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2016年山东省高考英语二轮复习:专题整合突破四 介词和介词短语

发布时间:2017-01-06  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  2016年高考第二轮复习英语山东版

  四、介词和介词短语

  真题试做

  1.(2011山东高考,30)I'm sorry I didn't phone you,but I've been very busy ______ the past couple of weeks.

  A.beyond B.with

  C.among

  D.over

  2.(2009山东高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot ______ easy reach.

  A.near

  B.upon

  C.within

  D.around

  考向分析

  1.考查常用介词和介词短语的基本用法。从历年全国及各省市高考题中可看出,介词类考题常集中于一些常用介词,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。

  2.考查常用介词或介词短语含义和用法的辨识能力。尤其是在一定的语言环境中,辨析意义相同或相近以及使用范围不同的介词或介词短语。

  3.考查介词与某些名词、形容词或动词的各种搭配形式。特别是那些搭配繁多、用法灵活的介词,不同的搭配可用来表示种种不同的意义。

  热点例析

  考点一:表示时间的介词

  1.in,on,at,over

  (1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:

  in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in one's thirties等。

  (2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:

  on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。

  (3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:

  at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。

  (4)over后面接一段时间,表示“超过……”或“在……期间”。 如:

  David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.

  (5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。如:

  He went to Japan last year.

  We meet every day.

  2.in,after

  (1)“in+一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如:

  My mother will come back in three or four days.

  (2)“after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如:

  He arrived after five months.

  (3)“after+具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如:

  She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.

  The rain began to fall after seven.

  3.from,since,for

  (1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如:

  I hope to do morning exercises from today.

  (2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:

  We have not seen each other since 2010.

  (3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如:

  I have been

  in the army for 5 years.

  【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show ______ Christmas Eve.

  A.at 

  B.on

  C.in

  D.by

  答案为B项。具体的日期前介词应用on。

  They had a pleasant chat ______ a cup of coffee.

  A.for

  B.with

  C.during

  D.over

  答案为D项。for和during都有“在……期间”之意,但后面通常接时间;with意为“随着,用”;over意为“在(做)……期间,边……边……”。句意:他们边喝咖啡边进行了友好的交谈。

  考点二:表示地点方位的介词

  1.at,in,on,to

  (1)at表示在小地方或“在……附近;在……旁边”。 如:

  He arrived at the station at ten.

  He is sitting at the desk.

  (2)in表示在大地方或“在……范围之内”。 如:

  He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.

  Shandong lies in the east of China.

  (3)on表示毗邻或接壤。如:

  Russia lies on the north of China.

  (4)to表示“在……范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如:

  Japan is to the east of China.

  2.above,over,on

  (1)above意为“在……上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below相对。如:

  The bird is flying above my head.

  (2)over意为“在……之上”,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:

  There is a bridge over the river.

  (3)on意为“在……之上”,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。如:

  He put his watch on the desk.

  3.below,under

  (1)below表示“在……之下”,不一定在正下方。如:

  Please write your name below the line.

  (2)under表示“在……正下方”。 如:

  There is a cat under the table.

  【典例分析】 (2012辽宁高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place

  ______ the main road at the far end of the lake.

  A.to

  B.for

  C.off

  D.out

  答案为C项。句意:威尔酒店坐落于湖的彼岸远离主干道的一个僻静之处。此处off表示“离开,在……之外”。

  考点三:表示运动方向的介词

  1.across,through

  (1)across表示从物体表面穿过,与on有关。如:

  across the playground/square/desert/river

  (2)over表示动作是在空中进行的。如:

  He jumped over the wall.

  (3)through表示从物体里面穿过,与in有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了……”。如:

  through the pipe/forest/door

  We work hard all through the year.

  2.in,into

  (1)in通常表示静态,意为“在……里面”。如:

  We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。

  (2)into通常表示动态,意为“进入到……里面”。如:

  We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。

  【典例分析】 (2012北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight ______ the shoulders?

  A.at

  B.on

  C.to

  D.across

  答案为D项。句意:你认为这件衬衣的肩宽是不是有点紧? across意为“横跨,在(身体某部位)上”。

  考点四:表示原因的介词

  1.for表示原因时,常与sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等词连用。如:

  I am sorry for what I said to you.

  2.at表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用,意为“因听到或看到……而……”。如:

  He was surprised at the news.

  3.from常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如:

  He died from the wound.

  4.of多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如:

  The old man died of hunger.

  5.with指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如:

  Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.

