湖南省汝城二中2014届高考英语一轮复习阅读训练 (17)

　　阅读专练17

　　Passage One

　　Sensory Evaluation of Food

　　A Polish proverb claims that fish, to taste right, should three times—in water, in butter and in wine. The early efforts of the basic scientists in the food industry were directed at improving the preparation, preservation, and distribution of safe and nutritious food. Our memories of certain foodstuffs eaten during the World War II suggest that, although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell. This neglect of the sensory appeal of foods is happily becoming a thing of the past. Bow, in the book “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food,” the authors hope that it will be useful to food technologists in industry and also to others engaged in research into problem of sensory evaluation of foods. An attempt has clearly been make to collect every possible piece of information, which might be useful, more than one thousand five hundred references being quoted. As a result, the book seems at first sight to be an exhaustive and critically useful review of the literature. This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.

　　Of particular interest is the weight given to the psychological aspects of perception, both objectively and subjectively. The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences. It is interesting to find that in spite of many attempts to separate and define the modalities of taste, nothing better has been achieved than the familiar classification into sweet, sour salty and bitter. Nor is there as yet any clear-cut evidence of the physiological nature of the taste stimulus. With regard to smell, systems of classification are of little value because of the extraordinary sensitivity of the nose and because the response to the stimulus is so subjective. The authors suggest that a classification based on the size, shape and electronic status of the molecule involved merits further investigation, as does the theoretical proposition that weak physical binding of the stimulant molecule to he receptor site is a necessary part of the mechanism of stimulation.

　　Apart from taste and smell, there are many other components of perception of the sensations from food in the mouth. The basic modalities of pain, cold, warmth and touch, together with vibration sense, discrimination and localization may all play a part, as, of course, does auditory reception of bone-conducted vibratory stimuli from the teeth when eating crisp or crunchy foods. In this connection the authors rightly point out that this type of stimulus requires much more investigation, suggesting that a start might be made by using subjects afflicted with various forms of deafness. It is well-known that extraneous noise may alter discrimination, and the attention of the authors is directed to the work of Prof. H. J. Eysenck on the “stimulus hunger” of extroverts and the “stimulus avoidance” of introverts.

　　The reviewer uses a Polish proverb at the beginning of the article in order to

　　A. introduce, in an interesting manner, the discussion of food.

　　B. show the connection between food and nationality of food.

　　C. indicate that there are various ways to prepare food.

　　D. impress upon the reader the food value of fish.

　　The reviewers appraisal of “Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Food” is one of

　　A. mixed feelings. B. indifference

　　C. high praise. D. faint praise.

　　The writer of the article does not express the view, either directly or by implication, that

　　A. sharply defined classifications of taste are needed.

　　B. more research should be done regarding the molecular constituency of food.

　　C. food values are objectively determined by an expert “smeller”.

　　D. temperature is an important factor in the value of food.

　　The authors of the book suggest the use of deaf subject because

　　A. deaf people are generally introversive.

　　B. the auditory sense is an important factor in food evaluation.

　　C. they are more fastidious in their choice of foods.

　　D. All types of subjects should be used.

　　Vocabulary

　　preservation 保鲜，保存

　　sensory appeal

　　感官的魅力

　　be provocative of脱颖而出

　　exhaustive

　　详尽的，无遗漏的

　　discursive推论的

　　be provocative of引起……争论/兴趣等的

　　crisp 有力的，有劲的

　　perception

　　感觉，知觉，直觉

　　modality 方式

　　modality of taste（味）感觉到

　　discrimination鉴别力

　　localization

　　地区性，定位

　　merit 值得……，有……价值

　　crunchy

　　嘎吱作响的

　　extraneous外部的

　　extrovert 外向性格的人

　　introvert 内项性格的人

　　难句译注

　　although these might have been safe and nutritious, they certainly did not taste right nor were they particularly appetizing in appearance or smell.

