【三维设计】2017届高考英语二轮复习（通用版）练习：第2板块题型3 阅读理解 第2讲 主旨大意题

　　题型三　阅读理解第2讲主旨大意题　对应学生用书P46

　　题型概述]

　　主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题，能够拉开考生的分数差距，所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的选拔作用。也可以说，此类题属于能力型题目。

　　研究近几年课标地区的高考阅读理解题可以发现，主旨大意题几乎年年都有，而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有1～3道考查此类题。

　　要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。

　　1．主旨大意题正确选项特征

　　(1)涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。

　　(2)确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。

　　(3)精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

　　2．主旨大意题干扰选项特征

　　(1)过于笼统，不知所云。所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。

　　(2)以偏概全，主次不分。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别字词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。

　　(3)移花接木，偷换概念。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。

　　(4)无中生有，生搬硬套。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

　　题型突破]

　　　 中心大意题

　　文章的中心大意往往由文章体裁所决定。议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用“总—分—总”的模式，第一段提出论点，然后是论据部分，最后一段得出结论(论点的重申)，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段；说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段；而资讯报道却是报道一个人物事迹或重大事件等，主题句常出现在首段首句；记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。

　　典题例析]　(2015·天津高考阅读B节选)

　　Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.

　　While household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user.

　　The Jibo robot, arranged to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.

　　Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.

　　Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market. The company's “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.

　　The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns. But Oshbot, like other social robots, is not intended to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us，” said Breazeal.

　　45．What does the passage mainly present?

　　A．A new design idea of household robots.

　　B．Marketing strategies for social robots.

　　C．Information on household robots.

　　D．An introduction to social robots.

　　[解题样板]

　　本文首段对社交机器人做了总述性介绍，然后分段开始举例说明社交机器人的用途及性能等情况，主要是对社交机器人的介绍。

　　A 社交机器人的新的设计理念。

　　文章第二、三、四段阐述了至少三种社交机器人的设计理念，A项只说了一种。 以偏概全，

　　主次不分

　　B 社交机器人的营销策略。

　　文中并未提及此内容。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　C 家用机器人的相关信息。

　　文章第二段虽提到了家用机器人，但那是为了与社交机器人对比，文章主要谈论的还是社交机器人。 以偏概全，

　　主次不分

　　D 社交机器人的介绍。

　　D项准确概括了文章大意，较全面。 涵盖性强，

　　覆盖全文

　　[答案]　D

　　[题型技法]

　　掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意

　　弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。文章的主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，但有时也在文中，甚至没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。

　　用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：

　　1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。

　　2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

　　3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

　　4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词。

　　　 标题归纳题

　　一般说来，标题具有醒目性、概括性和针对性的特点。醒目性是为了吸引读者的注意力，唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣；概括性，就是指标题要覆盖文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题；针对性是标题要直接指向文章的主要特点。标题归纳题与中心大意题具有共同之处，当文章主旨是一个短语或一句简洁的话时，我们可把它看作标题；但是文章主旨往往是作者写作目的或写作内容的归纳，一般不作为文章标题。此外，标题必须反映文章的中心大意，概括性强，表达精准，这就要求选项的归纳要恰如其分，范围合理。

　　[典题例析]　(2016·全国卷Ⅰ阅读D节选)

　　The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.

　　Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.

　　Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.

　　Nurses and other care­givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing (治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.

　　35．What may be the best title for the text?

　　A．Sound and Silence

　　B．What It Means to Be Silent

　　C．Silence to Native Americans

　　D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold

　　[解题样板]

　　通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了沉默在不同的文化和领域具有不同的含义。

　　A 声音和沉默

　　文章并未谈及sound，选项超出了文章所述范围。 过于笼统，

　　不知所云

　　B 沉默意味着什么

　　此标题全面、精炼地概括了文章内容。 涵盖性强，

　　覆盖全文

　　C 沉默对于美国本土人的意义是什么

　　文章第二段虽提到了美国本土人对沉默的观点，但并非文章的中心内容。 以偏概全，

　　主次不分

　　D 话语是银；沉默是金

　　文章虽主要论述了silence的含义，但并未涉及此内容。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　[答案]　B

　　[题型技法]

　　理解标题的3大特点，巧用3大方法确定文章标题

　　一个好的标题应具备三个特点：

　　1．概括——准确而又简短；

　　2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；

　　3．醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。

　　因此有必要掌握以下三种方法：

　　1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；

　　2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；

　　3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。

　　题型三 　 段落大意题

　　英语段落的中心思想常用主题句表达。所谓主题句就是概括说明某一段落中心思想的句子。阅读的主要目的就是读懂文章段落的中心大意，辨别文章段落的中心思想自然就成了一个很重要的阅读技巧，这一技巧同样在提高阅读能力和阅读速度中起着关键性的作用。

　　主题句是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。

　　[典题例析]　(2016·浙江高考阅读C节选)

　　Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world — is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution (进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive (认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”

　　53．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

　　A．The world may be more clearly explained through children's play.