  He was shaking with anger.

  6.by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如:

  She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。

  7.over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:

  She wept over the death of her daughter.

  We laughed over the victory.

  8.because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:

  He retired last month because of his illness.

  9.thanks to表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏……,多亏……”。如:

  Thanks to John,we won the game.

  【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced ______ joy.

  A.to

  B.with

  C.at

  D.of

  答案为B项。该题应用with表示由于高兴而又唱又跳。with表示原因时,一般指由于外界而影响到内部的原因。

  (2012河北保定调研,13)—How about your trip to Italy?

  —Oh,______ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.

  A.but for

  B.thanks to

  C.in spite of

  D.because of

  答案为B项。句意:——你到意大利的旅行怎么样? ——哦,幸亏天气好,我们玩得很愉快。B项意为“幸亏,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是……”;in spite of表示“尽管……”;because of表示“因为……”,都与句意不符。

  考点五:表示计量的介词

  1.at表示“以……速度;以……价格”。如:

  It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.

  I sold my car at a high price.

  2.for表示“用……交换;以……为代价”。如:

  He sold his car for 500 dollars.

  注意:at表示单价,for表示总钱数。

  3.by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如:

  They paid him by the month.

  注意:by后接具体度量单位要加the。

  【典例分析】 He thought the jar made of earth ______ little value and let me have it ______ only one dollar.

  A.with;for

  B.of;for

  C.of;by

  D.with;by

  答案为B项。第一个空应用of,of little value/importance/use意为“没大有价值、重要性、用处”;第二个空应用for,表示“以一美元为代价,用一美元交换”。

  考点六:表示工具或手段的介词

  1.by意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如:

  I went there by bus.

  2.with表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如:

  He broke the window with a stone.

  3.in表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如:

  I hate letters written in pencil.

  We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.

  4.on表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。如:

  They talked on the telephone.

  She learns English on the radio/on TV.

  【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form ______ ink not ______ a pencil,Jack.

  A.in;by

  B.with;in

  C.in;with

  D.by;in

  答案为C项。第一个空应用in表示“用墨水”;第二个空应用with表示“用……工具”,后面的名词带有冠词。

  考点七:表示“在……之间”的介词

  1.between表示在两者之间。如:

  You are to sit between your father and me.

  2.among表示在三者或三者以上之间。如:

  He is always happy among his classmates.

  3.有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,但强调多者中的两两关系时用between。如:

  Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.

  Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.

  【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.

  A.among

  B.between

  C.along

  D.beside

  答案为A项。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整体,所以选among意为“在……之中”。

  考点八:表示“除了”的介词

  1.besides表示“除……之外,还有……”。如:

  We all went to see the film besides you.

  除你之外我们也都去看电影了。

  2.except表示“除……外,把……除去”。 如:

  We all went to see the film except you.

  除你之外我们都去看电影了。

  3.but与except同义,但多用于不定代词no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副词nowhere/anywhere以及疑问代词who之后。如:

  I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.

  4.except for表示“如无……就……,只是……”,多表明理由细节。如:

  His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

  5.except that表示“除……外,把……除去”,后面接句子。如:

  I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.

  6.apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含义,又有except和except for的含义,要根据上下文来判别。如:

  Apart from/Besides English,he has a good command of Russian and French.

  He has no interests,apart from/except his work.

  It's a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.

  【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.

  A.for

  B.except

  C.besides

  D.with

  答案为C项。句意:如今一些人选择工作时,除了钱的原因还有其他原因。besides表示“除……之外,还有……”;except表示“除……外,把……除去”。

  (2012济南一中期末,23)______ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.

  A.Far from

  B.Regardless of

  C.Instead of

  D.Apart from

  答案为D项。far from意为“远离,远非”;apart from意为“除……以外”;instead of意为“代替,而不是”;regardless of意为“不管,不顾”。句意:除了优质的服务外,这个饭店提供了不同种类的传统鲁菜。

  考点九:介词与某些词类的习惯搭配

  1.介词和名词搭配时的习惯用法

  (1)名词+in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。

  (2)名词+to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。

  (3)名词+on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。

  (4)名词+with:bargain/chat/common/connection/conversation/talk等。

  2.介词和形容词搭配时的习惯用法

  (1)与of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。

  (2)与at搭配:angry/surprised/pleased/moved/good/clever/slow/terrified等。

  (3)与in搭配:poor/rich/expert/successful/absorbed/interested/engaged/high/low/strict等。

