一、 关系词的定义和分类
关系词,即体现句子之间关系的词或词组。也有不少人称之为信号词,或者是连接词。不管在雅思听说读写四门中的任何一门都需要用到这类词,以使得句子更加流畅,句意更加明晰。分析认为,关系词可非分两大类:
1. 同向关系词
同向关系词,即用上此类词或词组,句子内部或句子间的方向没有发生改变,只是根据前面的句意进一步延伸和细化。将其归纳为:
举例关系词:for example, for instance, e.g., such as, like, take sth. for example
类比关系词:like, alike, similar, same, as
选择,并列和递进关系词:or, eitheror, and, as well, also, besides, apart from, in addition, whats more, furthermore, moreover
因果关系词:
表示由引起的,后接原因的词或词组:because,because of, as a result of, as a consequence of, due to, result from, be attributed to, be contributed to, arise from, owing to, thanks to, in that
表示导致,后接结果的词或者词组: so, therefore, thus, as a result, as a consequence, lead to, result in, attribute to, contribute to, give rise to, bring about, generate
总结关系词:in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in sum, all in all, in brief
2. 逆向关系词:
逆向关系词,即用上此类词或词组,句子内部或句子间的方向发生改变,前后句子意思形成相反关系。总结发现,这类词包含:
否定关系词:not, none, no, never, non-, dis-, un-, in-, im-, -less, few, little, hardly, barely, seldom, neithernor
转折和让步关系词:but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact, actually, despite, in spite of, although, even though, though
对比关系词:unlike,by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary, conversely
二、 关系词在雅思听力中的使用
在雅思听力考试中,不管是在审题还是在听题过程中,我们都需要利用到关系词,以协助判断答案的形式及正确程度。下面我们通过真题来见证关系词的重要作用:
真题重现:
并列关系词: Cambridge 4 Test 1 Section 1
Visit places which have:
historical interest
good 1 .
2
本题中,虽然没有明显的并列关系词,但是有很明显的并列格式。在看题的时候,我们只要注意到第1题与上行的historical interest是并列关系,中间一般会有并列关系词 and, as well, also, besides之类的词汇出现;而第2题与第1题也是一样的情况。那么,在听题的时候,我们排除干扰,撇开因果,修饰之类的成分,在historical interest出现之处,认真听并列关系的内容就可以很轻易地抓到答案了。
举例关系词: Cambridge 4 Test 1 Section 2
11 Riverside Village was a good place to start an industry because it had water, raw materials and fuels such as and . .
本题中出现了举例关系词 such as, 那么,在读题的时候,我们心中就会有数了,不但知道这边会出现像like, for example之类的举例关系词,而且还知道所填的两个单词的类别属于 fuels 燃料。此时,只要我们的词汇过关,知道燃料类的无非有coal, charcoal, wood, firewood, gases, petrol 等之类的词汇,答案也就不难把握住了。
类比关系词:Cambridge 4 test 4 section 4
36 Other places that have taken up shark meshing include
A South Africa B New Zealand C Tahiti
本题是选择题,除了平时做填空题可以利用的关键词,考点词之外,还可以利用排除法。录音中出现这三个选项的地方很集中: The New Zealand authorities also looked at it, but considered meshing uneconomical as did Tahiti in the Pacific. At around the same time, South Africa introduced meshing to some of its most popular swimming beaches.在听到这句录音的时候,听懂的同学就不用多作解释了,因为会知道New Zealand 和Tahiti这两个地方虽然有关注meshing,但是都觉得不靠谱,很不实惠,所以,不可能是题目中所需要的take up meshing。就算不能完全听明白,大家也不难发现B和C两个选项是在同一个句子中出现的,并且中间有个类比关系词as,那也就是说New Zealand 和 Tahiti这两个地方所做的事或所采取的态度是一致的。可是我们题目的答案只能有一个,如果B可以,那么C也就可行了。说明答案不可能是B,C中的任何一个,所以只能选A 。
因果与否定关系词: Cambridge 4 test 1 section 3
21. Melanie says she has not started the assignment because
A she was doing work for another course
B it was a really big assignment
C she hasnt spent time in the library.
本题特别需要注意否定关系词not 和 因果关系词because. 不是考她开始作业的原因,而是不开始的原因;不是考她没做作业的结果,而是考原因解释。这里主要听否定词与原因表达句,且听到的原因应当要与事件对得上号,其他的就不用理会太多了。
否定关系词:Cambridge 4 test 2 section 1
Tourist attractions NOT open on Mondays: 7 .. and Castle
本题中重点注意否定词 NOT open 还有之前我们提过的时间考点词Monday 基本上答案就出来了。
转折关系词:Cambridge 4 test 3 section 2
13 How many circuses are there in the festival?
A one B two C several
本题在看题的时候,大家都知道它要的是数字,那么,在听的时候,也还是需要注意排除干扰项。好比本题,录音原文应该是:Im going to tell you about two circus performances, but there are plenty of others in the programme. 可 是由于重音干扰的关系,不少同学只能听到念得很重的two,而听不到two 后面的plenty of, 那么,如果大家平常养成习惯听关系词的话,只要听到two 和but两个词,答案自然就出来了,不是二,岂会是一?那只能选C了。
关于关系词的利用,剑桥真题实例不胜枚举,本文只是以剑桥四为例,例子就已经不少了。希望各位考生在平时训练的时候,能够多多发现,总结并利用这些tips。当然了,在利用关系词的时候,别忘了结合关键词,考点词等锦囊妙招,才能达到事半功倍的效果哦。
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