2014届高考英语一轮复习讲义语法系列之非谓语动词

　　不定式用法专讲

　　2. 作主语、宾语和表语用的不定式

　　不定式(短语)常用来作主语：

　　To persevere means victory! 坚持就是胜利！

　　To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement. 那座楼10个月就盖成是一个了不起的成就。

　　To ignore this would be a mistake. 忽视这一点是错误的。

　　To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

　　To act like that is foolish. 这样做是愚蠢的。

　　To err is human, to forgive divine. 犯错误是人之常情，宽恕才难能可贵。

　　To know something about English is one thing; to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事；掌握英语完全是另一回事。

　　但在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，我们常常用代词it来代替它作主语，而把它移到句子后部去，这样使句子显得比较平稳：

　　It isn't right to gossip about others. (=To gossip about others isn't right.) 说闲话是不对的。

　　It is nice not to be dependent on them. 不依靠他们是好的。

　　It is not an easy thing to master a language. 学好一种语言是不容易的。

　　It seems a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎是很遗憾的。

　　It only took (us) a year to complete the project. 完成这项工程只花了(我们)一年时间。

　　What harm can it do to give advice? 给人出主意有什么不好的?

　　How would it be to start tomorrow? 明天动身怎么样?

　　How much did cost (you) to send the telegram? 拍这份电报(你)花了多少钱?"

　　It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 听他这样谈话我们非常气愤。

　　It feels good to be out here for a while. 出来在这儿待一待是挺舒服的。

　　It was beyond me to help them. 我无力帮助他们。

　　It was considered impossible to fail. 人们认为失败是不可能的。

　　It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting. 决定把这问题提到下次会上讨论。

　　如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：

　　It is not hard for one to do a bit if good. 一个人做点好事并不难。

　　It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally. 我们来参加这个大会是很荣幸的。

　　It will be a mistake for us not to help them. 我们不帮助他们是错误的。

　　在以某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时，不定式前常可加一个of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况：

　　It's kind of you to think so much of us. (=You're so kind to...) 难为你这样替我们想。

　　(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us. 非常感谢你来接我们。

　　It's very nice of you to be so considerate. 你们想得这样周到是很好的。

　　It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。

　　不定式用作宾语的时候特别多：

　　He offered to help us. 他提出要帮助我们。

　　Mary begged to go with us. 玛丽恳求和我们一道去。

　　I can't afford to buy a car. 我买不起小汽车。

　　We will arrange to see him tomorrow. 我们将安排明天见他。

　　Some people can't bear to watch a bullfight. 有的人不忍心看斗牛。

　　She determined to study harder. 她决心更加努力地学习。

　　I did not think (expect) to find you here. 没想到在这儿碰到你。

　　They proposed to attack the city at dawn. 他们打算在拂晓时对这城市发起进攻。

　　You should continue to learn as long as you live. 活到老学到老。

　　They demanded to know what I had been doing. 他们要求知道我一直在干什么。

　　He failed to see the other car in time. 他没及时看到另外那辆车。

　　Children love to listen to fairy tales. 孩子们喜欢听童话故事。

　　He pledged to stop smoking. 他保证戒烟。

　　They preferred not to put this on the agenda. 他们宁愿不把这列入议程。

　　She promised to return in an hour. 她答应一小时后回来。

　　I am preparing to take the examination on Monday. 我在准备参加礼拜一的考试。

　　能以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：want, like, wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise,mean, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, learn, desire, agree, care, choose, determine, undertake, expect等。

　　另外，tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget等动词，常用一个带连接代(副)词的不定式作宾语：

　　They will teach us how to repair farm tools. 他仍将教我们怎样修农具。

　　We must decide whether to go or stay. 我们得决定去还是留。

　　He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry when he heard the words. 听了这话他是啼笑皆非。

　　No one could tell me where to get the book. 没有人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。

　　I hope you'll advise me what to do. 我希望你给我出主意怎么办好。

　　The book explains how to solve the problem. 这本书解释如何回答这个问题。

　　Don't forget how to unlock it. 别忘了如何开锁。

　　You can learn how to type there. 在那里你可学习怎样打字。

　　She considered how to answer the question. 她考虑如何回答这个问题。

　　另外，在某些复合宾语中，我们常常先用一个it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去，如：

　　They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好。

　　She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it. 觉得没有必要和他辨论。

　　I consider it better not to go. 我认为还是不去为好。

　　这种结构很有用处，例如下面这类句子就都可以这样翻译：

　　你难道不觉得这样译好些吗？ Don't you think it better to translate it this way?

　　这种种烦恼使她不能专心工作。 All these worries made it impossible for her to concentrate on her work.

　　他规定堂上只能讲英语。 He made it a rule only to speak English in class.

　　她感到有责任指出这一点。 She felt it her duty to point that out.

　　间或可以看到下面这种句子:

　　I have long had it in mind to answer your letter. 我一直在想给你回信。

　　She took it on herself to apologize for me. 她亲自出面替我道歉。

　　He regards it as important to help his friends. 他认为帮助朋友是很重要的。

　　注: 在个别的介词后可用"连接代(副)词+不定式"这种结构作宾语，如:

　　Everyone has his own idea of how to do it. 如何做这件事各人都有不同的看法。

　　不定式有时也可用以用作表语:

　　The problem is to find a solution. 问题是得找出一个解决办法。

　　Her wish was to become an artist. 她的志愿是成为一个艺术家。

　　The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。

　　His job was to make contacts with the local people. 他的任务是联系当地群众。

　　To do this would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 这样做是削足适履。

　　The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的是把理论变为实际。

　　What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand. 我喜欢的是在海里游泳，然后躺在暖和的沙上。

　　有时，在一个汉语句子中，如果主语很长而表语很短，在译为英语时，我们可以把两者颠倒过来，用上述结构来表示：

　　培养学生的独立工作能力是我们现在的主要任务。 Our main task now is to develop the students' ability to carry on independent work.

　　仔细分析当前的形势并从而制定我们的政策，是我们最迫切的任务。 Our most urgent task is to make a careful analysis of the present situation and form our policy on the basis of such an analysis.