2016年高考第二轮复习英语（安徽版）专题升级训练卷十四史地自然科普资讯类阅读理解（一）(附答案)

　　2016年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版

　　专题升级训练十四　史地、自然、科普、资讯类阅读理解（一）

　　A

　　The Alps are the youngest and highest mountain system in Europe.They stretch across the western and southern part of the continent in a broad arc.The mountain range starts near the Mediterranean Sea on the border between France and Italy.Then it curves north and eastward through northern Italy，Switzerland，Liechtenstein，southern Germany，Austria and Slovenia.

　　The Alps are about 1,000 km long，and the broadest section is over 260 km wide.The highest peak，Mont Blanc，situated on the border between France，Italy and Switzerland，rises 4,807 meters above sea level.Other famous peaks are the Monte Rosa，the Matterhorn，the GroBglockner and the Zugspitze.

　　Millions of years ago the area of today's Alps was covered by a large sea that separated Europe and Africa.The southern land mass started moving northwards.This movement folded rock layers at the bottom of the sea.Heat and pressure transformed the rock and pushed the_material upwards.Today these regions are the highest parts of the Alps.Most of the newly formed rock is granite and gneiss，but many ranges consist of limestone which also formed on the seabed.

　　During the Ice Age，which started about a million years ago，the Alps were covered with a thick blanket of snow.Glaciers moved down valleys and made them wider and deeper.As they moved they took rock and other material with them，creating moraines（冰碛）．When glaciers started to melt water filled up behind these natural dams and created the alpine lakes we know today.

　　The largest of these glaciers is the Aletsch in Switzerland which reaches a length of about 25 km.The longest glacier of the eastern Alps is the 8 km long Pasterze，at the foot of the GroBglockner.

　　The ice and snow of the alpine regions helped create the large rivers of today：the Rhine，Rhone，Danube and the Po.

　　1．From the first two paragraphs we know the Alps ______.

　　A．are about 260 km wide

　　B．stretch across the western part of Africa

　　C．are the youngest mountain system in the world

　　D．have the highest peak 4,807 meters above sea level

　　2．What does the underlined phrase “this material” in Para.3 refer to?

　　A．Sea water and rock.

　　B．Rock that was transformed.

　　C．Rock layers that were folded.

　　D．Limestone which was on the seabed.

　　3．It can be inferred from the passage that the Alps were formed ______.

　　A．before the Ice Age

　　B．during the Ice Age

　　C．because of seas' movement

　　D．because of glaciers' movement

　　4．From the passage we know Danube is ______.

　　A．a kind of rock

　　B．one of the Alps' famous peaks

　　C．the name of a river

　　D．one of the largest glaciers

　　B

　　Nanoparticles（纳米粒子） are everywhere，from cosmetics and clothes，to soda and snacks.But as common as they are，they also have a downside，say researchers at Binghamton University and Cornell University in a recent paper published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.These tiny particles，even in low doses，could have a big impact on our long­term health.

　　According to the lead author of the article，Gretchen Mahler，assistant professor of bioengineering at Binghamton University，much of the existing research on the safety of nanoparticles has been directly related to health effects.But what Mahler and a team of researchers really wanted to know was what happens when someone gets constant exposure in small doses—the kind you'd get if you took a drug or supplement that included nanoparticles in some form.

　　“We thought that the best way to measure the more subtle（精细的） effects of this kind of intake was to monitor the reaction of intestinal（肠道的） cells，”said Mahler.“And we did this in two ways：through human intestinal­lining cells that we had cultured in the lab，and through the intestinal linings of live chickens.Both sets of results pointed to the same thing—that exposure to nanoparticles influences the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.”

　　The uptake of iron was of particular interest due to the way it is absorbed and processed through the intestines.“What we found was that for brief exposures，iron absorption dropped by about 50 percent，”said Mahler.“But when we extended that period of time，absorption actually increased by about 200 percent.It was very clear—nanoparticles definitely affect iron uptake and transport.”

　　While brief oral exposure disrupted intestinal iron transport，long­time exposure caused intestinal cells to be larger and broader，thus allowing iron to enter the bloodstream much faster.“The intestinal cells are a gateway that ingested nanoparticles must go through to get to the body，”said Mahler.“We monitored iron absorption and found that the polystyrene nanoparticles affected the absorption process and caused a physiological response.”

　　5．What is the best title for the passage?

　　A．Nanoparticles are common in our life.

　　B．Nanoparticles have an effect on our health.

　　C．We should know more about nanoparticles.

　　D．The intake of nanoparticles should be banned.

　　6．Gretchen Mahler's research is to ______.

　　A．measure the direct health effects of iron uptake

　　B．find out the effect of long­time exposure to nanoparticles

　　C．explore how to reduce the effects of nanoparticles

　　D．study how nanoparticles affect chickens

　　7．The underlined word “disrupted” in the last paragraph probably means “______”．

　　A．disordered

　　B．benefited

　　C．discovered

　　D．followed

　　8．In which part of a magazine can this passage most likely be found?

　　A．Science.

　　B．History.

　　C．Entertainment.

　　D．Economy.

