浙江省金华市孝顺高级中学2016届高考英语作文专题复习：英文写作基础——动词

　　文章是由句子组成的。每一个句子都少不了谓语。而担任谓语的是动词。对于一个很活跃的动词，我们应该掌握以下几个方面：

　　一. 准确的读音和拼写

　　听得懂，说得出是写作的基础。只有掌握了正确读音，才能做到这一点。只有正确的拼写才能准确无误地传达信息。太多的拼写错误会影响书面表达的得分。

　　二. 基本意义

　　三. 常用其它意义

　　除了基本意义之外，这些词在其它语境中还会有不同的意义，有自己的使用范畴。因此，只掌握基本意义是不够的。

　　四. 常见搭配

　　我们所说的搭配，不仅包括动词与介词﹑副词的搭配，而且包括与名词搭配的意义。以动词make为例。make的基本意义是“制作”，而make beds意思是“整理床铺”，make use of意思是“利用”，make money挣钱，make a fortune: “发财”，make faces “做鬼脸”等等。

　　五. 过去式与过去分词

　　在书面表达中很少用到一般现在时，除非是表示规律性和反复发生的动作，当涉及时态时，就会用到动词的过去式﹑过去分词和现在分词等形式。因此，熟练掌握一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是非常必要的。这里，我们为同学们列出书面表达中经常使用的一些动词的形式。为了记忆方便，将它们分成AAA，ABB，AAB，ABA和ABC五种形式。一个字母代表一种形式。

　　AAA:

　　cut, set, cost, hurt, let, put, set, shut, spread, read

　　ABB:

　　bend – bent – bent

　　bring – brought – brought

　　build – built – built

　　burn – burnt – burnt

　　buy – bought – bought

　　catch – caught – caught

　　deal – dealt – dealt

　　feed – fed – fed

　　feel – felt– felt

　　fight – fought – fought

　　find – found – found

　　get – got – got

　　hang – hung – hung (挂)

　　have – had – had

　　hear - heard – heard

　　hide – hid – hid

　　hold – held – held

　　keep – kept – kept

　　lay – laid – laid

　　lead – led – led

　　leave – left – left

　　lend – lent – lent

　　light – lit – lit

　　lose – lost – lost

　　make – made – made

　　mean – meant – meant

　　meet – met – met

　　pay – paid – paid

　　say – said – said

　　sell – sold – sold

　　send – sent – sent

　　shine – shone – shone

　　shoot – shot –shot

　　sit – sat – sat

　　sleep – slept – slept

　　spend – spent – spent

　　stand – stood – stood

　　stick – stuck – stuck

　　sweep – swept – swept

　　teach – taught – taught

　　tell – told – told

　　think – thought – thought

　　understand – understood – understood

　　win – won – won

　　AAB: beat – beat – beaten

　　ABA: become – became – become

　　come – came – come

　　run – ran – run

　　ABC: bear – bore – born

　　begin – began – begun

　　bite – bit – bitten

　　blow – blew – blown

　　break – broke – broken

　　do – did – done

　　draw – drew – drawn

　　drink – drank – drunk

　　drive – drove – driven

　　eat – ate – eaten

　　fall – fell – fallen

　　fly – flew – flown

　　forbid – forbade – forbidden

　　forgive – forgave – forgiven

　　give – gave – given

　　forget – forgot – forgotten

　　freeze – froze – frozen

　　go – went – gone

　　grow – grew – grown

　　know – knew – known

　　lie – lay – lain

　　ride – rode – ridden

　　ring – rang – rung

　　rise – rose – risen

　　see – saw – seen

　　shake – shook – shaken

　　sing – sang – sung

　　sink – sank – sunk

　　speak – spoke – spoken

　　steal – stole – stolen

　　swear – swore – sworn

　　swim – swam – swum

　　take – took – taken

　　tear – tore – torn

　　throw – threw – thrown

　　wake – woke – woken

　　wear – wore– worn

　　write – wrote – written

　　arrive(vi.) / reach( vt. ): When did you reach the top of the mountain?

　　When did you arrive at the top of the mountain?

　　sit / seat : He is sitting in the sofa.

