2016高考英语二轮精编：精品资料专题07 动词和语态教学案（教师版）

　　2016高考英语二轮复习 精品资料专题07 动词和语态教学案（教师版）

　　【2016高考考纲解读】

　　时态与语态一直是热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。考纲要求考生应该具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态；熟练掌握常见的8种时态，弄清16种时态，同时还要熟练运用特殊时态句式和用法以及不用被动式但表示被动的动词和短语。

　　高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分时态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。综观近年来的高考单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于1道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。

　　时态的考查主要集中在完成时，进行时等主干时态的掌握上。要求学生熟练掌握几种主干时态的基本概念，解题时充分挖掘时间副词，短语，时间状语从句提供的信息。在复习时态时应注意如下几点：⑴吃透语境，摸清作者的意图。⑵准确判断动作和时间的关系。（即动作是在什么时间发生的）⑶正确理解时间概念。（大的时间：现在、过去、将来；小的时间：时间段，时间点，时间瞬间）⑷找准相关时态时间之间的交叉点。例如：一般现在时，现在进行时（现在时间的交叉点）。高考对被动语态的考查热点主要是及物动词在被动语态中的使用。被动语态与主动语态一样，也有多种时态。被动语态的完成时态和进行时态中，考生往往漏掉been或being。因此被动语态的各种常用时态的构成，仍是高考命题的热点之一。时态与语态连用也是高考题的一个考点。一个题目同时交叉考查几个语法知识点是近几年高考的一个趋势。

　　【重点知识整合】

　　动词的时态

　　一、时态的概念

　　时态是一种动词形式，它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分；“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时间，表现四种不同的“体”，每一种“时+体”就构成一种时态。所以英语动词共有（4×4）十六种时态，高中英语教学大纲中要求掌握的只有八种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时。另外现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时和将来完成时也比较常用。

　　二、一般体、进行体、完成体的含义

　　一般体指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。进行指一种持续性的、未完成的动作。动词的进行时还伴有其他一些意义，如：有限度的延续性、感情色彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性等。完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生的时间总是未经明确指出的。通过例句体会它们的含义差别：

　　The teacher writes his own notes. （现在习惯性动作）

　　The teacher is writing his notes now. （暂时的还在进行的动作）

　　The teacher has already written his notes. （现在已经完成的动作）

　　Xiao Wang comes late often. （现在经常性的动作）

　　Xiao Wang is always coming late. （带有不满的色彩）

　　I read a book yesterday evening. （在过去时间的动作）

　　I was reading a book yesterday evening. （过去时间未完成的持续动作）

　　I have read the book. （现在已经读完那本书了）

　　She is always finding fault with others. 她总是挑剔别人的毛病。

　　He is constantly leaving things about. 他总是丢三拉四。

　　I am hoping you can come and have supper with us. 我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。（比如I hope…语气更委婉）

　　She has been saying that twenty times. 这话她已经说了20遍。

　　三、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别

　　1．一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去与现在情况没有联系。现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去产某个或某段时间。它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。

　　2．一般过去时常用的状语有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等；现在完成时常用的状语有already, just (刚刚), yet, never, before 等；表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在过去的这几天/年里)。since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。

　　3．比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：

　　He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. （这是过去的一件事）

　　He has served in the army for 5 years. （现在他仍在军中服役，他是个军人）

　　He wrote many plays when he was at college.

　　他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他过去的事）

　　He has written many plays.

　　他写了许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家）

　　I saw Hero last year.

　　去年我看了《英雄》这部电影。（看《英雄》的时间是去年，与现在时间无关）

　　I have seen Hero before.

　　我以前看过《英雄》这部电影。（强调现在还知道这部电影的内容。以前看过，但“以前”是表示一个与现在有联系的过去时间，而不是一个确定的与现在无关的过去时间。）

　　四、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别

　　1．一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。2．过去完成时的时间状语常用by 和before 引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。

　　五、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别

　　1．两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。

　　2．比较下面的说法

　　She had been ill for a week before she came back.

　　她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。（回来发生在过去某一时间，发病发生在过去的过去）

　　She has been ill for a week.

　　她生病一个星期了。（现在仍在生病）

　　六、动词时态的一些典型用法

　　1．在if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中，在when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引导的时间状语从句中，在no matter what /who / which / when / where / how 或whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时（往往出现will / shall / can / must ）或主句是祈使句，从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。如：

　　① I’ll go with you as soon as I finish my work.

　　② The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives.

　　③ — Can I join your club, Dad ?

　　— You can when you get a bit older.

　　④ If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.

　　⑤ Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

　　2．would 与used to

　　① would 与used to 都可用来表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作，常常可以换用。如：

　　When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer.

