2016年高考第二轮复习英语（安徽版）题型技法指导专题四任务型读写

　　2016年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版

　　题型技法指导专题四　任务型读写

　　真题试做

　　（2012·安徽高考）

　　Traveling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier.We live in a global village，but this doesn't mean that we all behave in the same way.

　　How should you behave when you meet someone for the first time？An American shakes your hand firmly while looking you straight in the eye.In many parts of Asia，there is no physical contact（接触）at all.In Japan，you should bow，and the more respect you want to show，the deeper you should bow.In Thailand，people greet each other by pressing both hands together at the chest.In both countries，eye contact is avoided as a sign of respect.

　　Many countries have rules about what you should and shouldn't wear.In Muslim countries，you shouldn't reveal （显露）the body，especially women，who should wear long blouses and skirts.In Korea，you should take off your shoes when entering a house.Remember to place them neatly together where you came in.

　　In Spain，lunch is often the biggest meal of the day，and can last two or three hours.For this reason many people eat a light breakfast and a late dinner.In Mexico，lunch is a time to relax，and many people prefer not to discuss business as they eat.In Britain，it's not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.

　　In most countries，an exchange of business cards is necessary for all introductions.You should include your company name and your position.If you are going to a country where your language is not widely spoken，you can get the back side of your card printed in the local language.In China，you may present your card with the writing facing the person you are giving it to.

　　Title：Good（76）______

　　Aspect Country Custom

　　（77）______ ●America

　　●Japan

　　●Thailand ■Shaking hands firmly

　　■（78）______ to show respect

　　■Pressing both hands together at the chest

　　Dressing ●（79）______countries

　　●Korea ■Wearing long blouses and skirts

　　■Taking off your shoes at the （80）______

　　Eating ●Spain

　　●Mexico

　　●（82）______ ■Having a light breakfast and a late dinner

　　■Relaxing while having （81）______

　　■Holding a business meeting over breakfast

　　Doing

　　business ●Most countries

　　●China ■Exchanging business cards when（83）______yourself

　　■Presenting a card to a person （84）______its front facing him

　　Conclusion：When traveling（85）______，we should follow local customs.

　　考向分析

　　任务型读写是安徽省2009年高考开始采用的新题型，主要考查考生对文中有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括的能力。要求考生在阅读理解的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点、整合零散信息，并根据表格的形式把加工后的信息准确、有序地表达出来。题型结构为短文和表格。

　　总结2009～2011年安徽高考的三篇任务型读写，可发现如下特点：

　　1．文章脉络清晰，结构典型。

　　任务型读写短文长度在300词左右，文章中等难度。任务型读写的文体一般为说明文和论述文，文章脉络清晰，结构多为典型的三段式：主题（话题）——论述（说明）——总结评论（归纳）。任务型读写考查考生读与写相结合的能力，关注的题材多集中在文化教育、科学技术、饮食健康和生活哲理上。

　　2．表格设计精确，反映文章思路。

　　任务型读写所配表格内容条理、具体，能够较好反映短文结构和文章的思路。表格与文章内容有着密切的内在关系，既有简单的对应关系，又有较为复杂的综合与归纳总结，表格形式有组织结构式、网络式和射线式等。

　　3．设题灵活，考查以实词为主。

　　试题共设置10个填空，要求每空填一个单词。试题考查多样，既考查对文章细节的理解，又考查作者的态度、观点和意图；既有段落归纳题，又有主旨大意题。三年考查均为实词，没有虚词。2009年设置的10个小题中，其中6个考查名词，3个考查形容词，1个考查动词。虽然其中4个名词可以直接在原文中找到，但需要考生对原文充分理解和归纳，其他6个考点均需进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。2010年设置的10个小题中，其中6个考查名词，3个考查动词，1个考查形容词。有3个名词可直接在原文中找到，但需要考生对原文充分理解和归纳，其他7个考点均需进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。2011年设置的10个小题中，其中6个考查名词，2个考查动词，1个考查形容词，1个考查副词。其中4个名词可以直接在原文中找到，但需要考生对原文充分理解和归纳，其他6个考点均需进行不同层次的信息转换和提炼。2012年任务型读写较前三年有了较大的变化。首先是表格的形式由两列变为三列网状结构，更为复杂；其次是考查了两个虚词（84、85 题），而2009～2011年只考了实词。2012年任务型读写10个小题中，查找信息题4个，综合概括题3个，整合信息题3个，难度变化不大。以上分析反映了安徽高考的稳定性，设题中名词比例较大，大多数考点需要进行信息加工，从而对学生综合运用语言的能力进行多方位的考查。

