2016年陕西省高考英语二轮复习题型技法指导专题五：阅读理解

　　2016年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版题型技法指导

　　专题五　阅读理解

　　真题试做

　　A

　　（2012·陕西高考，A）

　　What brings a nation together？Of the four choices—shared values，language，history，and religion，it's shared values.In our latest poll（民意调查），seven out of 16 countries chose values as the greatest factor（因素）bringing a nation together，and six preferred language.Both choices scored high in the poll，suggesting that our values and how we express them are closely linked.Still，history was not forgotten in some countries，particularly in Mexico and Russia.Even Canada and the United States chose national histories as the second­most important factor uniting their people.The biggest surprise？Not one country picked religion as its top choice.

　　Respect your elders

　　In most countries，the oldest generation considered values more important to a nation than did those who are under 45 years old.

　　Do you speak Canadian?

　　Language scored lower in Canada than in all other countries polled，perhaps because the country speaks two official languages，French and English.

　　Church and state

　　Most people polled do not connect their religious beliefs to their national pride.Religion ranked last in 13 countries—with France scoring it at 1%，the lowest of all.

　　1．According to the poll，what was the most important factor in bringing a nation together?

　　A．Language.　B．Values.

　　C．History.

　　D．Religion.

　　2．In which country did language score the lowest in their national pride?

　　A．Canada.

　　B．Mexico.

　　C．France.

　　D．America.

　　3．According to the charts，shared values and language were considered equally important in ______.

　　A．Australia

　　B．Brazil

　　C．China

　　D．India

　　B

　　（2012·陕西高考，B）

　　Three Boys and a Dad

　　Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother.Expecting a whole day to relax，he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months.“This will be like a walk in the park，”he'd told his wife.“I'll look after the kids，and you can go visit your mom.”

　　Things started well，but just after eight o'clock，his three little“good kids”—Mike，Randy，and Alex—came down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted“breakfast，daddy.”When food had not appeared within thirty seconds，Randy began using his spoon on Alex's head as if it were a drum.Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（节拍）．Mike chanted“Where's my toast，where's my toast”in the background.Brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds.

　　Life became worse after breakfast.Mike wore Randy's underwear on his head.Randy locked himself in the bathroom，while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants.Nobody could find clean socks，although they were before their very eyes.Someone named“Not Me”had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes.Brad knew the talk show had already started.

　　By ten o'clock，things were out of control.Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter.Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils.Randy，thankfully，appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands.Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible.

　　At exactly 11：17，Brad called the daycare centre（日托所）．“I suddenly have to go into work and my wife's away.Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes？”The answer was obviously “yes”because Brad was smiling.

　　4．When his wife left home，Brad expected to ______.

　　A．go out for a walk in the park

　　B．watch TV talk show with his children

　　C．enjoy his first day off work

　　D．read the newspaper to his children

　　5．Which of the following did Randy do?

　　A．Drawing on the wall.

　　B．Eating apple jam.

　　C．Feeding the fish.

　　D．Reading in a room.

　　6．Why did Brad ask the daycare centre for help?

　　A．Because he wanted to clean up his house.

　　B．Because he suddenly had to go to his office.

　　C．Because he found it hard to manage his boys.

　　D．Because he had to take his wife back home.

　　7．This text is developed ______.

　　A．by space

　　B．by comparison

　　C．by process

　　D．by time

　　C

　　（2012·陕西高考，C）

　　Eating too much fatty food，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease.But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe.

　　Previous studies have linked high exposure（暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke（中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure.In one review of the research，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants（污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure.A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U．S.Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）considers to be of“moderate”（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.

　　The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure.However，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices.So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.

　　8．The text mainly discusses the relationship between ______.

　　A．heart problems and air quality

　　B．heart problems and exercising

　　C．heart problems and smoking

　　D．heart problems and fatty food

　　9．The underlined word“modest”in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.

　　A．relatively high

　　B．extremely low

　　C．relatively low

　　D．extremely high

　　10．What can we learn from the text?

　　A．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.

　　B．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.

　　C．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.

　　D．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.