　　B．Studying babies' play may lead to a better understanding of science.

　　C．Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.

　　D．One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.

　　[解题样板]

　　最后一段谈到要从科学研究的角度看待儿童的发展，说我们追求科学的态度其实源于我们的儿童时代。由此推断，该段主旨是“研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学”。

　　A 通过儿童的游戏解释世界或许更清晰。

　　本段虽提到了儿童的游戏，但并未谈及此内容，选项概括的内容范围过大。 过于笼统，

　　不知所云

　　B 研究婴儿的游戏或许有助于更好地理解科学。

　　B项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。 涵盖性强，

　　覆盖全段

　　C 儿童拥有比科学家更强的理解事物的能力。

　　本段提及了儿童与科学家一样都有理解事物的能力，但并未作出比较。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　D 一个人对科学研究的动力可能会随着他的成长变得更强。

　　本段提到了人类的进化给婴儿提供了好奇心和天生的解释世界的动力，但并未提及其与个人成长的关系。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　[答案]　B

　　[题型技法]

　　两法破解段落大意题

　　1．概括段落大意

　　要准确概括某段话的大意，务必要知道该段话的逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。

　　2．揣摩段落大意

　　有时，作者可以不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。

　　　 写作目的题

　　写作目的与文章主旨不同，但两者密切相关，是文章主旨的一种变体。文章主旨题是文章的中心思想，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，也即作者为何写这篇文章。作者的写作目的必须通过归纳中心思想才能找到。

　　[典题例析]　(2016·全国卷Ⅲ阅读C节选)

　　If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple Day to see what's around. It's called Apple Day but in practice it's more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.

　　Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see,

　　and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn't taste of anything special, it's still worth a try, as is the knobbly (多疙瘩的) Cat's Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.

　　There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

　　At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple­themed fun and games.

　　Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards (果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.

　　31．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?

　　A．To show how to grow apples.

　　B．To introduce an apple festival.

　　C．To help people select apples.

　　D．To promote apple research.

　　[解题样板]

　　根据文章第一段中的“If you are a fruit grower

　　... what's around.”和第二段中的“Visiting an apple event ...”以及后文介绍节日上的各类苹果可知，作者在介绍苹果节。

　　A 为了展示如何种植苹果。

　　文章第三、四段提到了种植苹果的信息，但这并非作者的写作目的。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　B 为了介绍一个苹果节。

　　B项明确地表明了作者的写作目的。 涵盖性强，

　　覆盖全文

　　C 为了帮助人们挑选苹果。

　　C项应为文章二、三段的写作目的而非作者的写作目的。 移花接木，

　　偷换概念

　　D 为了促进苹果研究。

　　文章第三、四段提到了苹果种植方面的信息，但并非作者的写作目的。 无中生有，

　　生搬硬套

　　[答案]　B

　　[题型技法]

　　明确文章体裁，巧妙确定写作目的

　　要做好写作目的题，考生必须先弄清楚文章的体裁，因为不同的文体写作目的是不同的。

　　体裁 写作目的

　　广告 推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等

　　说明文 向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程

　　研究

　　报告 向人们展示某种研究结果

　　议论文 论述一个道理或表达一个观点

　　记叙文 向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达感情等

　　[课堂巩固训练]

　　A

　　(2016·合肥市高三教学质量检测)A famous magazine, Amusement Today, does a survey among park lovers every year both in theUS and overseas, based on which, “Top 5 List of the Best Amusement Parks in the World”

　　has come outas follows：

　　Disneyland, California

　　Disneyland is a theme park in Anaheim, California, the US. More than 515 million guests have traveled to this American landmark from around the world since the park first opened to guests on July 17,1955. The park consists of many world­famous sections, such as Main Street, Adventureland, New Orleans Square, and so on.

　　Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida

　　Magic Kingdom is a theme park within the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando opened on October 1,1971. It is the most famous theme park in Florida. The park's design and attractions don't make much difference from Disneyland Park in Anaheim.

　　EPCOT, Disney World, Florida

　　EPCOT is the second theme park built at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando,

　　Florida. The park opened on October 1,1982, and was named EPCOT Center from 1982 to 1993. It was the largest Disney theme park in the world until 1998, when Disney's Animal Kingdom opened.

　　Disney­MGM Studios, Florida

　　MGM's streets are the home for some great movie­themed attractions with a history of less than 30 years. With the addition of the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and the Rock and Roller Coaster, the park is now home to Disney World's most thrilling rides.

　　Universal Studios, Florida

　　Go behind the scenes, beyond the screen and jump right into the action of your favorite movies at Universal Studios, the number one movie and TV theme park in the world.