　　【结构简析】 in appearance or smell 应译成：色或香。

　　【参考译文】 虽然这些饭菜可能是安全又有营养，但是肯定味不正，特别是在色，香上难以增进食欲。

　　This it certainly is, but this is by no means is its only achievement, for there are many suggestions for further lines of research, and the discursive passages are crisply provocative of new ideas and new ways of looking at established findings.

　　【结构简析】 复合句。This 指前一句内容：书既详细又是对有关食品学的文字做了十分有用的评论……。 Be provocative of 引起……争论或兴趣。

　　【参考译文】 确实如此，可是这并不是书的唯一成就，因为书内有许多关于进一步研究范围的建议。推论性篇章及能令人非常感兴趣的看待现存成果的新观点和新方法。

　　The relation between stimuli and perception is well covered, and includes a valuable discussion of the uses and disadvantages of the Weber fraction of differences.

　　Weber fraction 为Ernest Heinrich Weber所著，他生于1795年，死与1878，是德国生理学家。

　　【参考译文】 书中详细论及刺激和感觉的关系。还包括了一篇很有价值的讨论文章：谈论威伯分数在评价差异上的缺点和实用性。

　　写作方法和文章大意

　　这是一篇介绍“感官评价食品的原理“一书的序言。评者从书的读者对象，书的篇幅到内涵具体涉及片谈起，从主观到客观论证，采用例子和对比说明。第一段全面介绍，点出此书不同于过去的书。它们都把重点放在改善准备，保养和销售上。此书信息多，引证参考资料多，对今后研究有新建议； 对已有成果有新关点。第二段，从客观到主观的论述味觉，嗅觉并加以对比。第三段从众多其它感觉中，以听觉为重点论证。

　　答案详解

　　A. 以有趣的方式开始介绍食品讨论。文章一开始，评者就用“波兰有一谚语说，鱼，要想品味正，应游泳三次——在水里游，在油里游和在酒中游。”这是国外广告式论说文经常才用的一种写作方式。目的是吸引读者，激起他们想读下去的欲望，以达到推广作用。

　　B. 表明食品和国籍的关系。C. 表明有各种准备食品的方法。

　　D. 加深读者对鱼的价值的影响，三项都不对。

　　C. 评价高。评论者当然对此书评价极高，这是序言的必然途径。贬的就是批评文章了。全篇文章也说明这点。

　　C. 食品价值由专家的嗅觉客观决定。这和第二段后半段的内涵有联系。他说，味道可分甜，酸，咸辣，而味觉生理性却无明确无误的证据。“至于（嗅觉）闻，由于鼻子特别灵敏，对外界刺激的反映主观性强，所以任何分类体系均无价值。”作者建议以“大小，形状和涉及分子电子态为基础的分类值得进一步探讨研究，就像理论性前提一样。刺激物分子和受体之间弱的物理结合是刺激生理机能的必要组成部分。”这段文章谈到味觉，嗅觉但并没有直接或间接表达这种观点：食品的价值是通过专家的嗅觉客观判定。

　　A. 需要明确无误的味觉分类。酸，咸，辣就是味觉的分类。

　　B. 有关食品分子构成进行更多研究。文内也讲到有关分子电子态应进一步研究。D. 温度是食品评价中的一个因素。文内只在第三段提到了“除了味觉，嗅觉外，口中食品还有其他许多种感觉成分，基本为疼，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。“作者直接说明热是可能有作用的。

　　B. 听觉在食品评价中是一个重要因素。这在第三段内提到。除了味觉和嗅觉外，口中食品还会产生许多其它感觉。基本可分为痛，冷，热，触碰以及震动感，鉴别力和地区性都可能起作用。就像在吃脆硬或嘎嘎作响的食品时，听觉接受了来自牙齿骨操纵的震动刺激。在这方面，作者真确指出这种刺激需进行更多探讨研究，建议运用受各种听不见痛苦折磨的

　　病人作起点研究。众所周知，外部的噪声会改变分辨力和注意力。“这说明B. 听觉在食品评价中起着重要作用。是对的。

　　A. 聋子一般是内项的。

　　C. 他们在选择食品时很挑剔。D. 各种物体都应当应用。都和本文无关。

　　Passage Two

　　Analysis and Interpretation of the News

　　The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.