　　小时候，每天夏天我们都要去游泳。

　　He used to . would spend every penny he earned on books.

　　过去他通常把挣来的钱全花在买书了。

　　② would 之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而used to 则无此限制。如：

　　I used to like football when I was at middle school.

　　He used to be nervous in the exam.

　　③ would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用would, 只能用used to。如：

　　And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice.

　　从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。（具有反复性）

　　I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京。（没有反复性）

　　④ used to 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态，现在已经结束（含有较强的“今非昔比”的意思），would 则只表示说话者对过去一种回想心情，有可能再发生。如：

　　People used to believe that the earth was flat.

　　过去，人们总以为地球是扁平的。（现在已不再这样认为）

　　He would go to the park as soon as he was free.

　　过去他一有空就去公园。（现在有可能再去）

　　3．be +动词不定式

　　① 表示按计划或安排要做的事。例如：

　　When are you to leave for two days to New York ?

　　你什么时候去纽约？

　　She is to get married next month. 她下个月结婚。

　　这种结构也可用于过去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做某事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即使中注定要发生的事）”，而非计划；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾实现的计划。例如：

　　I felt excited because I was soon to leave home for the first time.

　　我感到很激动，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。

　　We were to have told you, but you were not in.

　　我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。

　　② 表示“指令”，相当于should, ought to, must, have to。例如：

　　You are to report to the police. 你应该报警。

　　What is to be done ? 应该怎么办呢？

　　This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这种药一天要服三次。

　　The books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustn’t be taken outside.) 这个室内的书籍不得带出室外。

　　③ 表示“想，打算”，相当于intend, want。例如：

　　If we are to be there before ten, we’ll have to go now.

　　如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。

　　④ 用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如：

　　Am I to go on with the work ? 要我继续这项工作吗？

　　What are we to do next ? 我们下一步该怎么办？

　　⑤ 在与be 连用的结构中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式被动式有特殊的用法。例如：

　　The news is to be found in the evening paper. 这条消息可以在晚报上见到。

　　He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪里也见不到他。

　　You are to be congratulated. 应当向您表示祝贺。中学学科网

　　4．瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词，还叫终止性动词。瞬间动词可以有现在完成时态，但不可以接一段时间，若要接一段时间，须要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。

　　× He has come to Beijing since last year.

　　√ He has lived in Beijing since last year.

　　× He has joined the army for 3 years.

　　√ He has served in the army for 3 years.

　　√ He joined the army 3 years ago.

　　√ He has been a soldier for 3 years.

　　√ It is 3 years since he joined the army.

　　√ He has joined the army. 他已参军了。

　　常见的瞬间动词有：come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / turn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。

　　5．语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样”。如：

　　① — Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.

　　— Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.

　　② Your phone number again ? I didn’t quite catch it.

　　③ — Nancy is not coming tonight.

　　— But she promised !

　　6．表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意图。如：

　　I had hoped to see more of ShangHai.

　　我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）

　　I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.

　　我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。

　　I had thought you would come tomorrow.

　　我愿以来你明天才来呢。

　　7．某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的、约定俗成的。

　　① This / It is the first / second…time + that 从句。that 从句一般用现在完成时，如果把前边的is 改为was，则that 从句用过去完成时。如：

　　This is the first time I have come here.

　　It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.

　　② It is / has been + 一段时间 + since 从句。since 从句中用过去完成时。如：

　　It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.

　　③ be about to do…when…意为“即将……（这时）突然……”。如：

　　I was about to go out when the telephone rang.

　　④ be (was /were) + doing… when… 意为“正在干……（这时）突然……”。如

　　They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.

　　⑤ Hardly had…done…when… ; No sooner had…done…than…

　　when 和than 从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚……就……”。如：

　　Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.

　　我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。中学学科网

　　⑥ It + be + 一段时间 + before 从句

　　这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：

　　It won’t be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.)

　　It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. )

　　8．高考对于进行体的常考点

　　① 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。如：

　　My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

　　The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.

　　Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.

　　As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.

　　The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it.

　　② 表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如：

　　— Have you moved into the new house ?

　　— Not yet. The rooms are being painted.

　　I don’t really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.

　　Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.

　　Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly.

　　③ 表示计划、安排要做的事。如：

　　I’ve won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum.

　　— What were you doing when Tony phoned you ?

　　— I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower.

　　④ 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如：

　　I don’t think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space.

　　I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.

　　— Is this raincoat yours ?

　　— No, mine is hanging there behind the door.

　　— Hey, look where you are going !

　　— Oh, I’m terribly sorry, I wasn’t noticing.

　　主动和被动

　　一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态

　　That old man was often laughed at.

　　那位老人常受人嘲笑。

　　The doctor has been sent for.

