一、介词的分类
介词是用于名词词组或相当于名词词组的结构之前,表示词语之间意义关系的词类。英语常用的介词大致可分为四类:
1.简单介词
顾名思义,简单介词是指由一个单词构成的介词,也是使用最多的一类介词。简单介词也可能由形容词、副词、分词、名词、连词等转变而来。常用的简单介词有:
at ,about ,above,across,after,among,against,before,behind,below,beside,between,beyond,but, despite,during,except,for,in,of, on,over,near,past,round,since, through,till,until,with,up等。
2.合成介词
指由介词+其它介词或副词结合而成的介词。常用的合成介词有:inside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,towards,within, without等。
3.二重介词
指由两个单一的介词并列,作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词。常见的二重介词有:from among,from behind,from under,until/till after等。
4.短语介词
指由介词+介词、介词+名词、介词+分词、介词+动词、介词+形容词、介词+副词等构成的短语,常用的有:according to,along with,in front of,by means of,in spite of,together with,with regard to等。
短语介词与介词短语不同。介词短语是由介词加宾语构成,本身可作句子成分,如作定语、状语等,可单独使用。而短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词、动名词或代词等。
二、介词的用法及应注意的问题
1.介词的搭配与介词的选择
介词不能在句子中独立充当一个成分,而需要与其后面的宾语相结合,成为介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。所以选用什么介词要根据其后面所接的宾语而定。但是,有时介词也受其前面用词的限制,因此,许多情况下也应根据介词前面的词确定用什么介词。
2.介词的宾语
介词的宾语可以是名词、代词或其他词类或句子等。例如:
名词:
The car ran into a wall,and two men were killed.
代词:
Wherever he went,he carried the photo with him.
疑问词引导从句:
She asked tobe informed of which university was the best for her.
3.介词的语法功能
介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分,构成介词短语。介词短语可以作定语(须后置)、状语、表语、宾语补足语、另一个介词的宾语,间或作主语等。例如:
The skyscraperin the distance is a five-star hotel.(定语)
Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语)
三、介词的固定搭配
在英语中固定搭配的介词词组和短语介词很多,平时需要加强记忆。此处讲解几个常见的动词与介词的固定搭配,并且就较容易混淆的介词搭配进行比较、分辨。
1.actas 担任 act for 代理
2.apply to 应用于,适合于,向申请 apply for 申请,要求
3.belong to 属于 belong in 住在,应该 belong with 应归于(类别,范畴等)
4.call on 号召,请求,拜访 call at 探访(at后接地方)call in 请医生,召集,收集 call to 高声呼唤(某人)
5.compare with 跟相比较 compare to 把比作,与相比
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