　　There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.

　　The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?

　　As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece (This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.

　　Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.

　　The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.

　　The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

　　A. Interpreting the News. B. Choosing Facts.

　　C. Subjective versus Objective Processes. D. Everything Counts.

　　Why does the writer of an article select ten out of 50 available facts?

　　A. Space is limited. B. His editor is prejudiced.

　　C. The subject is not important. D. He is entering choppy and dangerous.

　　What is the least effective way of “slanting” news/

　　A. Interpretation. B. His editor is prejudiced.

　　C. Placement. D. Concentration.

　　Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?

　　A. It will influence the reader to continue.

　　B. It will be the best way to write.

　　C. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.

　　D. It will gratify the editor.

　　Vocabulary

　　unalloyed

　　纯粹的，没有杂物的

　　unslanted

　　无偏见的，不歪曲的

　　scribble胡写，乱写；粗制滥造的文章

　　manpower draft人力征用，券集

　　economic strain经济紧张，压力

　　embark on 开始，从事

　　choppy 波浪滔滔的，变动频繁，紊乱

　　query

　　疑问，质问

　　come about发生

　　allotment

　　分配

　　beacon 信标，灯塔，烽火

　　murky 阴暗的，（雾等）浓的

　　prop up给……撑腰，支持

　　demote使降级。相应词 promote

　　news neutralism

　　无倾向性资讯，资讯中立主义

　　lead（资讯等）导语，提要

　　难句译注

　　This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.

　　【结构简析】 主从句，句中连用三个不定式，是实际的主语，也就是this 的内容。后跟宾语或宾语从句。

　　【参考译文】 美国报界面临最重要的儿女物是向读者讲清今日存在的问题，使国际资讯像地区社区资讯一样明白易懂，使他们认识到不再有什么“本地”资讯这类事情（社团或俱乐部粗制滥造的文章可能要除外），因为国际上任何资讯在人力征用，募集，经济负担，事实上在生活的各方面都会引起地区反应。

　　There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion.

　　【结构简析】 the swirling…是说明语。

　　【参考译文】 报界有一种普遍存在的观点：当你从事解释资讯的工作（对资讯进行解释时），你就进入了波浪滔天，险情还生的水域，意见漩掀的浪潮。

　　And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.

　　【结构简析】 句中有定语从句in which 修饰interpretation. 定从中calling on 分词短语作伴随状态，修饰reporter and editor。

　　【参考译文】 这些判断评价就像解释资讯多涉及的判断一样。在这里，记者和编辑要动用他们的资讯调查研究资源，他们一般的背景材料以及资讯“中立”态度来得出有关资讯意义的结论。

　　The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. )

　　【结构简析】 a note in passing 义；顺便说一句，附带的谈一下。

　　【参考译文】 这两个判断领域：提供资讯内容和解说资讯领域可不是主观过程，而是客观过程——也就是说，要像任何人能做到的那样客观。顺便说一句，就算达不到绝对的客观，那客观的理想必须始终如一的是迷雾漫漫新航道上的信标。

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　文章论及“资讯评价”问题。采用一般到具体手法。文章一开始就提出资讯要客观，真实的事实，解释要清楚，使读者明白今日世界的问题。国内外大事和我们生活休戚相关。然后讲述选材过程，版面布置。最后谈到提供和解说资讯中评价要客观。

　　答案详解

　　A. 解释资讯。文章虽提及两个领域（见难句译注4），但重点在解释（见难句译注2）。提供是“解说”的前提，但作为标题不合适，因为它是作为“解释”的对比而写的。（见难句译注3 not at all unlike…及难句译注4 are both objective rather than…）