  (4)与about搭配:anxious/careful/certain/sure/sorry/worried/happy等。

  (5)与to搭配:polite/equal/useful/necessary/strange/devoted/similar/next/kind/cruel/rude/ known/close等。

  (6)与for搭配:anxious/eager/famous/known/fit/sorry等。

  (7)与with搭配:busy/angry/strict/familiar/popular/satisfied/careful等。

  (8)与from搭配:different/far/free/safe/absent/tired等。

  (9)“It is+adj.+for/of sb. to do sth.”句型中,在形容词之后多用for短语,表示后面不定式的逻辑主语。但当是指性格、情感方面的形容词时,后面用of短语;常见的这类形容词有cruel/kind/good/clever/foolish/honest/nice/careful/careless/brave/polite/rude/wise/stupid/lazy等。如:

  It's important for you to learn English well.

  It's foolish of you to lie to the teacher.

  【典例分析】 (2012江苏高考,29)—Thank God you're safe!

  —I stepped back,just ______ to avoid the racing car.

  A.in time

  B.in case

  C.in need

  D.in vain

  答案为A项。考查介词短语。in time意为“及时”;in case意为“以防,万一”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无益地”。句意:—感谢上帝,你没事。—我往后退了退,刚好及时地避开了赛车。

  误区警示

  1.近义介词的易错点

  (2012全国高考,16)100

  is the temperature ______ which water will boil.

  A.for

  B.at

  C.on

  D.of

  【错混透析】B 由于本句中的which指代上文的100,所以应选at表示“在多少度,在这一点上”。受汉语意思的影响,该题易误选on。

  【解题指导】

  由于介词不能单独充当某一成分,所以一般不会单一考查介词,而更多的是融合在语境或句型中,符合单项填空题“在具体的语境中考查英语基础知识的运用”的命题思想。因此做题时不能孤立地局限于介词单方面的意义,而要全面理解试题的结构和句意,在此基础上仔细辨析,作出最佳选择。平时的学习中,要善于归纳、总结和积累,注意常用介词的基本用法和多义性,区别近义介词在不同的语境中的不同含义。

  2.介词的常见搭配易错点

  (2012陕西高考,11)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______ it.

  A.against

  B.for

  C.to

  D.with

  【错混透析】A 句意:达成协议似乎是不可能的,因为委员会的大部分人都反对。be against意为“反对,不赞成”;be for意为“同意,支持”。如果不能正确理解句意,可能会误选B项,如果不了解搭配,可能会误选C、D项。

  【解题指导】

  常用介词搭配在英语中极其丰富,意义复杂多变。同一个介词可以与不同的动词、名词或形容词搭配,表示不同的意思;反之,同一个动词、名词或形容词与不同的介词搭配,也表示不同的意思。掌握这些搭配,对夯实基础、提高英语水平大有裨益。要掌握这些搭配,关键是看平时的积累,首先要理解不同介词的含义,其次要注意观察、发现,并识记介词的各种搭配。

  3.介词短语的易错点

  (2012福建高考,26)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.

  A.in charge of

  B.for the purpose of

  C.in honor of

  D.for the benefit of

  【错混透析】D in charge of意为“掌管,负责”;for the purpose of意为“为了……的目的”;in honor of意为“向……表示敬意,为纪念……”;for the benefit of意为“为了……的利益”。句意:为了全国人民的利益,中国一直推行公立医院的改革。该题造成误选的原因是没有掌握四个介词短语的不同含义。

  【解题指导】

  介词本身数量不多,但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强,因此衍生出的词组让人有些“目不暇接”,高考对介词短语的考查频频出现。平时的学习中要注意识记一些介词短语的构成和意义,做题时结合句意作出选择。

  1.(2012山东潍坊寿光现代中学一模,45) I know you have got a smooth tongue,so don't talk me ______ buying it.

  A.away

  B.down

  C.out

  D.into

  2.(2012山东实验中学三模,28) Almost everybody has sensed that Dave cares most about money ______ the surface.

  A.beneath

  B.behind

  C.under

  D.below

  3.A friend is not just someone ______ whom you say hello but a shoulder ______ which you can cry.

  A.to;on

  B.on;to

  C.with;over

  D.from;with

  4.Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a tree.

  A.in

  B.below

  C.beside

  D.against

  5.It is said that Greece has decided to sell a small island ______ its coast to pay for the debts.

  A.in

  B.at

  C.off 

  D.of

  6.______ only 20 minutes to go before the train left,I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.