　　答题步骤

　　一、通览全文，掌握大意

　　任务型读写在很大程度上考查考生对所读材料的理解和把握能力，所以，考生首先应通览全文，了解文章的细节，掌握其主旨大意。试题主要体现在表格的标题、表格中行及列的小标题中。把握文章的主旨大意对解题起着至关重要的作用。

　　二、阅读表格，掌握要点。

　　认真研究表格，了解表格的设置形式和其主要内容及要求，研究行、列表达的全部内容和要点，从而有助于保证从文章中获取信息的准确性。

　　三、分析整理，归纳总结。

　　阅读材料后应对所读材料进行整理、分类、加工，从而过滤出表格中所需要的有用信息。通常情况下，表格涉及的内容都具有一定的规律性，可能是同一个问题的几种不同方面，也可能是几个不同问题的同一个方面，这就要求考生善于对材料进行概括总结。比如设计活动的时间、地点、原因、方式等，几个事件发生的背景、意义、重要性或危害等。解题时既要注意相关信息的细节问题，更要注意这些细节的共性或规律，同时结合表格要求，过滤出自己所需要的信息。

　　四、对号入座，定位选词。

　　再读文章，并以文章为依据，将空格和文章的相关部分对应起来，实行对号入座，然后结合空处所在的部分从词形、词性、词义等几个方面综合考虑。如果所填信息与原文中的出处基本相同，则可直接对号入座，如果表格所填信息与原文中的出处有较大出入，则要进行适当的转换，尤其是同义词或反义词的转换。

　　五、准确表达，准确填写。

　　任务型读写不仅要求考生能读懂，而且要求考生正确地表达文章内容。读懂文章只是解题的一个基本前提，是解题的基础，最终准确表达才是目的。另外，填词时应注意整个表格的统一性，注意所填写词的规范性和准确性。值得一提的还有，单词书写时应注意字母的大小写，尤其是句首单词首字母应大写。

　　技法指导

　　任务型读写试题基本可以分成三类：1．查找信息题（基础题）；2.整合信息题（活用题）；3.综合概括题（概括题）。

　　1．查找信息题

　　此类题目比较容易，一般可以直接在文中找到。阅读表格并了解表格结构和内容后可在文中画出相关信息句和关键词，对比无误后可先完成查找信息题。如：

　　Learning to tolerate a stranger's habits may teach students the art of compromise，...

　　Solutions Learning the art of （84）______

　　…

　　剖析：compromise　“the art of”为关键信息，对比文中信息句与表格空处，确定结构一致后即可完成此题。

　　2．整合信息题

　　这类题目需要我们对文章中相关句子、短语或词汇进行整合或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识、短语或句型有关，主要考查学生运用多种表达方式表意的能力。整合信息题要求对文中词汇进行加工或者用另一个词语来表达相似的意思。主要有：

　　（1）转变词性

　　如：Without vitamin B，we could be_weak and would not_grow_fast.

　　→The problems caused by lack of vitamin B areweakness and slow growth.

　　（2）用同义词或反义词

　　如：①Most workers were in_favor_of the decision.

　　→Most workers supported the decision.

　　②I didn't_pass the exam.

　　Ifailed the exam.

　　（3）用复合形容词

　　如：a girl with_blue_eyes→a blueeyed girl

　　（4）用前缀或者后缀

　　如：①Many people lost_their_houses.

　　→ Many people became homeless.

　　② The lady was not_happy.

　　→ The lady was unhappy.

　　（5）释义

　　如：I don't believe there_are UFOs.

　　→ I doubt theexistence of UFOs.