　　B. 选择事实。这只是提供资讯中一个具体步骤。C. 主观对客观过程。也是一个具体方面（见难句译注4）。

　　D. 一切都要算在内。涉及面太广，文内没提及。

　　A. 版面空间有限。第四段三句：“举例说，记者收集50条资讯事实。他从50条中选出10条他认为是最重要的资讯，因为他的版面空间分配必定有所限制。”

　　B. 他的编辑有偏见。不对。

　　C. 他的文章主题不重要。 不对。

　　D. 他进到了波浪滔天的危险水域（见难句译注2）。这是讲资讯解释。

　　A. 解说。最后一段最后三句：“如果编辑想要歪曲资讯，他可以采用其他办法，远比解说要有效的多。他可以通过选择支持他的观点的才，或通过他给每条资讯所定的位置达到歪曲的目的——提升到头版，或者降低到三十版。”这段话说明其它办法歪曲资讯比解说资讯来歪曲有效的多。

　　B. 选材。C. 定位。 D. 集中。

　　C. 有些读者不读一段以下的问心，这是常识。有的读者就读大标题。

　　A. 它将影响读者继续读下去。

　　B. 这是最佳的写作方法。 D. 这会使编辑高兴。

　　Passage Three

　　Chemistry and Biology

　　About a century ago, the Swedish physical scientist Arrhenius proposed a low of classical chemistry that relates chemical reaction rate to temperature. According to his equation, chemical reactions are increasingly unlikely to occur as temperature approaches absolute zero, and at absolute zero, reactions stop. However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry. Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.

　　The rate of any chemical reaction, regardless of the temperature at which it takes place, usually depends on a very important characteristic known as its activation energy. Any molecule can be imagined to reside at the bottom of a so-called potential well of energy. S chemical reaction corresponds to the transition of a molecule from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another. In classical chemistry, such a transition can be accomplished only by going over the potential barrier between the well, the height of which remain constant and is called the activation energy of the reaction. In tunneling, the reacting molecules tunnel from the bottom of one to the bottom of another well without having to rise over the barrier between the two wells. Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.

　　This tunneling phenomenon at very low temperatures suggested my hypothesis about a cold prehistory of life: formation of rather complex organic molecules in the deep cold of outer space, where temperatures usually reach only a few degrees Kelvin. Cosmic rays might trigger the synthesis of simple molecules, such as interstellar formaldehyde, in dark clouds of interstellar dust. Afterward complex organic molecules would be formed, slowly but surely, by means of tunneling. After I offered my hupothesis, Hoyle and Wickramashinghe argued that molecules of interstellar formaldehyde have indeed evolved into stable polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. Their conclusions, although strongly disputed, have generated excitement among investigators such as myself who are proposing that the galactic clouds are the places where the prebiological evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

　　The author is mainly concerned with

　　A. describing how the principles of classical chemistry were developed.

　　B. initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reaction required for the development of life.

　　C. explaining how current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns.

　　D. clarifying inherent ambiguities in the laws of classical chemistry.

　　In which of the following ways are the mentioned chemical reactions and tunneling reactions alike?

　　A. In both, reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier between the two wells.

　　B. In both types of reactions, a transition is made from the bottom of one potential well to the bottom of another.

　　C. In both types of reactions, reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier between the two wells.

　　D. In neither type of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on its activation energy.

　　The author’s attitude toward the theory of a cold prehistory of life can best be described as

　　A. neutral. B. skeptical.

　　C. mildly positive. D. very supportive.

　　Which of the following best describes the hypothesis of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe?

