　　【例】 We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ________ into the office during the night.

　　A．broke

　　B．had broken

　　C．has broken

　　D．was breaking

　　1．过去完成时表示过去某一动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作(即表示“过去的过去”)。时间状语可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用时间状语从句或通过上下文的语境表示。

　　He said that he had been abroad for three years.

　　他说他在国外呆了3年。

　　2．表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then, by the end of, by the time, until, before等。

　　Until then he had known nothing about it yet.

　　直到那时为止，他对此仍一无所知。　

　　3．用在It was the first/second/third ...time that ...句型中，that从句的谓语要用过去完成时。

　　This was the first time they had met in thirty－nine years.这是39年里他们第一次见面。

　　4．It was＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。

　　It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们十年来从没这么高兴过。

　　5．表示愿望或打算一类的词，例如：intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。

　　I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.昨天我本来打算去看你，但我这来了个不速之客。

　　6．用在表示“刚刚……就……”的句型中：Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had＋主语＋done... when...did...；No sooner had＋主语＋done...than...did...。

　　Hardly had she gone to bed when the bell rang.

　　她刚一上床铃就响了。

　　【例】 In the near future，more advances in the robot technology ________ by scientists.

　　A．are making

　　B．are made

　　C．will make

　　D．will be made

　　【例】 His sister left home in 1998，and ________ since.

　　A．had not been heard of

　　B．has not been heard of

　　C．had not heard of

　　D．has not heard of

　　1．测试语态实际上也同时在测试时态。在做涉及动词的时态和语态的单项选择题时，分两步走：先确定语态，然后再敲定时态。如果主语是动作的执行者，就用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。时态要根据上下文、句意和句子结构来确定，遵循“时态呼应”原则。

　　2．不及物动词，如happen，occur，belong，take place等没有被动语态。

　　如The accident happened last night.

　　昨夜发生了交通事故。

　　The car belonged to Black.这辆车属于Black。

　　3．被动语态的助动词be有时可以换成get，构成“get＋过去分词”的被动结构。例如：They got married at last.

　　他们最终结为伉俪。About 30 passengers got killed in that terrible traffic accident.在那次特大交通事故中约有30名乘客丧生。

　　4．短语动词的被动语态，不要丢掉动词后面的介词或副词。

　　【例】 The water ________ cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.

　　A．was felt

　　B．is felt

　　C．felt

　　D．feels

　　【例】 Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ________to the well－educated.

　　A．belongs

　　B．is belonged

　　C．is belonging

　　D．will be belonged

　　主动形式表被动意义的用法

　　(2)动词blame，rent的不定式作表语时，主动式表被动意义。如：The house is to rent.

　　(3)形容词worth doing中doing的主动式表被动意义。如：

　　The story is worth reading.

　　(4)某些及物动词如read，write，wash，sell，cut，lock等表示主语的某种属性；或表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如open，start，begin，move等都可用主动形式表被动意义。如：

　　The meeting began at 7：30 am.　1．—Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?

　　—Yes，I did.You know，my brother ________ in the match.

　　A．is playing

　　B．was playing

　　C．has played

　　D．had played

　　2．I like these English songs and they ________ many times on the radio.

　　A．taught

　　B．have taught

　　C．are taught

　　D．have been taught

　　3．—I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.

　　—I think so.He ________ for it for months.

　　A．is preparing

　　B．was preparing

　　C．had been preparing

　　D．has been preparing

　　4．We first met on a train in 2010，but we both felt immediately that we ________ each other for years.

　　A．knew

　　B．have known

　　C．had known

　　D．know

　　5．The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ________ to arrive.

　　A．is expected

　　B．is expecting

　　C．expects

　　D．will be expected

　　6．If their marketing plans succeed，they ________ their sales by 20 percent.

　　A．will increase

　　B．have been increasing

　　C．have increased

　　D．would be increasing

　　7．—Sorry，sir，your car isn't ready yet.

　　It ________ by our workers.

　　—Oh，my God，when can I come to fetch it?

　　A．is repaired

　　B．has been repaired

　　C．is being repaired

　　D．will be repaired

　　8．Visitors ________ not to touch the exhibits.

　　A．will request

　　B．are requested

　　C．are requesting

　　D．request

　　9．Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is not an easy task because technology ________ so rapidly.

　　A．is changing

　　B．has changed

　　C．will have changed

　　D．will change

　　答案　A10．All the preparations for the task ________，and we're ready to start.

　　A．completed

　　B．complete

　　C．had been completed

　　D．have been completed