　　3．综合概括题

　　此类题主要包括标题归纳（位于表格的上方）和段落概括（位于表格左边栏），要求考生能够准确无误地概括出文章或段落的标题或主题，着重考查学生概括、推断、归纳并提炼出文章主旨或重要信息的能力。文章的结构往往是任务型读写的设题线索，理清了文章的主线和结构，才能对文章内容有更深刻的理解并归纳概括。填写这类词时，不仅要注意大小写，还要注意单复数的问题。要做好此类题，平时的学习中要注意积累概括性的词汇。常见的概括性词汇有：

　　（1）表目的：purposes，aims，goals

　　（2）表功能：functions

　　（3）表过程、步骤：process，steps

　　（4）表措施、方法：solutions，measures，ways，methods，approaches

　　（5）表特点：characteristics，features

　　（6）表建议：advice，suggestions，tips

　　（7）表定义：definition

　　（8）表范围、种类、内容：range，types，varieties，contents

　　（9）表异同：differences，similarities

　　（10）表优缺点、好处：advantages，disadvantages，benefits

　　（11）表原因、结果和影响：causes，reasons，result，consequence，outcome，effects，influences

　　（12）表态度、观点、主题：attitude，opinion，idea，topic，theme

　　（13）表结论、趋势：conclusion，trend，tendency

　　（14）表现象：phenomenon

　　（15）表活动、成果：activity，achievement

　　如：（2011安徽联考）

　　80.______ of ereaders ●Be a slim and small minidevice.

　　●Usually have a touch pad screen.

　　●Be able to 81．hold a few hundred books.

　　●Be 82.convenient to carry on a tour.

　　●Make readers read ebooks quickly 83.without holding the book and turning the page.

　　●Have a nightlight to 84.enable/get readers to read at night.

　　剖析：Advantages/Benefits　根据右栏信息可概括出文章此部分讲述电子书的种种好处。

　　误区警示

　　一、确定标题易错点

　　（2012·安徽江南十校联考）

　　A serious problem for today's society is who should be responsible for our elderly and how to improve their lives.It is not only a financial problem but also a question of the system we want for our society.I would like to suggest several solutions to this problem.

　　First，employers should take the responsibility for their retired employees.To make this possible，a percentage of profits should be set aside for this purpose.But when a company must take lifelong responsibility for its employees，it may suffer from a commercial disadvantage due to higher employee costs.

　　Another way of solving the problem is to return the responsibility to the individual （个人）．This means each person must save during his working years to pay for his years of retirement.This does not seem a very fair model since some people have enough trouble paying for their daily life without trying to earn extra to cover their retirement years.This means the government might have to step in to care for the poor.

　　In addition，the government could take responsibility for the care of the elderly.This could be financed through government taxes to increase the level of pensions（养老金）．Furthermore，some institutions（社会福利机构） should be created for senior citizens，which can help provide a comfortable life for them.Unfortunately，as the present situation in our country shows，this is not a truly practical answer.The government can seldom afford to care for the elderly，particularly when it is busy trying to care for the young.

　　One further solution is that the government or social organizations set up some working places especially for the elderly where they are independent.

　　To sum up，all these measures have advantages and disadvantages.Therefore，it is reasonable to expect that some combination of these measures may be needed to provide the care we hope to give to our elderly generations.

　　Title：More__76__Should be Given to the Elderly

　　【错混透析】Care　通过阅读全文可知，本文对如何提高老人生活提出了几点建议。末段总结全文：应采取多种措施为老人提供“关爱”，故填Care。此处容易误填responsibility。

　　【解题指导】通常表格上方为文章的标题（Topic/Title），属于一级栏目，需要考生浏览全文，理解文章大意后进行综合概括。选择文章标题应能全面反映全文的中心，而不能凭借主观臆断。概括时应全面，而不可以以偏概全。往往文章第一段对标题的概括有很重要的提示作用。标题的书写有两种：一是只有开头第一个单词首写字母大写，二是所有的实词首写字母都大写，考生在答题时要注意横向类比。

　　二、词形变化易错点

　　（2012安徽江南十校联考）

　　A serious problem for today's society is who should be responsible for our elderly and how to improve their lives.It is not only a financial problem but also a question of the system we want for our society.I would like to suggest several solutions to this problem.

　　Topic Who should take the responsibility for the __77__of the lives of the elderly？

　　【错混透析】improvement　短文首句引出话题“...who should be responsible for our elderly and how to improve their lives.”，根据表中结构可知此处应填improve的名词形式。

　　【解题指导】表格右边是与左边一栏相关的细节事实。答题时首先要确定空格与文章中相对应的段落和句子，在文章中标出与表格中空格相关或一致的句子。通常表格中的语境稍稍发生了变化，考生稍不留神就会犯错，因为有些词的词形和词性会与文章中所给的词有所改变或是与动词搭配的介词、副词等变化了。词形的变化可能是单复数的变化、非谓语动词的变化、同根词的不同词性变化等，这些词的词形和大小写应该与纵向的其他句子类比。考生在任务型读写答题时，主要出错在以下几个方面：（1）大小写不正确；（2）单词拼写错误；（3）词形、词性不正确。因此，考生在平时训练和考试时应多注意这三方面的问题。

　　三、准确定位易错点

　　（2012·安徽江南十校联考）

　　To sum up，all these measures have advantages and disadvantages.Therefore，it is reasonable to expect that some combination of these measures may be needed to provide the care we hope to give to our elderly generations.