　　A. Molecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into complex organic molecules.

　　B. Interstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling.

　　C. Cosmic rays can directly synthesize complex organic molecules.

　　D. The galactic clouds are the places where prebilogical evolution of compounds necessary to life occurred.

　　Vocabulary

　　Arrhenius equation

　　阿雷尼厄斯方程式

　　Arrhennius (Svante August) 1859——1927 瑞典理化学家。1903年获诺贝尔化学奖

　　quantum-mechanical effect

　　量子机械效应

　　quantum mechanic

　　量子力学

　　tunnel挖隧道。这里指贯穿势垒

　　tunnel through, onto 穿到……进到，贯穿

　　repulsive 排斥

　　activation energy活化能量

　　formaldehyde甲醛

　　polysaccharide

　　多糖醇，聚合酶

　　cellulose 纤维素

　　starch淀粉

　　galactic

　　银河的，巨大的

　　come into play开始活动/起作用

　　难句译注

　　However, recent experiment evidence reveals that although the Arrhenius equation is generally accurate in describing the kind of chemical reaction that occurs at relatively high temperature, at temperatures closer to zero a quantum-mechanical effect known as tunneling comes into play; this effect accounts for chemical reactions that are forbidden by the principles of classical chemistry.

　　Specifically, entire molecules can tunnel through the barriers of repulsive forces from other molecules and chemically react even though these molecules do not have sufficient energy, according to classical chemistry, to overcome the repulsive barrier.

　　Recently researchers have developed the concept of tunneling temperature: the temperature below which tunneling transitions greatly outnumber Arrhenius transitions, and classical mechanics gives way to its quantum counterpart.

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　文章论述了“贯穿势垒效应”，采用对比手法。先是经典化学定理和贯穿势垒效应之比较。说明两者使用的温度界限不同。低温时贯穿势垒效应作用取代经典力学。最后贯穿势垒现象和生活领域之关系。

　　答案详解

　　C. 说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关。最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系。“极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有K的几度光景，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。”后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。”他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。”

　　A. 描述经典化学定理如何发展。B. 开展一场有关生命进化所需的那种化学反应的辩论。C. 搞清楚经典化学定理所固有的模糊点。

　　B. 两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁。见第二段第三句起“化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。位垒之高度为常数（固定不变）。这种跃迁叫做能量活化。在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。”

　　A. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅。 C. 两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒。

　　D. 两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化。这三项都不对， 见上文。

　　C. 有点肯定。 见第1题答案注释译文。因为证实了作者之假设。

　　A. 中立。B. 怀疑的。 D. 非常支持。

　　A. 星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子。见第1题C答案注释译文。

　　B. 星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合。C. 宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子。

　　D. 大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方。这三项也可从第1题C答案注译译文看出其错误点。

　　Passage Four

　　Men Are Carrying on a Sex-fight

　　This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldn’t think of if you could heat what the average man thinks of the average woman/ Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, you’d think that women belonged to a different species!

　　On the surface, the comments made by men about women’s abilities seem light-hearted. The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in, day out. This apparent light-heartedness dose not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women. However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics. Let’s consider the matter of driving, for instance. We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men. They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs. But this is a minor quibble. Women have succeeded in any job you care to name. As politicians, soldiers, doctors, factory-hands, university professors, farmers, company directors, lawyers, bus-conductors, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.

　　Yet men go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women can’t don Top-level political negotiation between countries, business and banking are almost entirely controlled by men, who jealously guard their so-called ‘rights’. Even in otherwise enlightened places like Switzerland women haven’t even been given the cote. This situation is preposterous! The arguments that men put forward to exclude women from these fields are all too familiar. Women, they say, are unreliable and irrational. They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. They are not even capable of thinking clearly. Yet when women prove their abilities, men refuse to acknowledge them and give them their due. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly!

　　The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex. They shun real competition. They know in their hearts that women are superior and they are afraid of being beaten at their own game. One of the most important tasks in the world is to achieve peace between the nations. You can be sure that if women were allowed to sit round the conference table, they would succeed brilliantly, as they always do, there men have failed for centuries. Some things are too important to be left to men!

　　What does the first sentence imply?

