怎样用超精读法提升英语四六级阅读理解能力

　　经常有同学问我：有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是：没有。但是，帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法，不仅可以提高英语能力，而且对考试也有切实的帮助，是我一直所追求的。在国内这样的非母语学习环境里，如何在英语学习上少走弯路，最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读，并作精细阅读，这样才能带动听说写译等其它能力的突破。结合我个人的学习体会，并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索，我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口，提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的超精读方法，希望能对同学们有所帮助。

　　对大部分中国学生来说，欠缺的不是泛读，而是精读。总的来说，同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。 这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言，注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配，代词和名词的指代，对精彩句型的模仿，以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。另外，还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系，是因果、递近、转折还是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系，体会每句话在文章中的作用。在阅读过程中，要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词，作者和专家的观点，以及语气的把握。特别注意作者和专家的观点，专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补，以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对，是关注还是乐观等等。如果是真题，还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。在此过程中，可把文章尽可能的多读几遍，甚至翻译一下，提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度，阅读速度自然也就提高了。

　　如果能做到上面几点，那么你才能说真正地理解了文章，阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高，其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。先从听力说起，据研究，一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。试想，有的同学连听力原文都看不懂，怎么可能听懂呢。另外，在超精读的过程中，所积累的词汇能力，对词汇题也有很大帮助，我曾做过统计，如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习，大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习，可以记得又牢又准确。对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型，你就会觉得得心应手，因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。关于作文，许多同学喜欢背模版，其实模版作文千篇一律，很难拿到高分。如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中，我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型，考试时信手拈来，无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。实际上，我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章，经常进行翻译练习，耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语，坚持下去，我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。

　　第一步：准备好阅读材料，训练阅读速度，捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看译文。

　　在阅读英语报刊或者真题的时候，第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。对报刊上的文章，第一遍读的时候不要查字典，记下起止时间，计算单位时间的阅读量。对真题，更加要控制在规定的时间内完成，阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记，最后结合解题技巧来解题。这时的重点放在训练速度，掌握文章大意、结构，以及作者和专家等的观点。

　　第二步：总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气，复合词的使用，总结各类重要搭配，对各类重要词汇进行扩展，正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。

　　1. 从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度，复合词的使用进行总结。

　　① 准确性

　　英语初学者在词汇的使用上一般太宽太泛，欠缺准确性。比如想到走，只会用walk, 其实表示走的词汇有很多，如：stroll漫步, 闲逛; stagger 摇晃地走等等。

　　② 形象性

　　英语母语的人在使用英语的时候用词经常非常形象化，而我们一般用词就比较刻板。比如上升，很多人只会用increase, 其实用climb 这个简单的词就很形象。再如下文：

　　Dianas sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving Diana Industry. Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the grief industry, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of exclusive biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.

　　trigger n. 扳机; v. 引发, 引起, 触发

　　spawn n.鱼等的)卵; v. 产卵，催生，造成，使产生

　　③ 多样性

　　词汇的多样性也是看一个语言学习者词汇掌握是否丰富的重要方面。比如一篇文章讲汽车，其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等词进行替换，你如果都掌握了，就可以很容易判断文章的主题。还有一篇关于老年人的作文，一般人只会用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 显然就技高一筹。再如阅读理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker进行替换。以上这些例子都说明了词汇的多样性的重要。

　　④ 感情色彩及语气

　　动词、形容词和副词等的使用经常都表达了作者的感情色彩和语气，把握这一点对深入理解原文，或者考试时解题都很有作用。

　　The studys director _89___ that interactive leadership may emerge 90 the management style of choice of many organizations.

　　A) predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed

　　这道题有争议，因为A)和B)从中文的意思上来看都可以，其实如果注意到句子中的may所表达的不确定语气就可以确定本题必选A) predicted 无疑。因为predicted 意思是预测，表达的是一种不确定性，而proclaimed 一般表示在正式场合的宣布、声明，无此语气。

　　⑤ 复合词

　　现代英语中复合词的使用非常广泛，且很多字典上都不一定能查到，平时要注意多总结。比如-free 这个词表示没有，免除，可以组成很多复合词，flood-free 没有洪水的，fat-free 没有脂肪的。再如孙英杰B尿样阳性，facea multi-year ban, 体会一下复合词的使用是不是句子有了英语的味道?