　　__84__ It is necessary to__85__these measures to provide the care to the elderly.

　　【错混透析】84.Summary/Conclusion　85.combine　此处分析第85题。由短文最后一句话中的“...some combination of these measures may be needed to provide the care we hope to give to our elderly generations.”及表中该小题句型结构可知应填combine，句意为：有必要结合多种措施为老人提供我们希望所能给予他们的关爱。如果忽略了文中“some combination of these measures”这一信息源，此处易误填take。

　　【解题指导】在将表格中的内容和文章相关内容定位时应准确抓住一些关键词，这些关键词的提示作用非常大，如果关键词选错了，则会导致答案的定位错误。很多情况下，对某一个题的定位不能根据文章中的某一部分，而应该从文章的整体内容上把握。

　　四、词语搭配易错点

　　（2012·宿州三模）

　　Choose courses that suit you.I encourage you to take a few courses with the title “Honors” because they are meant to be challenging and intellectually exciting.If you are hungering for knowledge，see if you can take Advanced Placement （AP） courses （大学预修课）．AP Environmental Science and AP Human Geography are wellknown for being easy，so taking either of them would be a perfect way of getting yourself into the AP program deeply.

　　Academics Choose __77__

　　courses ●Taking a few courses with the title “Honors” is necessary.

　　●Taking AP courses can__78__your hunger for knowledge.

　　【错混透析】77.suitable　78.meet/satisfy　此处分析第78题。根据短文中的“If you are hungering for knowledge，see if you can take Advanced Placement （AP） courses.”可知句意为：修大学预修课可以“满足”你对知识的渴望。meet/satisfy one's need/demand/requirement/hunger 为固定用法，意为：满足某人的需要、要求、渴望。

　　【解题指导】在对具有同一意义的词之间进行选择时应考虑表格中空处所在的句子的结构，注意前后词之间的搭配。另外需要注意的是英语近义词之间的用法区别，根据具体的场合来进行选择，切忌草率。

　　1

　　Diet Coke，diet Pepsi，diet pills，nofat diet，vegetable diet...We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen.We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us.We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically（身体上）．

　　Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically.On one level，we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight，but in controlling the consumption of fatty，highcalorie，unhealthy foods.Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤）instead.All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.

　　On another level，diet products have greater psychological effects.Every time we have a zerocalorie drink，we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results.Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain，and that life can be without resistance and struggle.

　　The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us，but also in the physical harm that they cause.Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients（营养成分）．Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products.Diet products may not be nutritional，and the chemicals that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.

　　Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us，it is time to seriously think about buying them.Losing weight lies in the power of minds，not in the power of chemicals.Once we realize this，we will be much better able to resist diet products，and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

　　Title The __1__ of diet products

　　Psycho-logical effects ●Make us ignore the real__2__of our weight problems and __3__on diet products.

　　●Make us __4__of the fact that we have to work to get results.

　　__5__

　　effects ●__6__diet products instead of healthy foods__7__our bodies from having basic nutrients.

　　●The chemicals __8__into diet products are potentially dangerous.

　　__9__ We should__10__diet products and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

　　2

　　What is elearning？Elearning is essentially the computer and networkenabled transfer of skills and knowledge，whose content is delivered via the Internet，audio or video tape，satellite TV，and CDROM.

　　Elearning dates back to the early 1960s when Stanford University psychology professor Patrick Suppes experimented with using computers to teach math.As early as 1997 William D．Graziadei published an article which described developing an overall strategy for technologybased course development and management for an educational system.Today people are using many technologies in elearning，blogs and virtual classrooms included.

　　There are different types of elearning that are available.Some educational experts suggest that different types or forms of elearning can be considered as a continuum，from no elearning，i.e.no use of computers or the Internet for teaching and learning，through classroom aids，such as making classroom lecture PowerPoint slides available to students and through a course website，to laptop programs，where students are required to bring laptops to class and use them as part of a facetoface class，to mixed learning，where classroom time is reduced but not eliminated，with more time devoted to online learning，to fully online learning，which is a form of distance education.

