2016年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版
专题一 名词 冠词和主谓一致
真题试做
1.(2012·安徽高考)Carl is studying______food science at college and hopes to open up______meat processing factory of his own one day.
A./;a
B./;the
C.the;a
D.the;the
2.(2012·天津高考)You are working too hard.You'd better keep a ______ between work and relaxation.
A.promise
B.lead
C.balance
D.diary
3.(2012·江苏高考)—Can I help you with it?
—I appreciate your ______,but I can manage it myself.
A.advice
B.question
C.offer
D.idea
4.(2012·浙江高考)The development of industry has been ______ gradual process throughout ______human existence,from stone tools to modern technology.
A.不填;the
B.the;a
C.a;不填
D.a;a
5.(2012·陕西高考)The basketball coach,as well as his team,______ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
A.were
B.was
C.is
D.are
考向分析
1.名词不仅是中学英语的基本词汇,也是历年高考的“常客”。高考对名词的考查往往集中在名词词义辨析、抽象名词具体化、名词作定语及名词的固定搭配等方面。
2.冠词的题目几乎每年都有一道,而且往往设两个空,以增加覆盖面和难度。高考对冠词的考查主要包括定冠词与不定冠词的区别、名词前省略冠词的场合、特指与泛指的区分以及习语中冠词的用法等,特别是有些题目暗含特指的意义,需要根据语境仔细体会。
3.主谓一致主要考查一些基本句型的用法。注意掌握主谓一致的三个原则,尤其是主语部分比较复杂时,要明确哪部分是真正的主语。
热点例析
考点一:名词词义辨析
同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合,要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量,做题时要深入理解语境,整体把握,结合句意作出最佳选择。
【典例分析】(2011·江苏高考)Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional ______.
A.consequence
B.independence
C.competence
D.intelligence
答案为C项。句意:为了保持专业能力,老师需要不断地更新他们的知识。competence意为“能力”,符合句意。consequence意为“结果”,independence意为“独立”,intelligence意为“智力”,均不符合句意。
考点二:抽象名词具体化
抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词,前面可加不定冠词,用来表示某种品质的实际行动,常意为“一次……的事情;一个……的人;一种……的东西”。如:
difficulty 困难→a difficulty 一件难事
surprise 惊讶→a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事
pleasure 愉快→a pleasure 一件乐事
failure 失败→a failure 一位失败者;一件失败的事
success 成功→a success 一位成功者;一件成功的事
【典例分析】(2012·山东高考)Being able to afford ______ drink would be ______ comfort in those tough times.
A.the;the
B.a;a
C.a;不填
D.不填;a
答案为B项。句意:在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种安慰。drink在此句中表泛指,指“一杯或一种饮料”;comfort作“安慰,舒适”讲时,为不可数名词,但在此用a comfort表示“一件令人安慰的事物”,comfort为可数名词。故选B项。
考点三:名词作定语
名词作定语一般用单数形式,如a mountain village,stone houses;但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如:a woman doctor,two women doctors。
【典例分析】There are more ______ teachers than ______ teachers in our school.
A.man;woman
B.woman;men
C.man;women
D.men;women
答案为D项。名词作定语时一般用单数形式,但man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,也应用复数形式的men和women。
考点四:名词的所有格
1.以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“'”。如:
the teachers' readingroom/ten minutes' walk
2.复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“'s”。如:
Women's Day/the Children's Palace
3.名词并列时,所有格的形式不同,其含义不同。如:
Tom and Bob's desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)
Tom's and Bob's desks汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有)
4.双重所有格。
(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词,如a/two/some/any/no等时,表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of my brother's/his
我弟弟的/他的一个朋友
several students of Mr.Smith's/mine
史密斯先生的/我的几个学生
(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时,of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:
That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely.
小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。
This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance.
教授的/他的这项发明很重要。
【典例分析】The ______ shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into ______ car.