　　A. It is not really an enlightened age. B. It is different from an enlightened age.

　　C. It is the same as an enlightened age. C. It is like an enlightened age.

　　Why do men carry on the sex war against women?

　　A. Because of their inferiority. B. Because they shun real competition.

　　C. Because of their claim to supremacy. D. Because they still look down upon women.

　　The “fiction” is closest in meaning to

　　A. Novel. B. Man-made idea. C. False idea. D. Story.

　　What is the main argument men have raised against women?

　　A. Women are lack of cold reasoning. B. They depend on intuition too much.

　　C. They are unreliable and irrational. C. They are too still look down upon women.

　　Vocabulary

　　conscientious 认真的，真心实意的

　　maniac疯狂的，疯子

　　preposterous

　　反常的，荒谬的

　　quibble狡辩，摸棱两可

　　难句译注

　　1. the inferiority complex

　　自卑情绪，指一种由自悲感引起的复杂心理状态，对应词是the superiority complex 自高情绪

　　2. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly! 这是对男人想清楚能力的讽刺，译文应根据上下文而定。上文说到“妇女甚至难以想得清楚。可是当妇女证明她们有此能力时，男人拒不承认。”

　　【参考译文】 男人想清楚的能力可真大啊。

　　3. But this is a minor quibble.

　　【参考译文】 这是一个小小的狡辩。

　　4. They have often put men to shame.

　　【参考译文】 她们经常使男人无地自容。

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　文章论及“男人轻视妇女”的问题。采用对比因果的手法写作。先提出妇女经过艰苦卓绝的斗争，赢得了独立的胜利，得到了承认，可是斗争远没结束。因为男子继续在进行性别斗争。下面就从男女双方对比，也可以说，男方轻视妇女及其理由，女方据理反驳。最后作者指出男人轻视妇女的根本原因是他们的自卑情绪。

　　答案详解

　　A. 这确实不是一个启蒙时代。（1）这是第一句话语气和言词传递出来的内容。“这个时代应该是一个启蒙时期，可是假如你听到男人怎么说女人的，你就不会这么认为。”（2）正篇文章也传递了这个信息。

　　B. 不同于启蒙时期。 C. 这时代跟启蒙时代一样。D. 这时代象个启蒙时期。 这三项都不对。

　　C. 他们对至高无上权威的追求。答案在最后一段“事实是由于男人们基本的自卑情绪，他们追求至高无上的权威。他们躲避真正的竞争。他们心里明白妇女比他们优秀，因此他们害怕在他们自己的‘游戏’中失利。”

　　A. 因为他们自卑。B. 因为他们躲避真正的竞争。D. 因为他们仍然轻视妇女。

　　C. 错误观点。Fiction本意为“虚构”，此处上下文决定此义：“可是男人们继续坚持这种错误的观点：有许多工作妇女干不了，两国高级政治谈判，商业和银行几乎全部为男人们所控制，他们忌妒地保卫着他们所谓的权利。”

　　A. 小说。D. 故事。 这是fiction两种基本含义，这里不对。 B. 人为思想。文中没有这种意义。

　　C. 他们不可信，不理智。答案见第三段“他们把妇女排除这些领域之外，所提出的论点是（众所周知）老调重弹。他们说妇女不可信，不理智。在做决定时，太依赖于直觉和本能。冷静得推理太少。”

　　A. 他们缺少冷静的推理。

　　B. 他们太依赖于直觉，这两项只是本段中用以解释“不可信，不理智的。”

　　D. 他们太认真。这是在第二段总提到的内容“我们都知道妇女引起的交通事故比男人少得多，她们非常认真负责不会像发疯似的开车。”

　　Passage Five

　　Fingerprints

　　The search for latent prints is done in a systematic and intelligent manner. Investigators develop techniques to locate traces of fingerprints at a crime scene. The basic premise in searching for latent prints is to examine more carefully those areas, which would most likely be touched by persons who have been on the scene. The natural manner in which a person would use and place his hands in making an entrance or exit from a building or in handling any object is the key to the discovery of latent prints.