　　Due to the effectiveness of elearning methods，this type of learning methodology is rapidly becoming popular among schools.By 2006,3.5 million students had participated in learning courses through the Internet at institutions of higher education in the United States.Allen and Seamen claim that almost a quarter of all students in postsecondary education were taking fully online courses in 2008，and a report by Ambient Insight Research suggests that in 2009,44 per cent of postsecondary students in the USA were taking some or all of their courses online，and some professors predicted that this figure would have been doubled by 2016.Thus it can be seen that elearning is moving rapidly from the margins to being a predominant form of postsecondary education.

　　Elearning has created a new paradise in education and it has greatly complemented our traditional methods and thus it has brought students a lot of advantages.We expect much more growth in adoptions of it in schools.

　　An __1__ to Elearning

　　__2__of elearning Transfer of skills and knowledge with the __3__ of computer and network，etc.

　　__4__ of elearning ●In the early 1960s: an experiment on __5__ math was conducted by using computers

　　●As early as 1997: an article __6__developing an overall strategy was published

　　●Today：many technologies are being__7__ in elearning

　　Types of elearning services ●Laptop programs: Laptops are used as part of a facetoface class

　　●Mixed Learning：__8__classroom time and more time spent online

　　●Fully online learning：a form of distance education

　　The __9__ of elearning among schools ●By 2006：3.5 million students participating in online learning

　　●In 2008：25% of all students taking fully online education

　　●In 2009：44% of students taking some or all their courses online

　　●By 2016：88% of students taking online courses

　　Conclusion More growth in adoptions of elearning is wanted because students can __10__ from it.

　　3

　　There are many destructive（破坏性的）forces when it comes to nature，which have destroyed whole cities and killed many people.They're really terrible，but they occur somewhat often，and this is why you see so many charities these days which focus their efforts on helping people who have been affected by natural disasters.

　　While the world is a very beautiful place to live in，there will always be parts of the world where natural disasters happen more often than in other places，where properties and lives are destroyed.Only the people who live in the country where tsunamis and earthquakes as well as other disasters occur experience these，and we can only imagine the suffering that they go through.

　　For some people out there，the world is cruel，but they have no choice but to stay where they are.A lot of the time people simply cannot afford to move away，as they might not be able to get a job when they leave.

　　In 2004，there was a tsunami in the Indian Ocean.A tsunami is a large wave that towers hundreds of feet into the air，and covers whole areas when it comes crashing down on to dry land.This particular tsunami was caused by an earthquake that happened in the middle of the sea，shooting the water away from the ground and towards dry land.This tsunami actually reached thirty meters in height，and was one of the worst tidal waves the world has ever seen.Over 200,000 people were hurt in the disaster.

　　In 2005，we also saw a hurricane happened in the United States.This hurricane was known as hurricane Katrina，and is perhaps the worst in the history of the world.It happened in 2005 and destroyed millions of properties in the areA．It also took the lives of nearly 2,000 American people.It was known that for ten days，the wind swept through the area，meaning the most powerful country in the world became helpless in their attempts to save the people who were affected by the hurricane.

　　Finally，in 2008 we saw yet another natural disaster.This time it was a cyclone（旋风），which is similar to a hurricane but happens in a circular motion（圆周运动）．This cyclone Nargis had been one of the strongest to have ever occurred，reaching a death toll of nearly 150,000 people.

　　All of these were terrible disasters that were unavoidable.

　　Title：Forces of Nature

　　Introduction Destructive forces of nature refer to natural disasters __1__ tsunamis and earthquakes.

　　Consequences ●When these terrible disasters occur in some parts of the world，they __2__ properties and lives.

　　●People in these parts go through the __3__ that only exists in our imagination.

　　●Some people out there have to __4__ where they are.They can't afford to move away，as jobs in other places might not be __5__.

　　__6__ ●The 2004 tsunami reached a __7__ of thirty meters and it was one of the worst tidal waves in the world.

　　●The 2005 hurricane known as Katrina swept through parts of the US，causing great loss.Even the most powerful country could do __8__ to save its people.

　　●The 2008 cyclone called Nargis had been one of the strongest，leaving nearly 150,000 people __9__.

　　Summary These terrible disasters couldn't be __10__.

　　4

　　Attitude is a mental state relative to what we believe and affects our entire lives.We express our attitude in our words and actions.