A.girl's;Tom's
B.girls';Toms'
C.girls';Tom's
D.girl's;Toms'
答案为C项。根据题干后半部分的them可知第一个空应用复数的所有格girls';第二个空用Tom's表示“汤姆的”。
考点五:冠词的基本用法
特指 泛指
表示类别 表示“一个(些)”
可数名词单数 the book a book a book
可数名词复数 the books books some/any books
不可数名词 the sugar sugar some/any sugar
【典例分析】(2012·全国高考)He missed ______ gold in the high jump,but will get ______ second chance in the long jump.
A.the;the
B.不填;a
C.the;a
D.a;不填
答案为C项。第一个空是特指跳高的金牌,第二个空表示“又一次机会”,不表示特指,应用不定冠词a。故选C项。
考点六:冠词的省略
1.东、西方都有的节日名称前不用冠词,如:New Year's Day,Christmas,National Day,Army Day等;但中国的节日一般用定冠词,如:the Spring Festival,the MidAutumn Festival等。
2.月份、日期前一般不用冠词,如:in October,on March 8等。
3.三餐名词前不用冠词,如:have breakfast/lunch/dinner 等。
但有定语修饰时需加冠词,如:have a big breakfast,have a wonderful lunch等。
4.表示体育运动的名词前不用冠词,如:play football/cards/chess等;但乐器名词前需加定冠词,如:play the violin/the piano等。
5.表示职位、头衔的名词作补足语、同位语时不用冠词。如:
He was elected chairman.
Mr. Wang,headmaster of our school,went to Japan last week.
6.一些习惯短语不用冠词。如:at night,at first,by bus,go to bed,at table等。
【典例分析】(2012·重庆高考)Sam has been appointed ______ manager of the engineering department to take ______ place of George.
A./;/
B.the;/
C.the;the
D./;the
答案为D项。英语中表示头衔、职位的名词用作补足语或同位语时前面不加冠词,该题manager在句中作主语补足语,所以第一个空不用冠词;take the place of为固定短语,意为“代替”。句意:萨姆已被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。
考点七:习语中的冠词
1.有些习语中习惯用不定冠词。如:on an average,as a whole,in a hurry,make an effort,make an apology,pay a visit to等。
2.有些习语中习惯用定冠词。如:by the hour,in the distance,by the way,catch/pull/take sb.by the hand,pat/hit sb.on the head/in the face等。
3.有些习语中习惯不用冠词。如:in use,in trouble,at noon,day and night,shoulder to shoulder,at war,on duty,in fact,in order,under repair,have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.等。
4.有些习语中有无冠词意义完全不同。如:
【典例分析】(2011·江西高考)—It's said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 ______year.
—Right,he will also get paid by ______ week.
A.the;the
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.a;a
答案为B项。句意:——据说约翰将会有一份年薪超过60,000美元的工作。——没错,他也将会以周薪的方式得到薪水。表示时间单位“每年,一年”,冠词应用a;by后接具体的计量方式时,应用定冠词the。
考点八:主谓一致
主谓一致有语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个基本原则。
1.单数名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语要用单数。复数名词作主语时,谓语要用复数。如:
Much milk is offered to him.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
To nod one's head means agreement.
What they said is true.
2.and和both...and...连接并列主语时,谓语用复数。or,either...or...,neither...nor...,not only...but also...,not...but...连接并列主语时,谓语和靠近的主语一致。如:
Tom and Peter are both from America.
Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.
Either you or I am going to answer the question.
Not only he but also his parents have been to New York.
3.当主语后跟with,along with,together with,including,but,except加另一名词或代词时,谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。如:
Tom together with his parents is going to New York.
Many teachers,including Mr.Wang,have been to Beijing.
4.不定代词和疑问代词作主语时,一般视作单数。all,most,half等作主语时,若指不可数的东西,谓语动词用单数;若指可数的东西,谓语动词则用复数。如:
Either of the shirts fits me very well.
Someone strange is asking to see you.
Who is on duty today?
Most of the people are against the plan.
Most of the earth's surface is covered with water.
5.集体名词people,cattle,police等一般作复数。family,class,team,army,government,public等作为整体看待时为单数,看作组成的成员时为复数。单复数同形的sheep,deer,means等作主语时,要根据意义确定谓语的单、复数。如:
People here are all fond of football.