　　11．The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to ______.

　　A．inform

　　B．persuade

　　C．describe

　　D．entertain

　　D

　　（2012·陕西高考，D）

　　Spring is coming，and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs.Competition is tough，so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices.Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us，but the workplace may not.

　　A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos（纹身）nose rings，or certain dress styles.It is true you can't judge a book by its cover，yet people do“cover”themselves in order to convey（传递）certain messages.What we wear，including tattoos and nose rings，is an expression of who we are.Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances，so do companies.Dress standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons，but the main concern is often about what customers accept.

　　Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom，but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money.Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees（雇员），because those people represent the companies to their customers.

　　As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers.There are plenty of well­qualified candidates，so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers.Even though I am open­minded，I can't expect all our customers are.

　　There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer.No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards，as long as its standards are legal.

　　12．Which of the following is the newspaper editor's opinion according to Paragraph 2?

　　A．People's appearances carry messages about themselves.

　　B．Customers' choices influence dress standards in companies.

　　C．Candidates with tattoos or nose rings should be fairly treated.

　　D．Strange dress styles should not be encouraged in the workplace.

　　13．What can be inferred from the text?

　　A．Candidates have to wear what companies prefer for an interview.

　　B．What to wear is not a matter of personal choice for companies.

　　C．Companies sometimes have to change to respect their candidates.

　　D．Hiring managers make the best impression on their candidates.

　　14．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A．Employees Matter

　　B．Personal Choices Matter

　　C．Appearances Matter

　　D．Hiring Managers Matter

　　15．The author's attitude towards strange dress styles in the workplace may best be described as ______.

　　A．enthusiastic

　　B．negative

　　C．positive

　　D．sympathetic

　　考向分析

　　分析近几年高考试题，可以发现阅读理解题呈现如下特点：

　　1．选材真实，题材、体裁多样

　　材料大多为时文，与社会日常生活息息相关，情景真实、明确，具有浓厚的时代气息。这种关注实际生活的选材特点已呈现出明显的增强趋势。

　　题材多样化，信息丰富，包括日常生活、科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、资讯、史地、人物传记等等；体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文等。

　　2011～2012年高考陕西卷阅读理解文体与题材统计：

　　2010 文体 应用文 报道 记叙文 议论文

　　题材 人脑疑问 纽约救落水儿童 生活在1900年的房子的感受 电子垃圾信息

　　2011 文体 广告 人物传记 记叙文 议论文

　　题材 介绍订票及优惠情况 居里夫的大女儿Irene 梦想和努力 转基因

　　2012 文体 广告 记叙文 说明文 议论文

　　题材 民族凝聚力因素调查 父亲与三个孩子 呼吸空气对人健康的影响 着装问题

　　2．阅读量大、信息丰富

　　考查阅读能力的一个重要方面是阅读速度，较大的阅读量和信息量对考生的阅读技能是一种有效的检测方法。

　　近几年高考试题都保持了较大的词汇量，所涉及的内容广泛而深刻，对于词汇能力的考查也继续保持了较高的要求，为考生提供了施展阅读才能的机会和十分开阔的思维空间。

　　3．语篇结构复杂

　　阅读材料在保留了其原有的语言风格基础上，加大了语篇结构的难度。作者在阐述问题时使用了多种语篇的手段和修辞方法，文章的展开不全是平铺直叙，而是间有倒叙、插叙等多种方式。行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多，再加上阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的遣词造句趋于地道，因此，许多文段读起来感到“生涩”，有时读懂了文字，但不一定能够立刻领悟语篇的意思，常常要反复阅读几次才能读懂。

　　4．语言难度较大

　　具体表现在语句的长度、措辞的灵活性、一定量的生词以及替代和省略手段的运用上。

　　简单句、复合句、虚拟语气、结构复杂的长句、倒装句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象随处可见，而且多种时态混用。词汇运用要求更高，活用词比比皆是，一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。

　　5．题型设置合理

　　设题手法更加灵活，设题方式呈多样化的趋势，不仅考查对文中特定信息的理解和把握，还涉及文章的主旨要义、作者的态度意图等深层理解题。2011～2012年陕西阅读理解题型以细节理解题和推理判断题为主。

