1.may和might+动词完成式
此结构用于推测过去的行为。例如:
She said that he might have missed the plane.她说他可能误了航班。
2.can和could+动词完成式
A.表示过去能做而没做的事,有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜。例如:
In those circumstances we could have done better.
在那样的情况下,我们本来可以做得更好的。(但没有做得更好)
B.推测过去的某种行动。
Where can /could she have gone? 她可能到哪里去了呢?
The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.
这孩子不可能那么快就把这本书读完的,因为即使对一个成人来说,这本书也是相当难的。
Note:
cant和couldnt+动词原形可以用来表示否定推断。例如:
He cant be over fifty.他不可能超过50岁。
3.must+动词完成式
表示对过去行为的推断,具有较大的可能性,意为一定,想必。例如:
She must have gone through a lot.
她一定吃过很多苦。
Note:
must+动词原形对现在的推测,must be+现在分词对未来或现在正在进行的推测。例如:
She looks happy; she must be having a good time.
4.neednt+动词完成式和didnt need to do
A.neednt+动词完成式表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。例如:
You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.
你本来不必浇花的,因为天要下雨了。(但却浇了)
We neednt have told him the news because he knew it already.
B.didnt need to do结构表示没有必要做某事,实际上也没有做。例如:
I didnt need to clean the windows.My sister did it.
我不必擦窗,我妹妹擦了。(我没有擦)
5.should+动词完成式
A.此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事而没有做,否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如:
You should have given her more help.
你应该多给她一些帮助的。(但没有给)
B.表示推测,意为可能,但可能性较小。例如:
He should have finished the work by now.
他现在该把工作完成了。(推测)
C.should / would have thought意为本以为,本认为。例如:
A: Can you type?
B: Certainly.
A: Well, I should have thought you wouldnt.
I should have thought she wouldnt agree.
我本来认为她不会同意的。
D.should have thought有时意为认为,以为,相当于should think,但表示更为委婉、谦逊或不肯定的语气。例如:
I should have thought it fairly good.
我以为它是很不错的。
E.should have+ 过去分词用于虚拟语气:
Had you written him, you should have known the details.
6.ought to+动词完成式
此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事,或被忽略未做的某种明智行为。例如:
You ought to have returned the book earlier.(还晚了)
You ought to have refused her at the beginning, but now it is too late.
Note:
这里的ought to也可以用should代替。
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