  A.For

  B.With

  C.As

  D.Because

  7.(2012山东淄博一模,34) It's ______ belief that parents have to spend nearly 500,000 yuan bringing up a child in China nowadays.

  A.beyond

  B.in

  C.without

  D.against

  8.Between 2000 and 2010,the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.

  A.by

  B.for

  C.to

  D.in

  9.Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems ______ themselves,and solve their problems ______ themselves.

  A.to;by

  B.by;to

  C.for;to

  D.in;on

  10.(2012山东威海一模,34) Could you please introduce me to the person ______ this project?

  A.in place of

  B.in possession of

  C.in terms of

  D.in charge of

  11.(2012山东淄博桓台二中月考,33) There won't be a good harvest of wheat in North China this year ______ the severe drought.

  A.in spite of

  B.apart from

  C.due to

  D.in case of

  12.(2012山东烟台期末,31) This company has launched several types of cars this year,and one ______ appeals to the young.

  A.in return

  B.in particular

  C.in addition

  D.in turn

  13.A huge amount of money has been spent ______ the new bridge.

  A.in

  B.on

  C.with

  D.for

  14.(2012山东泰安期末,33) ______ my efforts at persuasion,he wouldn't agree.

  A.Apart from

  B.In spite of

  C.Because of

  D.In terms of

  15. We'd better discuss everything ______ before we work out the plan.

  A.in general

  B.in detail

  C.on purpose

  D.on time

  参考答案

  四、介词和介词短语

  命题调研·明晰考向

  真题试做

  1.D 考查介词辨析。beyond “超出”;with“具有,和……一起”;among “在……当中”;over “在……正上方,在……期间”。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,我最近这几周一直都很忙。根据句意D项正确。over the last/past+一段时间“在过去的……里”,与现在完成时搭配使用。

  2.C 考查介词的用法。within easy reach“在容易够到的地方;在……的附近”。句意“在厨房里,你要把常用的东西放到容易够到的地方,这样能节省时间”。

  创新模拟·预测演练

  1.D talk sb.into doing sth.意为“说服某人做某事”,其中into强调动态变化过程。

  2.A beneath为书面用词,指“紧挨……之下”,与on相对;under为普通用词,指在某物的正下方,含垂直在下的意思,与over相对;below指位置低于某物或在某物下方,但不一定在正下方,所指范围较宽,与above相对;behind意为“在……之后”。句意:几乎每个人都感觉到了在表象之下戴夫最在意的是钱。

  3.A say hello to sb.意为“向某人问好”,所以第一个空应选to,to whom引导定语从句修饰someone;第二个空应选on,on which引导定语从句修饰a shoulder,表示“在肩膀上”。

  4.D 分析句式结构,可知with his back和后面的介词短语构成with复合结构。against a tree “靠着树,倚着树”。

  5.C off意为“离……一些距离,离……不远的海上”。此处表示“离希腊海岸不远的一个小岛”。

  6.B 该题应选with,表示“有”。

  7.A beyond意为“超过,超出范围”,beyond belief表示“难以置信”。句意:在当今的中国,父母养育一个孩子需要花费近50万元,这真难以置信。

  8.A by用来表示增减的幅度,所以答案为A项。to可表示增减的结果,意为“到……程度”。

  9.A keep...to oneself意为“把……保守为秘密,不交际……”;by oneself意为“独自,单独地”。句意:大多数美国人更喜欢把问题藏在心底,由自己来解决这些问题。

  10.D in place of意为“代替”;in possession of意为“拥有”;in terms of意为“在……方面,就……而言”;in charge of意为“负责,掌管”。根据句意判断应选D项,表示“负责这个项目的人”。

  11.C A项意为“尽管,不管”;B项意为“除了”;C项意为“由于”;D项意为“以防”。根据句意判断应选C项表示原因,意为“由于大旱”。

  12.B A项意为“作为回报,作为报答”;B项意为“特别是,尤其是”;C项意为“另外,加上”;D项意为“反过来”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“其中一款汽车尤其吸引年轻人”。

  13.B 本题考查固定结构“spend some money on sth.”的被动语态形式。

  14.B A项意为“除了”;B项意为“尽管,虽然”;C项意为“因为”;D项意为“在……方面,就……而言”。句意:尽管我努力地劝说他,他还是不同意。

  15.B A项意为“一般来说,通常”;B项意为“详细地”;C项意为“故意地”;D项意为“按时”。根据句意判断应选B项,表示“在我们实施计划之前我们最好详细地讨论每件事情”。

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