　　One of the most important steps you can take toward achieving your greatest potential in life is to learn to monitor your attitude and its impact on your work performance，relationships and everyone around you.

　　In truth，people generally don't have a high level of attitude awareness.They'll know if they are hungry or if their feet hurt，but they usually don't have a good handle on their attitude.That is a mistake because attitude decides everything.It governs the way you perceive（感知）the world and the way the world perceives you.

　　We all have a choice.We can choose an inner dialogue of selfencouragement and selfmotivation.It's a power we all have.Each of us experiences hard times，hurt feelings，heartache，and physical and emotional pain.The key is to realize it's not what happens to you that matters; it's how you choose to respond.

　　Your mind is a computer that can be programmed.Your inner dialogue is the software that programs your attitude，which determines how you present yourself to the world around you.You have control over the programming.Whatever you put into it is reflected in what comes out.The sad reality of life is that we will continue to hear negative information，but we don't have to program it into our brains.

　　The loudest and most influential voice you hear is your own inner voice.It can work for or against you，depending on the messages you allow.It can be optimistic or pessimistic（悲观的）．It can wear you down or cheer you up.

　　Habitual bad attitudes are often the product of past experiences and events.Common causes include low selfesteem，stress，fear，resentment，anger and an inability to handle change.It takes serious work to examine the roots of a harmful attitude，but the rewards of ridding ourselves of this heavy baggage can last a lifetime.

　　Title：Your attitude decides everything

　　Introduction Attitude is a mental state relative to our__1__and affects our entire lives.We express our attitude by __2__ and behaving.

　　The __3__of

　　attitude ●You can reach your full potential in life by __4__your attitude and its influence.

　　●Your attitude__5__ the way you perceive（感知）the world and the way the world perceives you.

　　__6__to

　　form positive

　　attitude ●__7__ourselves and try to get motivated when faced with problems.

　　●Don't put __8__information into our brains.

　　__9__ Ridding ourselves of habitual bad attitudes can bring us lifelong__10__.

　　5

　　The world would have been so much better if we all know to say and do the right thing at the right time.However，that is not the case，especially when it comes to instilling（逐步培养）proper behavior in kids.Behavior modification（BM）techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults.

　　Behavior modification refers to establishing appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desirable.The techniques are used in behavior modification therapy that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children.

　　The most commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement，negative reinforcement and punishment.Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing a desired behavior through the process of rewarding it.Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or a behavior because the desired behavior was performed.Punishment refers to subjecting（使服从于）an individual to a negative condition because of an inappropriate behavior.

　　The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement.However，parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification.This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parentchild relationship.As a parent，don't make the reward a monetary one.Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward.

　　Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification in children，both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play.Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management，teaching social problemsolving skills like alternative thinking，and continuous monitoring of a child's behavior.It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children.However，there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate environment.

　　Behavior modification techniques

　　Definition of BM Establishing appropriate behaviors and discouraging __1__ones

　　__2__of BM techniques To correct and instill appropriate behavior in children as well as adults

　　__3__BM techniques ●Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing a desired behavior by

　　__4__ it

　　● Negative reinforcement：__5__ a negative consequence or a behavior

　　●Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition

　　BM techniques for children Parents' role：

　　●Communicating__6__ with children

　　●Making the reward a __7__ Teachers' role：

　　●Preventing problems happening in __8__

　　●Teaching how to__9__ social problem

　　●Monitoring children's behavior __10_

　　6

　　There are many reasons why you might not tell all when your doctor asks you to list the medications you are taking.But there is one very good reason why you should tell all: your health.Or you may encounter a drug interaction，a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug.

　　Even though drug reactions and interactions are responsible for only about 3.8 percent of emergency department visits，many of these cases are serious.

　　Medications have become an important component of good medical care，often taking the place of surgery or other invasive procedures.Pills are thought to be good cures for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol（胆固醇）and they are also used to treat depression and other kinds of diseases.As a result，people prefer to take combined medications，thinking they all work for good.

　　At least 25 percent of Americans over age 65 take three or more medications daily—in many cases，prescribed by different doctors.Any of these medications can cause an unfavorable reaction.When two or more are taken at the same time，there is a risk of a drug interaction.Further increasing the risk,40 percent of American adults regularly have herbal remedies（药物）or vitamins—often in combination with prescription or overthecounter medications and usually without the knowledge