(二),名词的词性转换
由于英语和汉语分属不同的语系,无论在词汇、词义范围与语言表达方式方面都有很大差别。因此翻译时,为了准确表达原作内容,使译文通顺流畅,符合汉语表达习惯,常常需要转换词类和句子成分。以下重点谈谈名词词性的两种主要转换。
1.名词译成动词
①英语中许多具有动作意义的名词,和由动词派生的名词,往往可根据语境转译为汉语中的动词
Your foot will feel better after the application of this ointment.
敷用这药膏后,你的脚会感到舒服些。
翻译时将名词application译为动词“使用”
The use of antibiotics is permitted only in extremis.
只有在万不得已的情况下才允许使用抗生素。
②译英时,有时也会把汉语名词转换成英语动词,以突显句式的灵活。通常用在意思为“以…为特色/特征/特点”的句子中
The latest model features alloy wheels and an electronic alarm.
最新款式的特色是合金车轮和电子报警器。
“特色”是名词,此处译为feature(动词)。
2.名词译成形容词
The construction of eco - city is a necessity of sustainable development.
建设生态城市是可持续发展的必然要求.
lWarm clothes are a must in the mountains.
到山区去穿暖和的衣服是必须的。
(三)抽象名词的翻译
抽象名词的翻译大致遵循“有动词词根的译为动词(参见上文“词性转换”)无动词词根则译为名词”这一原则,此处重点说一下抽象名词(以下简称“抽名”)有关的句式
①All +抽名=very+形容词
He was all gentleness to her.(他对她非常温柔)
②抽名+itself=very
To her surprise, he is humility himself.(译为“他十分羞愧”)
以上两款都有“非常,只管,一味”之意~其中all也可搭配普通名词的复数形式,表达形容词的意思,如
He is all eyes.(他全神贯注)
③Of +抽名=形容词
be of 后可接value, importance, use, help, significance, interest, benefit 等一些抽象名词,这样的结构用来说明句子主语所具有的作用、重要性或意义。 在这类抽象名词前我们可用一些形容词,如: great, little, some, any, no, not much等来修饰抽象名词,用以说明程度。如:
They are of great help to learners of English.
他们对英语学习者有很大帮助。
The book will be of great value to students of history.
这本书对学历史的学生将很有用。
The meeting is of great importance.
值得注意的是be of +名词,还可用来说明句子主语在度量,大小,颜色,类别等方面的特征。这类名词有 colour, age, size, height, weight, shape, type,kind, quality等。在这类名词前常用different, all, the same, this, that, a(n) + 形容词等词来修饰或说明,如:
The earth is of the shape of a pear.(地球的形状和梨一样)
④Have the +抽名+不定式
此结构中,抽名译为形容词
lI had the fortune to succeed.
可以译为“我很幸运获得成功”
4.结语
英语名词复数的汉译、翻译时的词性转换在翻译时要处理的恰如其分不是三五年翻译实践所能解决的,要求在学习和翻译实践中不断积累和不断磨练。但只要多加练习,一定可以掌握这种技巧。
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