　　He seated himself in the sofa. / He is seated in the sofa.

　　lie / lay: He was lying in bed.

　　He laid himself in bed.

　　rise / raise: The prices keep rising.

　　I raised my voice but still couldn’t make myself heard.

　　listen / hear:

　　I asked him to listen to me carefully.

　　Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.

　　But I can’t hear anything.

　　look / see: We looked at each other and smiled.

　　Then I saw something strange.

　　此外，常用不及物动词：come, go, run, walk, work, live, stay, sleep, travel, fight (against), think (of / about), speak (to)(speak English除外)，talk (to, with), happen, take place, break out, appear, agree (with), belong (to), insist (on), die, fail, succeed (in), knock (at), reply (to), rush, wait (for), worry (about)

　　七. 后接宾语的形式

　　在及物动词中，有些后面要求接不定式作宾语，有些要求接动词的 –ing 形式。要分类记忆。

　　v. + to do

　　1. wish to do 2. hope to do

　　3. promise to do 4. decide to do

　　5. refuse to do 6. agree to do

　　7. expect to do 8. manage to do

　　9. fail to do 10. prefer to do

　　11. plan to do

　　12. want to do

　　13. ought to do 14. have to do

　　15. used to do/be used to do

　　16. seem to do

　　17. would like to do 18. in order to do

　　19. so as to do 20. set out to do

　　21. make up one's mind to do 22. It takes sb.

　　some time to do

　　23. be going to do 24. be about to do

　　25. happen to do 26. pretend to do/to have done/to be doing

　　27. be thought/believed /said /reported to do 28. have no choice but to do

　　v. + doing

　　1. enjoy doing

　　2. risk doing

　　3. avoid doing 4. keep doing

　　5. practise doing

　　6. suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb. (should) do

　　7. miss doing 8. finish doing

　　9. allow / permit doing

　　10. delay doing

　　11. resist doing 12. consider doing

　　13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do

　　14. imagine doing

　　15. deny doing

　　八. 瞬时动词

　　有些动作瞬间发生，不能延续。如：die, begin, start, join, enter, arrive, borrow, lend, buy, marry等等。

　　I have arrived in Beijing for two days.（×）

　　I have been in Beijing for two days. （√）

　　How long may I borrow the book? （×）

　　How long may I keep the book? （√）

　　They have married for ten years. （×）

　　They have been married for ten years. （√）

　　The film has begun for ten minutes.（×）

　　The film has been on for ten minutes. （√）

　　How long have you bought the TV set? （×）

　　How long have you had the TV set? （√）

　　The writer has died for 2 years. （×）

　　The writer has been dead for 2 years. （√）

　　以take为例：

　　I. 基本意思为：“拿走﹑带走 ”。还有“花时间﹑占据﹑乘交通工具”等多种意义。不规则动词，过去式是took, 过去分词为taken。

　　1. Don’t forget to ~ your raincoat with you when you go out. （带走）

　　2. He was taken away by the police. （被动）

　　3. I’m sorry I took your bicycle by mistake. （拿）

　　4. It took us three hours to do the operation. （花时间）

　　5. If you ~ my advice, you’ll have no trouble doing it. （采纳）

　　6. Don’t ~ everything in the newspaper for granted. （认为）

　　7. I like the red blouse. I’ll ~ it. （买）

　　8. When are you taking your driving test?（参加）

　　9. Why not ~ a taxi? （乘）

　　10. Take the medicine three times a day. （服药）

　　11. 与某些名词连用，表示这个动作。

　　take a look = to look

　　take a rest / (take a break) = to rest

　　take a walk

　　take a risk

　　take a shower

　　take a deep breath

　　take advantage of

　　II. 常见搭配

　　take notes

　　take one’s temperature

　　take care (of)

　　take part (in)

　　take an interest in

　　take photos (of)

　　take a seat

　　take something as an example

　　III. 常见的短语动词

　　1. take away: All his belongings have been taken away from him.

　　2. take back: I take back what I said.

　　3. take off: In spite of the bad weather, the plane took off on time.

　　Mum asked me to take off my shoes.

　　I went to an exhibition, so I took a few days off.

　　4. take on : The old city has taken on a new look.

　　5. take out: He took out a newspaper and began to read.