　　已经派人请大夫去了。

　　Time must be made good use of.

　　时间一定要充分利用。

　　The plan will be given up.

　　那计划就要被放弃了。

　　Bad habits have been done away with.

　　坏习惯已经改掉了。

　　（在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词，关于这类及物性质的短语动词请看专题五）

　　He must be prevented from going.

　　必须阻止他去。

　　The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.

　　计划必须尽早执行。

　　（谓语结构是：情态动词+be +过去分词）

　　二、get + 过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化，如：

　　She got married last week. 她上周结婚了。

　　The patient got treated once a week. 那位病菌人一周得到一次治疗。

　　He fell off the car and got killed. 他从车上摔下来，摔死了。

　　三、主动形式表被动意义

　　1．系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容词/名词构成系表结构。如：

　　The steel feels cold.

　　His plan proved (to be) practical.

　　It has gone bad.

　　2．表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。

　　Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.

　　The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.

　　3．表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如：

　　This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。

　　Nylon cleans easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。

　　The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。

　　Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。

　　Your speech reads well. 你的演说讲得好。

　　This material has worn thin. 这个材料已经磨薄了。

　　His book does not sell. 他的书没有销路。

　　Your pen writes smoothly. 你的笔好写。

　　This lock won’t catch. 这锁锁不上。

　　The match won’t catch. 火柴擦不着。

　　The plan worked out wonderfully. 这计划制定得很好。

　　The recorder won’t play. 这录音机不转。

　　The engine won’t start. 引擎发动不起来。

　　This knife cuts well. 这把刀子很快。

　　The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。

　　4．少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。 如：

　　The books are printing. 这本书正在排印中。

　　The neat is cooking. 肉在煮。

　　5．介词in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义

　　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。

　　常见的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治疗中)，under repair (在修理中)，under discussion (在讨论中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach (鞭长莫及)，beyond one’s control (无法控制)，beyond our hope (我们始料不及)，for sale (出售)，for rent (出租)，in print (在印刷中)，in sight (在视野范围内)，on sale (出售)，on show (展出)，on trial (受审)，out of control (控制不了)，out of sight (超出视线之外)，out of one’s reach (够不着)，out of fashion (不流行)。如：

　　The building is under construction (is being constructed).

　　The rumor is beyond belief ( = can’t be believed ).

　　His honest character is above all praise. ( = His honest character cannot be praised enough.)

　　That house is for sale. ( = That house is to be sold.)

　　The book is not yet in print ( = is not yet printed ).

　　Today some treasures are on show in the museum ( = are being showed).

　　The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled).

　　He took two days off within the teacher’s permission.

　　6．不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：

　　fit, have, wish, cost, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。如：

　　This key just fits the lock.

　　Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

　　【高频考点突破】

　　一、动词时态考查要点

　　1.一般现在时主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等

　　He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

　　She has a brother who lives in New York.

　　The earth goes around the sun.

　　Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

　　【经典例题】________off at 18:20.

　　A.takes

　　B.took

　　C.will be taken

　　D.has taken

　　考点一：表示永恒的真理，客观存在，科学事实，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：

　　The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

　　Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

　　【】According to the literary review, Shakespeare       his characters live through their language in his plays.

　　A. will make       B. had made      C. was making         D. makes

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】考查动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，选D。

　　考点二：表示格言或警句。例如：

　　　   Pride goes before a fall.　骄者必败。

　　注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

　　例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。【经典例题】 "Life is like walking in the snow", Granny used to say, "because every step

　　”

　　A. has shown

　　B. is showing

　　C. shows

　　D. showed

　　考点三、现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：　   I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

　　　   Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

　　比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

　　I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。I haven’t had time to play since the new year.

　　A. will play

　　B. have played

　　C. played

　　D. play

　　【答案】D

　　【经典例题】At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport _______ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.

　　A. is              B. are             C. will be            D. were

　　【经典例题】I _______ all the cooking for my family, but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.

　　A. will do

　　B. do

　　C. am doing

　　D. had done

　　时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day;

　　条件：if, unless, otherwise.

　　If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

　　【经典例题】—What would you do if it________tomorrow ?     —We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .  A. rain  

　　B. rains

　　 C. will rain  

　　D. is raining

　　【答案】B

　　检查考生对状语从句中时态的掌握和运用能力。

　　在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来, it 是第三人称单数, 动词后加s。【经典例题】Next time you ____here，let’s have lunch together．  

　　A．will be        B．are                  C．have been        D．were   

　　 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.

　　只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

　　考点六：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。

　　The harder you study, the better results you will get.

　　2.现在进行时

　　表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。

　　 We are having English class.

　　The house is being built these days.

　　 The little boy is always making trouble.

　　考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。

　　Look out when you are crossing the street.