　　Where a forced entrance has been made, latent prints are likely to be found on any surface adjacent to or at that point. Any object with a smooth, non-porous surface is likely to retain latent prints if touched. Fingerprints on rough surfaces are usually of little value. If the fingermark does not disclose ridge detail when viewed under a reading glass, the chances are that its value in identification is nil when photographed. Where fingermarks are found, it will be necessary for the investigator to compare them against the ones of persons having legitimate access to the premises so that the traces might be eliminated as having evidentiary value if they prove to be from these persons. Places to search for prints on an automobile are the rear view mirror, steering wheel hub, steering column, windshield dashboard and the like.

　　Dusting of surface may be done with a fine brush or with an atomizer. The whit powders used are basically finely powdered white lead, talc, or chalk. Another light powder is basically Chemist’s gray. A good black powder is composed of lampblack, graphite, and powdered acacia. Dragon’s blood is good powder for white surface and can be fixed on paper by heating. In developing latent prints, the accepted method is to use the powder sparingly and brush lightly. Do not use powder if the fingermark is visible under oblique lighting. It can be photographed. A good policy for the novice is to experiment with his own prints on a surface similar to the one he wishes to search in order to determine the powder best suited to the surface. Fingerprints after dusting may be lifted by using fresh cellulose tape or commercially prepared material especially designed to lift and transfer dusted latent fingerprints.

　　In addition to latent prints, the investigator must not overlook the possibility of two other types of fingerprint traces: molded impression and visible impression. Molded impressions are formed by the pressure of the finger upon comparatively soft, pliable, or plastic surfaces producing an actual mold of the fingerprint pattern. These can be recorded by photograph without treating the surface, is usually most effective in revealing the impressions clearly. Visible impressions are formed when the finger is covered with some substance which is transferred to the surface contacted. Fingers smeared with blood, grease, dirt, paint, and the like will leave a visible impression. If these impressions are clear and sharp, they are photographed under light without ant treatment. Ordinarily, prints of this type are blurred or smeared and do not contain enough detail for identification by comparison. However, they can not be overlooked or brushed aside without first being examined carefully.

　　What is the best title for this passage?

　　A. Visible impressions. B. Moulded impressions.

　　C. Fingerprints. D. Latent fingerprints.

　　How many fingermarks are mentioned in this passage?

　　A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

　　Which type of fingerprints is most likely to retain?

　　A. Latent fingerprints. B. Visible impressions.

　　C. Moulded impressions. D. Clear fingerprints.

　　How many ways are there to develop fingerprints?

　　A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.

　　Vocabulary

　　latent print 潜在指纹

　　premise 前提

　　non-porous 无孔的，不渗透的

　　ridge脊，隆起部

　　nil

　　无，零

　　premise 房屋及其附属部件

　　rear view mirror后视镜

　　steering wheel hub 驾驶盘

　　steering column转向柱

　　windshield 挡风玻璃

　　dashboard

　　仪表盘，挡泥板

　　atomizer喷雾器

　　talc 滑石

　　lampblack

　　灯黑，灯烟

　　acacia

　　阿拉伯树胶，金合欢胶

　　dragons blood

　　龙血树脂，麒麟血

　　sparingly少量的，节约的

　　novice

　　新手，初学者

　　cellulose tape

　　纤维带，指纹胶带

　　lift

　　提起，拿起。这里指取下指纹。

　　molded impression 模性压痕

　　visible impression

　　可见压痕

　　pliable

　　柔韧的，柔顺的

　　smear搽上，涂污，弄得模糊不清

　　难句译注

　　The basic premise in searching for latent prints is to examine more carefully those areas, which would most likely be touched by persons who have been on the scene.

　　【结构简析】 句子长是因为有两个定语从句：which 和who； which 修饰areas; who 修饰persons.