　　总的来说，2012年高考阅读理解试题维系了以往一贯的命题风格，难度也和以往保持一致，生词数量控制合理。文章在选材上继续保持知识性和趣味性相结合，信息量大，题材与体裁广泛的特点。

　　答题步骤

　　1．快速浏览，掌握大意。

　　快速浏览，抓住文章中心大意以及文章的结构。浏览时不要急于做题，而要注意抓住主要信息，迅速把握文章大意和中心思想，了解文章全貌。同时通览题目，研究题目要求及选项，弄清问题所指。有的问题是针对文章中的一句话设计的，有的是针对一段话所陈述的事实设计的，有的是针对整篇文章设计的。对所提问题做到心中有数，为下一步阅读做好针对性的准备。

　　2．细读全文，找准信息。

　　抓住文章大意、明确解题的目标后，带着问题仔细阅读文章。敏锐捕捉隐含在文中的有关信息词和信息句，推敲其中的关键词语，结合上下文把握语句的含义，排除文中不存在、片面或不合逻辑的选项，作出正确选择。做题时要本着先易后难的原则，对于比较明显的，有把握的题可立刻作出选择；对于难题，要在文章中仔细查阅，认真琢磨，找出确凿的依据，运用逻辑推理，准确选出符合要求的最佳答案。

　　3．复读检查，验证答案。

　　答案选出之后，快速阅读原文，重点放在与题目有关的词语、句子和段落上，核查答案，力求答案准确无误。尤其是感觉把握不大、选择时有些困难的题目，要对照原文与选项，看看是否一致，是否合乎情理、合乎逻辑。

　　技法指导

　　历年的高考阅读理解试题，基本上可分为四类题目：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题。

　　1．细节理解题

　　①细节理解题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　（1）Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage?

　　（2）Which of the following（sentences/statements）is NOT true according to the passage?

　　（3）According to the passage，all of the following are true except/but ______.

　　（4）The author mentions all of the following except ______.

　　（5）In the passage，the author states that ______.

　　（6）According to the passage，when（where，why，how，who，etc.）．..

　　（7）Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.

　　（8）Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of...?

　　（9）Which of the drawings below gives an idea of...?

　　②细节理解题解题策略

　　▲直接信息题

　　细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落或语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。如：

　　（2012·北京高考，A篇）

　　The Basics of Math — Made Clear

　　Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics，as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas.These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra（代数）and beyond.

　　The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.They also look into exponents（指数），the order of operations，and square roots.In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations，students discover why these operations work，how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics，and how these operations can be used practically.

　　...

　　56．What does the course Basic Math mainly cover?

　　A．Algebra.

　　B．College Mathematics.

　　C．Arithmetic.

　　D．Mathematics Education.

　　剖析：根据第二段第一句“The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic.”可知，Basic Math课程主要涵盖代数的基础知识。C项正确。

　　▲间接信息题

　　变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时习惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。如：

　　（2012·课标全国高考，C篇）

　　We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene，setting up trees at the edge of a winding path.Very soon，bright lights were turned on and the big movie­camera was wheeled into position.The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby.Since it was hot in the studio，it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path.A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him，and soon the trees were covered in “snow”．Two more fans were turned on，and a “strong wind” blew through the trees.The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold.

　　65．What made the author feel cold?

　　A．The heavy snowfall.

　　B．The man­made scene.

　　C．The low temperature.

　　D．The film being shown.

　　剖析：根据该段最后可知，拍摄电影时，要通过大电扇人为制造出漫天飞雪、寒风呼啸的场景，非常逼真，以至于使人感到寒冷。由此可知B项正确。

　　▲事实细节排序题

　　此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，再找出最后一个发生的，即采用“首尾”定位法，采用排除法将范围缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。

　　▲数字计算题

　　数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容。此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题一般涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的计算。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确答案。如：

　　（2012·四川高考，B篇）

　　The offer is of two kinds：￡20 per room，per night，valid（有效的）during stay period of 02/04/2012—31/05/2012 and then again 01/09/2012—31/10/2012；￡35 per room，per night，valid during stay period of 01/06/2012—31/08/2012.