　　Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

　　考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。

　　Marry is leaving on Friday.

　　3.现在完成时

　　表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：【】28. Jonny, I can’t believe how much you have changed! You _____ at least one foot!

　　A. grow

　　B. grew

　　C. have grown

　　D. are growing

　　考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点

　　They have lived in Beijing for five years.

　　They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

　　I have learned English for ten years.

　　考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

　　【经典例题】—______ you ______ him around the museum yet?

　　—Yes. We had a great time there.

　　A. Have; shown

　　B. Do; show

　　C. Had; shown

　　D. Did; show

　　【经典例题】—What is the price of petrol these days

　　—Oh, it ______ sharply since last month.

　　A. is raised       B. has risen    C. has arisen          D. is increased

　　【经典例题】So far this year we ________a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.

　　A. saw

　　B. see

　　C. had seen

　　D. have seen

　　考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。

　　in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

　　考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。

　　This is my first time that I have visited China.

　　This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.

　　That is the only book that he has written.

　　4．一般过去时

　　表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

　　【经典例题】I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I________there several years ago.

　　A.are going

　　B.had been

　　C.went

　　D.have been

　　【经典例题】—You speak very good French!

　　—Thanks. I __________ French in Sichuan University for four years.

　　A. studied

　　B. study

　　C. was studying

　　D. had studied

　　【经典例题】 If only I could have helped you！But I really________no good idea how.

　　A.

　　have

　　B.

　　had

　　C.

　　have had

　　D.

　　had had

　　考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。

　　be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于

　　He used to smoke a lot.

　　He has got used to getting up early.

　　考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。

　　He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

　　5. 过去进行时

　　表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

　　The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

　　He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.

　　What were you doing at nine last night?

　　The radio was being repaired when you called me.

　　6. 过去完成时

　　表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )

　　There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

　　By the end of last term we had finished the book.

　　They finished earlier than we had expected.

　　考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

　　I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

　　I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

　　No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）

　　考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。

　　That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

　　It was 3 years since we had parted。

　　考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

　　I had hoped that I could do the job.

　　I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

　　7. 一般将来时

　　表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达种。

　　Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

　　考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：

　　We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

　　（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）

　　考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。

　　I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

　　考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。

　　Use your head and you will find a way.

　　考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。

　　“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。

　　“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。

　　They are to be married in this May.

　　8. 将来进行时

　　    表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。

　　I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。

　　The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

　　【】At this time tomorrow _____ over the Atlantic.

　　A. we’re going to fly     B. we’ll be flying    C. we’ll fly    D. we’re to fly

　　9. 将来完成时

　　    表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。

　　考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。

　　By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.

　　By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

　　By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

　　【】By the time you arrive in London, we ______ in Europe for two weeks.

　　A. shall stay                      B. have stayed      

　　C. will have stayed                D. have been staying

　　考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

　　The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.

　　【注意】

　　1.一般现在时代替一般将来时

　　When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

　　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

　　2. 一般现在时代替一般过去时

　　（） "书上说"，"报纸上说"等。例如：

　　The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。

　　（） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如：

　　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。

　　3.一般现在时代替现在完成时

　　（1）有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：

　　I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。

　　I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。

　　（2）用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如：

　　It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。

　　4.一般现在时代替现在进行时。

　　在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如：

　　There goes the bell. 铃响了。

　　5.现在进行时代替将来时

　　（1）表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如：

　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?

　　We are leaving soon.　我们马上就走。

　　（2）渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如：

　　He is dying. 他要死了。

　　6.时态与常用时间状语的搭配:

　　一般现在时： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday等。

　　一般过去时：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等。

　　一般将来时： next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等。

　　现在完成时： for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the few past years, always, recently lately等。

　　过去完成时：before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等。

　　过去进行时：this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等。

　　将来进行时：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening。

　　二、被动语态考查要点    被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语中也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。

　　考点一：使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。

　　1. 主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。

　　My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.

　　An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.

　　I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.

　　2. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。

　　The boss made him work all day long.

　　He was made to work all day long(by the boss)

　　3. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。

　　The children were taken good care of (by her).

　　Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.

　　 4. 情态动词和be going to，be to，be sure to，used to，have to，had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。

　　  5. 当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：

　　People say he is a smart boy.

　　=It is said that he is a smart boy.

　　=He is said to be a smart boy.

　　People know paper was made in China first.

　　= It is known that paper was made in China first.

　　= Paper was known to be made in China first.

　　类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …

　　考点二：不能用被动语态的几种情况。

　　1. 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。

　　2. 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，benefit，contain，equal，fit，join，mean，cost，look like，consist to等。

　　3. 表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。

　　4. 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。

　　5. 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。

　　6. 宾语是同源宾语，不定式、