英语学习之语法的十一种时态与例子（一）

　　一、 非谓语动词

　　近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢?下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：

　　1、非谓语动词考查特点

　　1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断

　　对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：

　　All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

　　A. had been canceled B. have been canceled

　　C. were canceled D. having been canceled

　　四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。

　　2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择

　　谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：

　　① I dont mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A. you to delay making B. your delaying making

　　C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make

　　② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have

　　got in.

　　A. to close B. closing

　　C. to have closed D. having closed

　　③ Your hair wants ______ . Youd better have it done tomorrow.

　　A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut

　　这类题涉及三个方面：

　　谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词?

　　即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别?

　　不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式?

　　3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择

　　从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：

　　对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：

　　① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the citys

　　telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.

　　A. accomplished B. being accomplished

　　C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished

　　② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor

　　and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.

　　A. to correct B. correcting

　　C. having been corrected D. being corrected

　　同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。

　　对固定结构的考查，如：

　　① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his

　　arguments in favor of the new theory.

　　A. to be based on B. to base on

　　C. which to base on D. on which to base

　　② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it

　　also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

　　A. to compete B. competing

　　C. to be competed D. having competed

　　①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。

　　4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择

　　做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：

　　① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.

　　A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed

　　② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.

　　A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming

　　③ Realizing that he hadnt enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

　　A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not

　　④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.

　　A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed

　　从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：

　　状语类别的判断

　　不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。

　　非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系

　　根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。

　　非谓语动词的否定形式

　　not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。

　　 独立成分

　　有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:

　　generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

　　5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择

　　做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：

　　① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

　　A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed

　　② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory

　　dispute ______.

　　A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled

　　③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.

　　A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising

　　④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.

　　A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering

　　⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

　　A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating

　　⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the

　　audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated

　　考查涉及到

　　感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。

　　have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。

　　regard类后面的宾语补足语

　　with独立分句后面的

　　常用动词后面的宾语补足语。

　　6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择

　　表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：

　　① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the

　　mountain.

　　A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated

　　② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.

　　A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded

　　分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。

　　7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择

　　to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：

　　① I have no objection _______ your story again.

　　A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard

　　② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

　　A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal

　　③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager

　　of the company.

　　A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told

　　这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质;另一种是to在题干中，如③。

　　8) 分词前连词的使用

　　分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况

　　根据连词选择适当的分词形式

　　Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.

　　A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded

　　when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。