　　语篇解读：本文是一篇应用文。文章向我们介绍了由一本著名杂志经过调查推选出来的位居世界前五位的游乐园。

　　1．What's the purpose of the passage?

　　A．To attract tourists to these theme parks.

　　B．To introduce world's best amusement parks.

　　C．To increase the sales of Amusement Today.

　　D．To compare attractions in different theme parks.

　　解析：选B　写作目的题。根据第一段“A famous magazine, Amusement Today ... come outas follows”和下文对5个公园的介绍可知，本文旨在介绍世界上最好的娱乐公园。故选B。

　　2．Which of the following theme parks have similar attractions?

　　A．Disneyland & Universal Studios.

　　B．EPCOT & Disney­MGM.

　　C．Disneyland & Magic Kingdom.

　　D．Magic Kingdom & Universal Studios.

　　解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段“The park's design and attractions don't make much difference from Disneyland Park in Anaheim.”并结合其所在段落标题“Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida”可知，应选C。

　　3．Which park has the longest history?

　　A．Disneyland, California.

　　B．Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida.

　　C．EPCOT, Disney World, Florida.

　　D．Disney­MGM Studios, Florida.

　　解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段“More than 515 million guests

　　... on July 17,1955.”可知，Disneyland, California是1955年开放的；根据第三段第一句可知，Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida是1971年开放的；根据第四段第二句可知，EPCOT, Disney World, Florida是1982年开放的；根据倒数第二段第一句可知，Disney­MGM Studios, Florida的历史不到30年。由此可知，Disneyland, California是历史最悠久的。故选A。

　　B

　　(2016·郑州市高中质量预测) Land Art, sometimes referred to as Earth Art or Earthworks, is a form of art which involves using physical landscapes to create art, taking art out of the museum and into the outside world.

　　Modern Land Art movement really got going in the 1960s, when American artists began creating Land Art on a large scale. Today, works of modern Land Art can be seen all over the world, sometimes right alongside much older pieces of Land Art created by people who lived thousands of years ago.

　　Land Art, which is not necessarily unchangeable, can take a number of forms. For example, in 1970 Robert Smithson created the Spiral Jetty (螺旋状防波堤), made of a collection of stones and mud, in the Great Salt Lake. The American artist made a large jetty in a spiral shape which sticks out into the waters of the lake.

　　Reshaping the landscape is a common characteristic of Land Art, which can be created by moving parts around. People can also add things to the environment to create Land Art, like salt, which is added to the Spiral Jetty.

　　It is possible to use plants.

　　In all cases, Land Art is immovable.

　　Land Art is designed to gradually form, change, and eventually decay (衰落). That's one of the biggest differ­ences

　　between Land Art and most of the art one sees in the museums. Some works of art can exist only for a few hours or days. Others are exposed to rain and wind so that they develop and decay over time, which is part of the attractiveness in the eyes of the artists.

　　语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。大地艺术(Land Art)又称“地景艺术”“土方工程”，它是指艺术家以大自然为创造媒体，把艺术与大自然有机地结合起来，创造出的一种富有艺术整体性情景的视觉化艺术形式。

　　4．What can be learned from the first paragraph?

　　A．Land Art was the most popular art in the 1960s.

　　B．Land Art aims to get people interested in nature.

　　C．American artists were the first to create Land Art.

　　D．People have been creating Land Art for thousands of years.

　　解析：选D　细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, works of modern Land Art can be

　　... lived thousands of years ago.”可知，地景艺术已有几千年的历史了。故选D。

　　5．What do we know about Robert Smithson?

　　A．He is a great creative artist.

　　B．He lives near the Great Salt Lake.

　　C．He made the most famous Land Art.

　　D．He was a pioneer in creating Land Art.

　　解析：选A　推理判断题。根据第二段“For example, in 1970 Robert Smithson created ... in the Great Salt Lake.”以及下文“The American artist ...”可判断出，他是一位伟大的、很有创造力的艺术家。故选A。

　　6．One of the unique characteristics of Land Art lies in ________.

　　A．it shows the extreme beauty of nature

　　B．it develops and decays gradually over time

　　C．it combines the landscapes around completely

　　D．it offers the artists a chance to get close to nature

　　解析：选B　细节理解题。根据最后一段第一、二句“Land Art is designed to

　　... sees in the museums.”可知，地景艺术与其他艺术最大的不同之处之一在于它会随着时间的流逝而逐渐演变直至最终衰落。故选B。

　　7．What may be the best title for the text?

　　A．Works of Land Art

　　B．History of Land Art

　　C．Changes of Land Art

　　D．Introduction of Land Art

　　解析：选D　标题归纳题。纵观全文可知，本文主要向读者介绍了地景艺术的概念、历史及其特征等情况。故选D。