　　2. 总结文章中动词和名词搭配、形容词和名词的搭配、副词和动词、形容词的搭配、各类介词搭配。

　　① 动词和名词搭配

　　动词作为英语中最活跃的词性，具有强大的组词功能，尤其是与名词的搭配千变万化，但又在很大程度上是约定俗成的。如果不加以注意，就容易犯错误。比如一位同学作文中的表达：People take more emphasis on the health，这里的take就应该用place或者put。曾经请同学翻译一句话：他的英语在这个学校最好。一般人都翻译成：His English is the best in this school. 其实如果平时掌握了地道的动宾搭配，翻译成：His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢?

　　例如：

　　Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.

　　从以上句子中我们就必须总结两个动宾搭配：

　　. reach consensus on 在方面达成共识;

　　. promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促进现有的全面战略伙伴关系

　　② 形容词和名词的搭配

　　英语中形容词表达的涵义很广，同一个形容词可以修饰不同的名词，不同的形容词可以修饰同样的名词，学习中一定要注意积累。如有个同学的造句：The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 这里crowded 就用错了，应该用heavy。另外，heavy 还可以修饰smoker / rain 等等。再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指优秀的学生。不要想到好坏就想到good, bad,。比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。

　　③ 副词和动词、形容词的搭配

　　副词的使用经常使你的句子非常简洁和地道，比如你听到小日本被炸了，你的反应是不是pleasantly shocked 呢?再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。如果你是李宇春的忠实粉丝，但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽误了学习就不好啦。

　　④ 各类介词搭配

　　有专家称，英语是介词的语言，从这一点就可以看出介词的重要性。多掌握各类介词固定搭配，可以使你的英语表达更地道。

　　3. 注意对文章中重要词汇进行一定的扩展。

　　我们可以从词汇的同义词、反义词，同根词、相关性等等角度进行扩展，让你的词汇形成一个网络，而不是孤立的个体。

　　4. 正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代

　　如果无法正确识别指代，读者就无法把句子和句子连接成具有连贯意义的整体，就无法把握作者的思路延展。

　　例1：2003年6月六级阅读理解第三篇

　　Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.

　　32. What is the reason for the increase in the number of students?

　　[定位与替换] 本题问学生数量增长的原因是什么?为典型的因果关系考点。问题指向原文第一段第一句，公立学校面临的主要问题是学生数量的增长。接着讲了两个原因：合法就业年龄的提高和达到合法年龄后无法找到工作。所以选B) Raising of the legal age for going to work. 合法工作年龄的提高。

　　[干扰项分析] A) The requirement of educated workers by business. 企业对受过教育的工人的要求。文中没有提到，属于无中生有。C) The trend toward a shorter workday. 工作时间缩短的趋势。此为第二段第一句的内容，但偏离了考点。D) Peoples concern for the future of the next generation. 人们对下一代的未来的关心。文中也没有提到，属于无中生有。

　　如果无法正确识别文章中This 的指代，解题就会遇到困难。现在的四六级考研英语命题者，喜欢从指代处出题。 例2：2002年6月阅读第一篇：

　　Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.

　　第三步：总结文章中的好的短句、长难句、考点句;总结文章中句子如何开头，句子之间的关系、衔接，段落之间的衔接，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的句型。

　　例1：He is a big spender. 他花钱大手大脚。

　　运用：Many young adults are big spenders. 许多年轻人花钱大手大脚。

　　例2：1949 witnessed the liberation of China.

　　运用：The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of the web.

　　中国人写英文句子多喜欢用第一人称开头，写作文时候开头也缺乏变化。所以平时在超精读时仔细研究文章中的句子是如何开头是很有必要的。

　　例3：He got off the plane. Reporters surrounded him. 这两个句子没有语法问题，但放在一起就显得缺乏连贯性。如果改成He got off the plane and was surrounded by reporters 或者He got off the plane. And he was surrounded by reporters 就可以了。所以平时要多研究英文句子是如何衔接的。

　　例4：2002年6月六级阅读第二篇

　　Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns.