Men's clothing is sold in this shop.
His family has just moved to Beijing.
Hearing the news,the whole family were very happy.
Every means has been tried.
All means have been tried.
6.“many a+单数名词”和“more than one+单数名词”作主语时,谓语用单数。如:
Many a student has seen the film.
More than one person knows the secret.
7.and连接的主语分别被each,every,no等所修饰时,谓语用单数。如:
Each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.
8.“分数或百分数+of+名词”和“the rest of/the majority of+名词”等构成的短语作主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与名词的单复数保持一致。如:
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
Sixty percent of the students in our school are girls.
9.时间、重量、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语时,谓语通常用单数。如:
Ten years is quite a long time.
10.“the+形容词”作主语,表示一类人时谓语用复数。如:
The rich live a happy life,while the poor live a hard life.
【典例分析】(2012·湖南高考)All the scientific evidence ______ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ______ damaging our health.
A.show;are
B.shows;are
C.show;is
D.shows;is
答案为D项。第一个空的主语为不可数名词evidence,谓语动词要用单数shows;第二个空的主语为use,谓语动词也要用单数形式。句意:所有的科学证据都表明农业中化学品日益增长的使用正损害我们的身体健康。故D项正确。
误区警示
1.名词“熟词生义”易错点
(2012·福建高考)—Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
—Well,you know,English is my ______.So it is my best choice.
A.strength
B.talent
C.ability
D.skill
【错混透析】A strength意为“力气,力量”,还可引申为“长处,强项”,符合句意。句意:——你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作?——哦,你知道,英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。talent 意为“天赋”;ability意为“能力”;skill意为“技能”。如果不能根据具体的语境灵活理解词义,很难作出正确选择。
【解题指导】在高考试题中,有一种“熟词生义”题型,即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的,但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本意义的基础上,善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的新义。
2.表泛指与特指时冠词使用的易错点
(2012·四川高考)We are said to be living in______ Information Age,______time of new discoveries and great changes.
A.an;the
B.不填;the
C.不填;a
D.the;a
【错混透析】D 第一个空应用the对Information Age进行特指,指的是信息时代;第二个空应用a表示泛指,a time of...意为“一个……的时代”。句意:据说我们生活在信息时代,一个拥有新的发现和巨大变化的时代。该题第一个空易误选不定冠词,第二个空易误选零冠词。
【解题指导】结合语境,当表示“一”这个数量,或表示“每一个”时,要用不定冠词;当特指某人或物、指谈话双方都知道的人或物以及指上文提到过的人或物时,要用定冠词,特别要注意有些题目中暗含特指意义,做题时要仔细揣摩。
3.独一无二的事物前冠词的易错点
We can never expect ______ bluer sky unless we create ______ less polluted world.
A.a;a
B.a;the
C.the;a
D.the;the
【错混透析】A sky和world是独一无二的,所以该题易误选D项。但该题中其前面都有形容词修饰,表示会出现一个什么样的sky和world,这时前面应加不定冠词。
【解题指导】world,earth,sun,moon,sky等世界上独一无二的事物前通常用定冠词,但前面若被形容词修饰,则需加不定冠词,表示会出现一个什么样的world,earth,sun,moon或sky等。
4.抽象名词具体化时的冠词应用失误
It will make ______ big difference whether the opening ceremony becomes ______ success or not.
A./;/
B.a;a
C.a;the
D.a;/
【错混透析】B make a difference为固定短语,所以第一个空应用不定冠词;第二个空也应用不定冠词,a success表示“一件成功的事情”。
【解题指导】当success,failure,pleasure,help,surprise,honour等抽象名词用作其本义时,通常不能与不定冠词连用。但是,当这些抽象名词表示具体的概念,即用来表示可数的人或事物时,可以与不定冠词连用。
5.主谓一致的易错点
(2011·湖南高考)Onethird of the country ______ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens ______ black people.