　　46．How much should be paid for a two­night stay in October 2012 at a chosen B&B?

　　A．￡70.B．￡40.

　　C．￡35.

　　D．￡30.

　　剖析：根据该段第一句知，在2012年9月1日至10月31日期间，一晚上20英镑，两晚上应是40英镑，所以B项正确。

　　▲图表细节题

　　这类题旨在考查学生的形象思维能力，根据材料进行空间想象的能力。图形识别题，通常有地图、人体实物、统计表等三种形式：简易地图——考查考生方位感；人体实物图——考查考生根据文字叙述进行形象再造能力；仪器仪表统计图——考查考生基本的读图、读数、读表能力。图表题一般会涉及文章内容的核心，解对此类题会大大提升对整篇文章的理解。解题时，针对图表差异的地方，查找原文相应细节。对该细节进行正确合理的理解，不曲解。这是解此类题的核心。

　　2．推理判断题

　　①推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　（1）We can know from the passage that ______.

　　（2）We can infer from the（first/last）passage that ______.

　　（3）The passage/author implies/suggests that ______.

　　（4）It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

　　（5）The underlined sentence indicates that ______.

　　（6）From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ______.

　　（7）The author seems to be in favor of/against ______.

　　（8）The author's purpose of writing this passage is ______.

　　（9）The author may probably agree with/support ______.

　　（10）What's the author's attitude/view/point ______？

　　（11）How does the author feel about ______？

　　（12）In the author's opinion，______.

　　②推理判断题解题策略

　　▲写作意图推测题

　　此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型不仅要求考生能理解文章的内容，而且还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及写作手法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。如：

　　（2012·辽宁高考，C篇）

　　If Confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake，there would be a lot of candles.He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.

　　64．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to ______.

　　A．provide some key facts about Confucius

　　B．attract the readers' interest in the subject

　　C．show great respect for the ancient thinker

　　D．prove the popularity of modern birthday celebrations

　　剖析：第一段假设如果孔子还活着庆祝自己生日的话，他需要借助强风来帮他吹灭生日蜡烛。由此可知，本段的作用是为了引起读者对所谈话题的兴趣，所以选择B项。

　　▲态度、观点判断题

　　作者的态度、思想倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞扬、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措词。如：

　　（2012·福建高考，C篇）

　　...

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　　66．The main purpose of the passage is to ______.

　　A．tell a customer's story of Jitterbug

　　B．provide two ways to order Jitterbug

　　C．give a brief introduction of Jitterbug

　　D．attract potential customers to Jitterbug

　　剖析：由整篇文章，尤其是短文最后一段可知，作者写这篇文章的主要目的是推销Jitterbug手机，所以选择D项。

　　▲逻辑结论及预测想象推断题

　　逻辑结论型试题的特点是考查考生的逻辑思维及判断能力，要求考生根据文章提供的细节，推断出合乎逻辑的内容。解答此类题考生首先要找出短文的主题，然后按题意要求进行推断。

　　预测想象型试题考查的内容一般在文章中没有明确说明，因此考生要根据语篇，把握作者的写作思路，对事件可能出现的结局或后文可能涉及的内容以及上文的内容进行科学的、合理的预测。如：

　　（2012·湖北高考，E篇）

　　Brrriiinnng.The alarm clock announces the start of another busy weekday in the morning.You jump out of bed，rush into the shower，into your clothes and out the door with hardly a moment to think.A stressful journey to work gets your blood pressure climbing.Once at the office，you glance through the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.In that sort of mood，who can get down to work，particularly some creative，original problem­solving work?

　　68．What does the author imply about newspapers?

　　A．They are solution providers.

　　B．They are a source of inspiration.

　　C．They are normally full of bad news.

　　D．They are more educational than websites.

　　剖析：根据第一段倒数第二句中“...the newspaper with depressing stories or reports of disasters.”可判断，作者暗示报纸上总是充斥着不好的消息。

　　3．主旨大意题

　　①主旨大意题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　（1）The best title/headline for this passage is ______.