　　以上是某一段第一句话，请注意also衔接两段的作用。

　　29. The author criticizes womens obsession with thinness __________.

　　[定位与替换] 本题询问作者是如何批评妇女对瘦的着迷的。由关键词obsession with thinness定位到第五段第一句。但该句只给出了部分答案。注意also这个词，表明人们对瘦的迷恋还有原因，应该在上面一段。 第四段说瘦现在被认为是新的优点的标志。带来的结果是肥胖被认为是不好的，因为肥胖意味着缺乏精神力量。整个社会以瘦为美，作者对人们迷恋瘦是因为社会风气使然，这是从社会的角度。 第五段第一句的话说，我们对瘦的迷恋部分原因是我们对健康的关注另外，从文中可以看出作者是从医学的观点来说明疾病不一定是和体重有关，太迷恋瘦也有可能造成对健康的损害。所以本题应该选B) from sociological and medical points of view从社会学和医学的角度。解答本题需要整合两段内容，并具有概括能力。

　　例5：2001年6月四级第四篇

　　We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as regular coffee and it took several years to gain general acceptance . At one point, though, Instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity and many brands were introduced . After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off . Sales went into a slight declinewhen freeze-dried coffees were introduced .

　　第一段中有三个句型可以在图表作文中应用：

　　1. instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity.

　　我们可以这样模仿：the mobile phone has grown rapidly in popularity.

　　2. sales leveled off.

　　或者也可以这样说:sales remained constant / steady / stable / much the same

　　3. sales went into a slight decline.

　　或者也可以这样说: sales declined slightly / 如果下降幅度大可以说sales declined dramatically / substantially / sharply / greatly / hugely.

　　第四步：总结文章主要讨论对象、关键词，作者、专家的观点以及语篇及段落发展模式。对考试类文章而言，还要总结文章的考点、题目的定位、答案的替换、正确和干扰项的规律、特征。 例1：请大家参考我对2005年1月六级阅读第三篇的解析：

　　Passage Three

　　Throughout the nations more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries.

　　31. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is _______.

　　[定位与替换] 本题问美国的科学和数学教学的状况。根据关键词teaching of science and math定位到原文第一段。选B) characterized by its diversity以多样性为特点。解题的重点在准确判断第一段所强调的内容。

　　[干扰项分析] A) focused on tapping students potential集中开发学生的潜力，文中无信息支持;C) losing its vitality gradually逐步失去活力，D) going downhill in recent years最近几年走下坡路，文章虽指出了美国的教育体系有缺陷，但并未说其失去活力或走下坡路，故不应选C、D。

　　Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science. The reason, he said, is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed.

　　The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study.

　　Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds , but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school districts curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries.

　　32. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ________.

　　[定位与替换]本题是问美国学校教育的根本缺陷是什么。根据关键词fundamental flaw可定位到原文第二段，但答案并不在其中。根据对文章的分析，应该选A) it lacks a coordinated national program美国学校教育缺乏一个协调一致的全国性计划。答案是从第四段This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. 推得的。本题解题的关键是跨段整合内容。

　　[干扰项分析] B) it sets a very low academic standard for students它对学生设定了非常低的学术标准，文中无内容支持;C) it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers它非常依赖各个教师的主动性，文中无信息支持;D) it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects 它太重视学校课程的深入学习，与文章内容相反，如果选项是attach too much importance to extensive, but not intensive, study of school subjects 才符合原文。

　　On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that is a mile wide and an inch deep, Schmidt notes.

　　For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider.U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems share our pattern of splintered visions but which are not economic leaders.

　　33. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is a mile wide and an inch deep , the author means U.S. educational practice ________.

　　[定位与替换] 本题问作者对美国教育实践的看法。根据上面两段This指代的事实以及For instance后对a mile wide and an inch deep的进一步解释可以看出，美国教育注重所开科目的广度而不重视深度，所以选D) scratches the surface of a wide range of topics只触及了许多科目的表面。另外，education environment = educational practice。解题的关键是要跨段整合内容，并准确地识别指代和例证的含义。

　　[干扰项分析] A) lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity牺牲数量来强调质量，和文中内容相反;B) offers an environment for comprehensive education为全面综合教育提供了环境，文中只提到科学和数学教育，并未出现全面综合教育的概念;C) encourages learning both in depth and in scope鼓励既深入又广泛地学习，这只是美国教育改革的方向，与原文内容不一致。

　　The new report couldnt come at a better time, says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington.The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision, including the call to do less, but in greater depth.

　　34. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ________.