A.is;are
B.is;is
C.are;are
D.are;is
【错混透析】A 考查主谓一致。“分数、百分数、the majority of/the minority of+名词”等作主语时,谓语的单复数形式取决于其后面名词的单复数形式。该题中country为不可数名词,指“国土”,所以第一个空用is;citizens为复数,指“公民”,所以第二个空用are。
【解题指导】遇到考查主谓一致的题目,关键是分清哪部分是真正的主语,然后根据主谓一致的三个原则作出判断。
1.(2012·合肥一中冲刺高考最后一卷)—What do you think of the future of physical books?
—The ______ are not promising,for a lot of people think ebooks are not only convenient but also cheap.
A.signals
B.marks
C.signs
D.sights
2.(2012·河北唐山一模)I came round in hospital and didn't know where I was.Everything was a ______.
A.blank
B.silence
C.break
D.shock
3.(2012·河南洛阳一中周练)I have battled with my ______ whether I should keep the extra money given to me or return it to the seller.
A.consciousness
B.identification
C.awareness
D.conscience
4.(2012·天津六校联考)Prince William of Wales married Miss Catherine Middleton on April 29,2011 at Westminster Abbey.People worldwide watched the ______ on television.
A.affair
B.incident
C.event
D.accident
5.I'd like him to know that I don't want to be with him,but he never gets the ______.
A.message
B.news
C.information
D.word
6.The ______ of Jay Chow's concert made most of the audience present get wild.
A.environment
B.influence
C.impression
D.atmosphere
7.(2012·芜湖一中最后一卷)At the end of an hour's play,the ______ lay definitely with the home team.
A.profit
B.favour
C.benefit
D.advantage
8.His performance turned out to be ______,but he kept on trying because he knew success often comes after ______.
A.a failure;a failure
B.failure;a failure
C.failure;failure
D.a failure;failure
9.(2012·黑龙江哈尔滨六中一模)Tom's parents were very worried because ______ little effort he made could hardly achieve the goal to be ______ captain of the team.
A.a;the
B.the;/
C./;/
D.a;/
10.When it comes to bringing up children,some people say ______ strict control produces ______ wellbehaved children.
A./;the
B.the;/
C./;/
D.the;the
11.With his wise thoughts about ______ nature and the world,Confucius is a great thinker in ______ history of China.
A.不填;the
B.the;the
C.不填;不填
D.the;不填
12.(2012·江南十校联考)There is______increase of 20% in food prices,but the sandwiches in our shop are______bargain at only ¥5 each.
A.an;the
B.an;a
C./;a
D./;/
13.(2012·上海七校联合调研)John as well as the other staff members who ______ working with this worldfamous company ______ to attend its 100th anniversary.
A.is;is
B.is;are
C.are;is
D.are;are
14.Every possible means ______ been tried;however,nothing can help ______ the poor child from the danger.
A.have;prevent
B.has;prevent
C.has;protect
D.have;protect
