江西省信丰中学高三英语复习：句子成分概论及练习

　　（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代

　　词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

　　1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：

　　（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

　　如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.

　　（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：

　　（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

　　（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

　　英语句子成分练习一

　　(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词

　　① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

　　② There is an old man coming here.

　　③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

　　④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

　　(二)请标记句中谓语的中心词

　　① I don't like the picture on the wall.

　　② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

　　③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

　　④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

　　⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

　　⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

　　⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

　　⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

　　⑨ He is interested in music.

　　⑩ Whom did you give my book to?

　　(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语

　　① My brother hasn't done his homework.② People all over the world speak English.

　　③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

　　④ How many new words did you learn last class?

　　⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?

　　⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.

　　⑦ They made him monitor of the class.

　　⑧ Go acrothe bridge and you will find the museum on the left.

　　⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.

　　⑩ They didn't know who"Father Christmas"really is.

　　(四) 挑出下列句中的表语

　　① The old man was feeling very tired.

　　② Why is he worried about Jim?

　　③ The leaves have turned yellow.

　　④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

　　⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

　　(五) 挑出下列句中的定语

　　① They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.

　　② What is your given name?

　　③ On the third lap are Cla1 and Cla3.

　　④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

　　⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

　　⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!

　　(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

　　① She likes the children to read newspa-pe-rs and books in the reading-room.

　　② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

　　③ She found it difficult to do the work.

　　④ They call me Lily sometimes.

　　⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.

　　⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

　　(七) 挑出下列句中的状语

　　① There was a big smile on her face.

　　② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

　　③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

　　④ The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.

　　⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, MiLi hurried off.

　　⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

　　⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.

　　⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.

　　(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

　　① Please tell us a story.

　　② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

　　③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.

　　④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.

　　⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

　　英语句子成分练习二

　　（一）用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）： I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

　　（二）用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）： Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.