　　C

　　Climate change is threatening to redraw the world's wine­producing map，and the effects are already being seen in earlier harvests and coarser（更为粗糙、劣质的） wines.

　　“The consequences of global warming are already being felt.Harvests are already coming 10 days earlier than before in almost all grape­growing regions，”said Bernard Seguin，the head of climate studies at France's INRA agricultural research institute.He was speaking at the opening of the Second International Congress on Wine and Climate Change.“Wine and wine­producing will change in a way that will depend on how we face global warming，”said Seguin.“If the temperature rises two or three degrees centigrade，we could manage to see Bordeaux remain as Bordeaux，Rioja as Rioja，Burgundy as Burgundy.But if it goes up five or six degrees，we must face up to huge problems，and the changes will be hard，”he said.

　　Grapes are damaged if they ripen too quickly，due to higher temperatures and a lack of rain.“When a grape matures more quickly，you get higher concentrations of sugar，lower acidity（酸性） and a higher PH level，”said Fernando Zamora of the oenology faculty（葡萄酒酿造学系） at the University of Tarragona in Spain.The result is coarser wines，with a higher alcohol level and lower acidity which can destroy the delicate flavor of good quality wines，he said.

　　It would also lead to higher prices in countries which tax wine according to its alcohol level.“The types of wines will change in almost all regions，”said Vicente Sotes，a professor at the Polytechnic University.And some regions which still produce good wine would no longer benefit from the ideal climatic conditions that are responsible for their fame.

　　“The French will have problems，especially in the Bordeaux region，”said Pancho Campos，the president of the Wine Academy of Spain，who organized the Barcelona conference.

　　“German producers on the banks of the Rhine will be the least at risk，”he said.The French “Grand Crus” could be further threatened by the “New World” wines of Australia，California，Chile，Argentina，South Africa and New Zealand，which would have the best climatic conditions.“The countries in the southern hemisphere（半球） are next to a greater mass of water，and it is sea currents that maintain the temperature at its level，”said Campos.

　　9．What's the main idea of the passage?

　　A．How we should fight against the climate change.

　　B．Earlier harvests are the causes of coarser wines.

　　C．Wine production is threatened by the climate change.

　　D．Global warming is very serious in many countries.

　　10．A brand of wine with poor quality bears the feature of ______.

　　A．a lower alcohol level

　　B．a lower PH level

　　C．a lower acidity level

　　D．a lower sugar level

　　11．It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

　　A．wines of lower alcohol level are taxed more heavily

　　B．climate is a very important factor in wine producing

　　C．France is a leading wine producer in the world

　　D．German wine producers face threatens from other countries

　　12．The last paragraph indicates that ______.

　　A．wines produced in the countries in the southern hemisphere have low prices

　　B．French wine producers face more threats from the rise of temperature

　　C．the southern countries have much higher temperature compared with the north

　　D．the countries in the southern hemisphere would have ideal climate for wine producing

　　D

　　Scientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature：“We would like to read people's dreams.”Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.

　　Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic picture of their brain activity.He told the BBC：“There's no clear answer as to why humans dream.And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream.”

　　The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons（神经元） or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts，objects and people，it would allow them to “read the subject's minds”，according to Dr Cerf.However，Dr Roderick Oner，a clinical psychologist and dream expert，said that this kind of picture would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the “complex dream story”．

　　In order to get a detailed picture of individual neurons，scientists had to have electrodes（电极） implanted deep in the brain by using surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had electrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizures.However，Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be “wonderful” to be able to read the minds of coma（昏迷的） patients who are unable to communicate.

　　13．How did we record and interpret our dreams in the past?

　　A．We couldn't do that because of our limited science knowledge

　　B．Only some scientists could do that with some special systems.

　　C．Everyone could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.

　　D．Psychologists could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.

　　14．What can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph?

　　A．Dr Cerf's latest research is really a success.

　　B．Dr Cerf's latest research turns out to be a failure.

　　C．Not all scientists are in favor of Dr Cerf's opinion.

　　D．All scientists think Dr Cerf's research is ridiculous.

　　15．Why did scientists have electrodes implanted deep in the brain?

　　A．Because they wanted to gain a more clear image of individual neurons.

　　B．Because they hoped to find a new way of curing the patients' brain seizures.

　　C．Because they could get the data that would be used for treating brain seizures.

　　D．Because they wanted to read the minds of coma patients unable to communicate.

　　16．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?

　　A．A famous scientist，Dr Cerf

　　B．Scientists plan to record people's dreams

　　C．When do we actually create this dream

　　D．Roderick Oner，a clinical psychologist and dream expert

　　E

　　Children in Somalia are suffering some of the highest malnutrition（营养不良） rates in the world，says the United Nations as drought continues to affect the country.

　　An UN official told the BBC that about two and a half million people had been affected.She said there had been complete crop failure in southern Somalia and that many had lost their livelihoods（生活来源，饭碗，生计）．The country has also been ravaged by two decades of violence.“Many people are leaving rural areas to search for work in Somali towns，while others are quitting the country altogether—going to Kenya and Yemen，”said Grainne Moloniy of the UN Food and Agricultural Organization.