15.He told me that he had mailed part of the samples and that the rest ______ in a few days.
A.was following
B.have followed
C.has followed
D.were following
命题调研·明晰考向
真题试做
1.A 考查冠词。句意:卡尔正在大学学习食品科学,他希望有一天能够开办一家自己的肉加工厂。第一空,food science意为“食品科学”,为表示抽象概念的名词,其前不用冠词。第二空,中心词为factory,为可数名词,根据句意可知此处表示泛指,故用不定冠词a。故选A项。
2.C 考查名词辨析。句意:你工作太努力了。你最好能在工作和休息之间保持平衡。keep a promise信守诺言;keep a lead保持领先;keep a balance保持平衡;keep a diary记日记。
3.C 考查名词辨析。advice意为“建议”;question意为“问题”;offer意为“提供,提议”;idea意为“想法,主意”。根据语境看出“我可以帮忙吗?”是对方主动的提议,所以选C项。
4.C 考查冠词。process是一个可数名词,此处用不定冠词修饰,表示“一个逐步的过程”;第二个空后面的human existence是抽象名词,前面不需要加任何冠词。
5.B 考查主谓一致。as well as 连接两个并列的名词作主语时,根据其前面的名词来确定谓语动词的形式。句意:由于出色的表现,比赛结束不久,这位篮球教练和他的队员们接受了采访。由句意可知动作发生在过去,故选B项。
创新模拟·预测演练
1.C 考查名词辨析。句意:——你认为印刷书的前景如何?——迹象不妙,因为很多人认为电子书既方便又便宜。signal“信号”;mark“标记,污渍,分数”;sign“征兆,迹象,标牌”;sight “视力,景象”。根据句意,应选C项。
2.A 考查名词辨析。blank“空白,空白处”;silence“寂静,沉寂,沉默”;break“休息,破裂,中断”;shock“震惊,震动,休克”。根据上句中“didn't know where I was”可知,说话人不知道自己身在何处,所以“一切是一片空白”,A项符合题意。
3.D 考查名词辨析。consciousness“意识,知觉,觉悟”;identification“确认,鉴定,识别,身份证明”;awareness“认识,觉察,意识”;conscience“良心,是非感”。根据题意可知,将钱留给自己还是还给售货方正在考验着“我”的良心,所以D项符合。
4.C 考查名词辨析。affair指已发生的事情或某人要处理的事情,当它用复数形式时表示重大的事物;incident指日常生活中的小事情,或政治上的冲突、事变;event指历史性的事件或体育比赛中的项目;accident指意外事故。根据句意可知,威廉王子和凯瑟琳·米德尔顿小姐在威斯敏斯特教堂举行婚礼引起了全世界人们的关注,所以应该是比较大的事件,C项正确。
5.A 考查名词辨析。句意:我想让他知道我不想和他在一起,但他就是不明白我的意思。get the message为习语,意为“明白,理解,领悟,知悉(某人的暗示等)”。
6.D 考查名词辨析。句意:周杰伦音乐会上的气氛让大多数听众发狂。environment意为“环境”;influence意为“影响”;impression意为“印象,感想”;atmosphere意为“大气,气氛”。根据句意可知应选D项。
7.D 考查名词辨析。句意:在一个小时的比赛结束时,主办方团队占明显优势。profit “利润”;favour “恩惠,支持,有利于某人”;benefit“利益,好处”;advantage “优势”。
8.D 考查冠词。failure意为“失败”时,为抽象名词,表示泛指时不用冠词,所以第二个空应用failure;failure表示“失败的事情”时,为可数名词,所以第一个空应用a failure。
9.B 考查冠词。第一空后面的effort“努力”有定语从句he made修饰,为特指,所以用定冠词the;在表示职位、头衔、身份等名词前通常不用冠词,即零冠词。第二空后面的captain在这里为“队长”之意,所以不用冠词。答案为B项。
10.C 考查冠词。句中control作为名词意思是“掌控,控制,管制,克制”,为不可数名词,且在此并非特指,所以第一空用零冠词;第二空后面的children为复数名词,也非特指,所以不加冠词。句意:当谈到抚养孩子的问题时,一些人认为严格的管控可以培养出行为端正的孩子。
11.A 考查冠词。nature表示“大自然”时,为不可数名词,前面不用冠词;第二空后的history后面有修饰成分,特指“中国历史”,所以要使用定冠词。
12.B 考查冠词。句意:食品价格上涨了20%,但是我们店的三明治很便宜,一个只要5元钱。第一个空an increase 为习惯用法,第二个空a bargain 意为:便宜货,廉价货,故答案选B项。
13.C 考查主谓一致。第一空所在的句子为定语从句,用来修饰先行词staff members“全体成员”,所以用are;分析句子结构可知,主句的主语为John,所以第二空用is,答案为C项。
14.C 考查主谓一致和动词辨析。句意:“每种可能的方法都已经尝试了,然而,没有什么能保护这个可怜的孩子不受到危险的伤害。”every means是单数,所以第一个空用has;protect...from...“保护,保卫”,符合题意。
15.D 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:他告诉我部分样品已经寄出,剩下的(样品)几天后寄出。从时态角度考虑,told me后面的宾语从句应用过去时,排除B、C两项;根据主谓一致的原则,the rest此处指the rest of the samples,表示复数概念,故谓语动词需用复数形式,答案为D项。
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