　　[定位与替换]本题问新的全国科学教育标准是个好消息的原因。根据关键词The new National Education Standards和good news, 定位到第七段，本题所问的原因在第二句，注意but引起的强调，故选A) provide depth to school science education使学校的科学教育具有深度。解题的关键在于识别句子之间的关系。

　　[干扰项分析] B) solve most of the problems in school teaching解决学校教学的大部分问题，歪曲并夸张了文章原意;C) be able to meet the demands of the community能够满足社区需求，文中未提及，因为新的全国科学标准是为了弥补教育体制的缺陷而制定的;D) quickly dominate U.S. educational practice迅速在美国的教育实践中处于支配地位，文中也未提及，而是指出了实现这个新标准将面临挑战。 Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time.

　　In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble .

　　35. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ________.

　　[定位与替换] 本题问实施新的科学和数学标准将会遇到困难的原因。put sth. into practice = implement, will prove difficult = will be the challenge, 所以本题可准确定位到倒数第二段，最后选C) school districts are responsible for making their own decisions学区对自己的决定负责。该选项表达了文中责任分散的意思。

　　[干扰项分析] A) there is always controversy in educational circles在教育界一直存在争论，B) not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so没有足够的教育者意识到这样做的重要性，D) many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards许多学校老师质疑这些标准的可接受性，这三个选项文中均无信息支持。

　　例2、2000年1月四级阅读第二篇

　　Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.

　　30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?

　　A) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.

　　B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.

　　C) They are falling out of use in the United States.

　　D) They are applicable only on broad roads

　　请用心体会initially 这个词的内涵，其实，你一看到这个词，就应该准确predict后面可能会有考点，而且肯定会出现but, however, ultimately 一类的转折、对比词。答案B)。

　　例3、六级2001年6月阅读第二篇

　　For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic.

　　Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before.

　　Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at least destined to take a leading role?

　　With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. ..

　　36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was_____ .

　　A) to display their countrys military might

　　B) to accomplish some significant science

　　C) to find new areas for colonization

　　D) to pursue commercial and state interests

　　37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is _____ .

　　A) international cooperation B) nationalistic reasons

　　C) scientific research D) long-term profits

　　注意：economic / commercial / financial / profit ; nationalistic / political / military / cold war / nationalism; science / scientist/ scientific 都是近义词或同一范畴的词，也就阅读文章中经常出现的同义换词现象。如果一个词的同义词、相关词在一篇文章中多次重复出现，必定是这篇文章的强调的地方，必定和考题相关。另外，请注意这两道题的考法，先考过去，再考现在，一个是was, 一个是is。答案D,C。 例4、考研2004年 Text 1

　　Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites personal search agent. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database.

　　.

　　Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs those it considers the best matches. There maybe more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them and they do.

　　44. Why does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

　　A) To focus on better job matches.

　　B) To attract more returning visits.

　　C) To reserve space for more messages.

　　D) To increase the rate of success.

　　请注意下面句中them是指代什么：then emails them when a matching position is posted in the database. 有的辅导书上是这么翻译的：然后给网上贴出的对应岗位发个邮件/ 当时，你就通过EMAIL给这些人寄去相关的资料。其实，这里them指visitors。比如说你访问某个求职网站，登记了你的要求，那么该网站可能会根据你的要求给你发email通知你，这就是所谓的interactive feature.

　　44题答案B, 实际上考的是一个例证题，但是表面上不很容易看出来，这就是考研难的地方。如果你平时注意分析第一句话和后面句子的关系，那么你就会知道， 例证题的答案经常指向段落第一句话。答案中attract替换原文tempt。如果你在解题的时候只注意后面几句话，就可能会做错答案或者速度慢了。

　　例五、考研2002年 Text 4

　　The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

　　56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that_____ .

　　A) doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain

　　B) it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives

　　C) the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide

　　D) patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide

　　答案B, 这几段里有不少和法律相关单词可以学习，比如constitutional / rule / supreme court, rule 这个词在这里是裁决的意思，很多死背词汇书的同学考试中就不一定能够反应出这个意思。这道题目的干扰项之一C很有意思，大家有没有注意到strongly这个词，这个选项就错在这里。请看一下第二段Although这句话， 体会一下这句话的内涵，这句话的内涵是最高法院尽管认为医生协助病人自杀是非法的，是持反对态度的，但并不是强烈反对! 所以大家在做题的时候一定要注意选项中的形容词和副词等限定词，这些地方经常是陷阱，同样文章中出现这类词汇也需要高度警惕。 第五步：翻译文章或者与译文对照学习

　　这一步最具有挑战性，但可以使你对英文的理解更准确，可以让你更自由地在中英文之间驰骋。