　　（2）The passage（or the first paragraph）is mainly about ______.

　　（3）What is the main idea/topic/purpose/subject of the passage?

　　（4）Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

　　（5）The passage chiefly discusses/deals with ______.

　　（6）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?

　　（7）The passage mainly tells us that ______.

　　（8）Which of the following can best sum up the passage?

　　（9）What's the best/most suitable title of this text/passage?

　　②主旨大意题解题策略

　　▲主题句在文首

　　在说明文、议论文和资讯报道类文体中多采用开头点明主题的方式。因此，要寻找此类文章的主旨大意就要对文章的开头段倍加关注。如：

　　（2012·湖南高考，B篇）

　　Still seeking a destination for your weekend break？There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college.

　　...

　　65．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．Some places for weekend break.

　　B．A way to become creative in art.

　　C．The colourful life in the countryside.

　　D．Unknown stories of Cambridge University.

　　剖析：根据文章首句 “Still seeking a destination for your weekend break? There are some places which are probably a mere walk away from your college”可知，这三则广告都是提供给周末休闲无处可去的大学生的。故A项正确。

　　▲主题句在文尾

　　部分文章通篇叙事或者议论，直至文章最后才对全文做结论性概括，阐述主旨。此类文章的主旨在文章结尾才能得以体现。

　　▲主题句贯穿全文

　　部分文章通篇没有明显的主题句，隐约体现主旨指向，对此类文章就需要我们认真领会每段话题，然后对各段大意加以归纳和概括，得出文章的主旨。如：

　　（2012·浙江高考，D篇）

　　As a young boy，I sometimes traveled the country roads with my dad.He was a rural mail carrier，and on Saturdays he would ask me to go with him.Driving through the countryside was always an adventure：There were animals to see，people to visit，and chocolate cookies if you knew where to stop，and Dad did.

　　...

　　For me，just knowing that story about my father was the gift of a lifetime.

　　60．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

　　A．The Mail

　　B．Christmas Letters

　　C．Special Mailboxes

　　D．Memorable Travels

　　剖析：文章主要讲述了作者的父亲，一个普通邮递员的感人故事。文章中，mail，mailboxes，letters等关键词不断出现，所以用The Mail作标题更能突出父亲的职业特点以及他用邮件传达给人们的无私的爱和帮助。故A项正确。

　　▲文（段）首、文（段）尾主题句。此类文章在引出段首主题句的同时，又在段尾使用不同的句型和词汇，重复段首主题句所阐述的内容，再一次强调主旨大意，并略有引申和侧重，即首尾呼应的写作方法。如：

　　（2012·全国卷Ⅱ，C篇）

　　Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.For example，in American culture（文化）the smile is in general an expression of pleasure.Yet it also has other uses.

　　...

　　Our faces show emotions（情感），but we should not attempt to“read”people from another culture as we would“read”someone from our own culture.

　　...

　　It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States.People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others.The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different.If we judge according to our own cultural habits，we may make the mistake of“reading”the other person incorrectly.

　　52．What would be the best title for the text?

　　A．Cultural Differences

　　B．Smiles and Relationships

　　C．Facial Expressiveness

　　D．Habits and Emotions

　　剖析：通过本文三段的段首句都谈及人们的面部表情可知，本文的中心和标题应该与人的面部表情有关，所以C项正确。

　　4．词义猜测题

　　①词义猜测题常见的命题方式有以下几种：

　　（1）The word “...” in the passage means ______.

　　（2）The word “...” could be best replaced by ______.

　　（3）Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to ______.

　　（4）The word “...” probably refers to ______.

　　（5）According to the passage，the word “...” is known as ______.