　　【参考译文】 搜寻潜手印的基本前提是：要非常仔细的检查那些最可能为曾到过现场的人所触摸的地方。

　　If the fingermark does not disclose ridge detail when viewed under a reading glass, the chances are that its value in identification is nil when photographed.

　　【结构简析】 条件句，主从句中都有一个when +过去分词句型。第一个直接紧跟从句，第二个在主句的表语后面。译时根据其所在位置。

　　【参考译文】 假如指印在放大镜下观察时没有显露隆起部分的细节（不显露指纹纹理），那很可能，在摄影时其鉴别价值等于零。

　　Where fingermarks are found, it will be necessary for the investigator to compare them against the ones of persons having legitimate access to the premises so that the traces might be eliminated as having evidentiary value if they prove to be from these persons.

　　【结构简析】 复合句，前面是主从句， where…it will be necessary, 从句so that 中又有一个条件句，if they …。

　　【参考译文】 如果发现了指印，检查人员就必须把发现的指印和有权进入房屋的人的指印作比较。如果指印证实是来自这些人的，那么作为证据价值的线索就可排除掉。

　　A good black powder is composed of lampblack, graphite, and powdered acacia. Dragon’s blood is good powder for white surface and can be fixed on paper by heating. In developing latent prints, the accepted method is to use the powder sparingly and brush lightly. Do not use powder if the fingermark is visible under oblique lighting. It can be photographed. A good policy for the novice is to experiment with his own prints on a surface similar to the one he wishes to search in order to determine the powder best suited to the surface.

　　【结构简析】 句子长，因为表语中有形容词短语similar to , 而to 的宾语又有一个省略which的定从he wishes to search. . 此外副词短语in order to … 的宾语也有一个修饰的分词短语best suited.

　　【参考译文】 对新手来说，最好的办法就是用自己在类似于他想要搜索的表面上的指印作一个实验，以确定最适用于这种表面的粉末。

　　写作方法与文章大意

　　这是一篇介绍在犯罪现场搜寻“（潜）指印”的文章。采用平铺直叙步步深入的写作方式。头两段先介绍经常会有“潜指印”的地方是房子的出口和入口，汽车的后视镜，方向盘等。屋内光滑无孔的物体，如若接触就会留有潜指印，但粗糙物体的潜指印就没有价值，放大镜下不显现纹理的指印也无价值，就得看摄影显示决定。

　　接着，介绍运用白粉，黑粉轻拂扫，新鲜纤维带把潜手印取下的种种方法和步骤。

　　最后一段介绍了除潜手印外还有两种不能忽略的手印：模性和可见压痕及其形成和取证方法。

　　答案详解

　　C. 指印，不管哪一种。

　　A. 可见压痕。B. 模性压痕。

　　C. 潜指印，都属于指印。所以最佳的标题应是指印。

　　B. 三种指印，即：潜指印，模性和可见压痕。

　　A. 潜指印。因为潜指印隐秘，又是作案人无意中留下不易为人发现和破坏。其价值性从文中第三段描写取潜指印可见一般。

　　B. 和C. 见第四段“一定不要忽略其它两种类型的指印痕：模性压痕和可见压痕的可能性”这说明这两种指印较少，特别是模性压痕是在相当柔软，柔韧或者塑性表面留下的，作案人一般都是小心翼翼的，不留下指印，更不太可能在这类东西上压上一个指痕。至于可见压痕，是手上沾了“血，油脂，脏土，油漆之类物品”留下。“一般来说，这种类型的指印都是模糊不清或者是污脏难分，比较之下它们对鉴定来说，没有足够细节证据。”

　　D. 清楚指印，没有这个专门名称。A. 两种。第三段第四句起“在显影指印时，公认的方法是用少许粉末，轻轻拂扫。如果指印在昏暗的灯光下可见，就可以摄影”，“指印轻扫后就用指纹胶带或商业专备材料把它们取下。这是一种专门设计用于取下和转移轻拂扫后的指印材料”