大学英语六级考试语法:语态的选择 学英语的人都知道,传统英语语法将语态分为两个部分:主动语态和被动语态和被动语态。它们被用来说明句子中谓语和主语之间的关系。使用主动语态时表示主语是动作的执行者,使用被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。要想在翻译中把握好语态的选择,必须从三个方面来着手。
1) 什么是语态变换?
2) 英语语态与英语词性的关系?
3) 与汉语相比,英语语态的特点是什么?
1.语态变换是指翻译中英语和汉语两种语言之间主动与被动的转换。译文里的语态并不一定完全遵循原文里的语态,要根据情况作恰当选择。
2.英语语态与英语词性有密切的联系。我们甚至可以直接通过一个词来判断它具有主动含义还是被动含义。如有些名词的后缀常具有主动语态意义。最常见的有 -ar,-or,-er,这样的单词有beggar,liar,instructor,professor, worker,writer。另一些名词后缀如-ee却具有被动意义,这样的单词有examinee, interviewee,employee。除名词外,英语定冠词the与过去分词构成的名词常指承受者,如:the oppressed,the accused,the wounded。由-ing分词转化来的形容常带有主动意义,而由及物-ed分词转化来的形容词则常带有被动意义。如interesting film,disappointing look。有些由介词、名词和介词构成的介词短语常表达主动意义,如:in place of,in need of,in want of,in possession of,in charge of,in control of。但由介词、定冠词the、名词和介词构成的介词短语常表达被动意义,如:at the mercy of,in the care of,in the charge of,in the possession of,in the pay of。
3.与汉语相比,英语中被动语态使用范围非常广。被动语态多用于以下场合。
1)不清楚动作的执行者是谁。
例1 The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.
2)说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣。
例2 The books are written especially for children.
3)不愿意说出动作的执行者,目的是为了使语言更加圆滑、得体。
例3 Its generally considered impolite to ask ones age,salary,marriage,etc.
4)出于修饰的原因,或使句子安排更加合理。
例4 The professor came to our school and warmly welcomed by the teachers and students.
汉语虽然也有被、由之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见。因此,很多英语被动句在翻译时就被译成了汉语的主动句。反之,很多汉语的主动句在译成英文时会变成英语被动态。
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