　　②词义猜测题解题策略

　　▲根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义

　　这种情况下，生词往往出现在前面，定义或解释跟在生词的后面，由or或破折号引出，因此只要找准并正确理解生词的释义，生词的含义也就清楚了。释义部分可以是单词、短语，也可以是列举的句子。在做这类题时，要注意生词与复述部分往往构成同位语，在句中多用逗号（，）、破折号（——）、冒号（：）、分号（；）等来连接。如：

　　（2012·福建高考，E篇）

　　But holidays are expensive and，for those on low wages or living on benefits，they are often unobtainable.Even the cheapest holidays require travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet.

　　72．The underlined word“they”in the second paragraph refers to “______”．

　　A．environments

　　B．holidays

　　C．wages

　　D．benefits

　　剖析：they应指代前面提到的名词，其前只有三个名词holidays，wages和benefits，而wages和benefits是用来叙述前面的those的情况的，因此本句中的they指代前面的句子的主语holidays。句意：但是假期是昂贵的，对于那些工资低或靠救济金生活的人们来说，假期通常是很难得到的。所以B项正确。

　　▲根据搭配、对比关系猜测词义

　　有时分析句子结构，辨别句子成分，分清搭配关系，是判断词义的前提，通过搭配关系得以确定画线名词指代的对象是人还是物。另外，转折词but，让步条件状语从句以及unlike，in spite of，despite，however等一些介词和副词都可以构成意义上的对比关系。如：

　　（2012·山东高考，C篇）

　　It didn't take long before reports of squirrels using the bridge started.Squirrels were even seen guiding their young and teaching_them_the_ropes.The story was picked up by the media，and Nutty Narrows became known in newspapers all over the world.

　　69．What does the underlined phrase“teaching them the ropes”probably mean in the text?

　　A．Passing them a rope.

　　B．Directing them to store food for winter.

　　C．Teaching them a lesson.

　　D．Showing them how to use the bridge.

　　剖析：该段的前两句主要介绍了松鼠慢慢适应过桥，并能看到松鼠教小松鼠们怎样过桥。其中，guiding their young 和teaching them the ropes为并列成分，都是松鼠教导小松鼠们怎样过桥的方法，所以D项正确。

　　▲利用构词法猜词

　　（1）根据前缀猜测词义

　　例如：Do you have any strong opinion on co­educational or single­sex schools?

　　根据词根educational（教育的），结合前缀co­（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co­educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”。

　　（2）根据后缀猜测词义

　　例如：It's a quiet，comfortable hotel overlooking（俯瞰）the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.

　　后缀­ise/ize意思是“使成为……，使……化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出uncommercialized的意思是：“未被商业化的”。

　　（3）根据复合词的各部分猜测词义

　　例如：Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.Well­designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.

　　Well­designed或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well（好，优秀）和design（设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。

　　We live in a technological society where most goods are mass­produced by unskilled labor.Because of this，most people think that craft（手艺）no longer exists.

　　根据合成词中的mass（大量的）和produce（生产），我们可以推测mass­produce的意思是：“大批量生产，规模生产”的意思。

　　▲根据上下文信息判断词义

　　根据上下文信息猜测词义题占此类题的绝大部分，做题时既要注意画线词前的信息，也要注意画线词后的信息，有时有参考价值的信息面会延伸到上下段落中。如：

　　（2012·课标全国高考，A篇）

　　Try hands­on_science.Visit one of the many hands­on science museums around the country.These science play­lands are great fun for kids and grown­ups alike.They'll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building.When everyone is tired，enjoy a fun family science show，commonly found in these museums.

　　58．What does “hands­on science” mean in the last paragraph?

　　A．Science games designed by kids.

　　B．Learning science by doing things.

　　C．A show of kids' science work.

　　D．Reading science books.

　　剖析：由“Try hands­on science”部分倒数第二句中的“...while pushing buttons，experimenting，and building”可知，在这个博物馆里，孩子和成年人都可以动手操作。所以hands­on science是指“通过做事情学习科学”。B项正确。

　　▲根据常识判断词义

　　根据常识知识猜测词义时，要注意“度”，即：要在忠于原文信息的前提下，适当借助经验和常识来猜测词义，不能脱离原文中的实际进行夸大的猜测。如：

　　（2012·辽宁高考，B篇）

　　Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days.Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day's work.This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station（ISS）．ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year.They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible.Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of