　　“One in four children is malnourished—that's one of the highest rates in the world，”she told the BBC's World Today.

　　The rains have either failed or been inadequate for several seasons，fields are parched，and livestock—the mainstay of the economy—are dying.“People are becoming more dependent on money from their relatives abroad，”Ms Moloniy said.However，the Somali diaspora（海外索马里人） have been hit by the global economic crisis，and in the past few years have been unable to send as much money home.

　　“UN agencies and other humanitarian groups are also short of funds—the UN has only raised a third of what it needs for food aid for Somalia，”Ms Moloniy said.

　　“With no end to the drought in sight，and insecurity continuing in many parts of Somalia，it is likely the situation will get worse before it gets better，”says BBC Africa analyst Mary Harper.

　　The country has experienced more than 20 years of conflict，with Islamist insurgents fighting forces of the transitional government，backed by peacekeepers from the African Union.

　　17．Drought in southern Somalia has resulted in ______.

　　A．violence

　　B．a small number of children going hungry

　　C．global economic crisis

　　D．millions of people losing their livelihoods

　　18．What does the underlined word “ravaged” in Paragraph 3 mean?

　　A．Destroyed.

　　B．Protected.

　　C．Controlled.

　　D．Frightened.

　　19．Which of the following statements is true?

　　A．The UN and other humanitarian groups have collected enough money to help people in Somalia.

　　B．Somalia diaspora have been unable to send much money home to their poor relatives.

　　C．Somalia has the largest number of children suffering from malnutrition.

　　D．The drought will soon be over.

　　20．Where do you think the passage is taken from?

　　A．Newspaper.

　　B．Introduction.

　　C．Textbook.

　　D．Literature magazine.

　　参考答案

　　1. 答案：D

　　解析：细节理解题。由第二段的第二句话可知阿尔卑斯山脉的最高峰——勃朗峰海拔4807米。

　　2. 答案：B

　　解析：词义猜测题。根据该句的结构“Heat and pressure transformed the rock and pushed the material upwards.”可知该词语指代前面的the rock，故选B项。

　　3. 答案：A

　　解析：推理判断题。根据第三、四段的首句，可以推断出阿尔卑斯山脉是在冰河世纪之前形成的，故选A项。

　　4. 答案：C

　　解析：细节理解题。由文章最后一段可知Danube（多瑙河）是由阿尔卑斯山脉的冰雪融化形成的大河之一。

　　5. 答案：B

　　解析：主旨大意题。第一段提出了文章的主旨。根据第一段中的“These tiny particles，even in low doses，could have a big impact on our longterm health”可知，答案为B项。

　　6. 答案：B

　　解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But what Mahler...was what happens when someone gets constant exposure in small doses...”可知，答案为B项。

　　7. 答案：A

　　解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“What we found was that for brief exposures，iron absorption dropped by about 50 percent...”和“...nanoparticles definitely affect iron uptake and transport.”可推断，disrupt意为“干扰”，故答案为A项。

　　8. 答案：A

　　解析：推理判断题。本文介绍了关于纳米粒子的最新研究成果，属于科学方面，故答案为A项。

　　9. 答案：C

　　解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段是本文的主题句，提到气候变化对葡萄酒生产的影响及后果。

　　10. 答案：C

　　解析：细节理解题。题目涉及劣质葡萄酒的特点，原文第三段提到葡萄成熟得太快所导致的葡萄以及葡萄酒的特点。

　　11. 答案：B

　　解析：推理判断题。文章一直在论述气候变化对葡萄酒生产产生很大影响，据此推出气候对葡萄种植和葡萄酒生产十分重要。

　　12. 答案：D

　　解析：推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句中可知“南半球这些国家邻近大片海域，海流可维持适宜的温度”，由此推测出气候变化会使南半球的国家产生适宜种植葡萄的理想气候环境。

　　13. 答案：D

　　解析：细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.”可知心理学家通过事后询问做梦的人可以记录并解释他们的梦。

　　14. 答案：C

　　解析：推理判断题。第三段最后说到另外一位著名的临床心理学家及研究梦境的专家Dr Roderick Oner认为Dr Cerf的研究成果对解读人的梦境帮助不大，故选C项。

　　15. 答案：A

　　解析：细节理解题。由第四段首句可知他们把电极通过外科手术植入大脑是为了得到更加详细清楚的个人神经元图像。

　　16. 答案：B

　　解析：主旨大意题。本文是在介绍科学家们在研究如何记录并解读人的梦境的方面的研究成果，故答案为B项。

　　17. 答案：D

　　解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的“...two and a half million people had been affected...many had lost their livelihoods.”可知选D项。

　　18. 答案：A

　　解析：词义猜测题。上文指出索马里正遭受干旱之灾，接着用also一词引出ravage的动作，表明这个国家也受到近二十年的武装冲突的破坏。

　　19. 答案：B

　　解析：推理判断题。由第四段中的“However，the Somalia disapora have been hit by the global economic crisis，and in the past few years have been unable to send as much money home.”可知B项正确。

　　20. 答案：A

　　解析：推理判断题。根据文章内容可知这是对索马里目前状况的报道，所以选A项。