四级词汇课堂笔记第四课

　　第4课

　　主谓一致：指的就是给出主语，要求判断谓语动词是用单数还是复数的问题。

　　一、就近原则：

　　指句子的主语由两部分单词或短语构成时，由离谓语动词近的那部分主语来决定谓语动词的单复数。

　　只有当以下单词或短语连接主句的两部分时就近原则才适用：

　　1. or 或者; 2. either or 不是就是 ，或 3. neither nor 既不也不

　　4. not only but also 不但而且 5. not but 不是而是

　　例如：主语1 or 主语2 谓语动词。 此时由主语2决定谓语动词。

　　10. _C_ either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?

　　A Are B Where C Is D Does

　　如果题目改变为：Either he or his accountants ___ going 则应选A

　　二、句子谓语动词一定用复数的两种情况：

　　1. 集合名词做主语，集合名词没有复数形式，因为他本身就代表一个复数概念。

　　常见的几个复合名词： people 人民，人们; police 警察; cattle 牛; poultry 家禽。

　　2. 表示数量的复数名词 + 不可数名词，整体做主语时

　　例如：去年出口了八百万顿煤。 Eight million tons of coal were exported last year.

　　三、谓语动词一定用单数的六种情况：

　　1. 句子的主语是由从句充当的、动词不定式短语作主语、动名词短语作主语;

　　2. 表示时间、重量、长度、价值四方面的词做主语;

　　399. -- How many days?

　　0 -- Did you say that five days _C_ required to complete that work?

　　A are B were C was D is

　　3. 表示单数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词也用单数;

　　因为此结构中短语只是对主语提供附加说明情况，所以谓语动词也用单数。

　　当以下这些标志性的介词或介词短语出现在此结构中时可以不管中间的附加说明情况：

　　with, together with, like, except, besides, in addition to, rather than, as well as

　　注意：表示复数概念的主语，短语，谓语动词，此时谓语动词应用复数。

　　4. each, every, either, some, any, no，由以上六个词中任何一个所构成的复合代词作主语时;

　　some经常构成的三个复合代词：something, somebody, someone;

　　no经常构成的三个复合代词：nothing, nobody, no one; either of + 短语;

　　5. 通常由and连接两部分这种形式做主语谓语动词要用复数，但在以下两种情况下则应用单数;

　　1 and连接的两部分指的是同一事物;

　　2 and连接的两部分被no, each, every中任何一个词修饰时;

　　例如：每位男士和女士都要着装得体。 be supposed to do sth. 理应，应该做某事。

　　Every man and every woman is supposed to dress properly.

　　11. Many an airplane _B_ in the exhibition.

　　A are shown B has been shown C has shown D show them

　　many a 很多，相当于many; many a + 可数名词单数，做主语时谓语动词用单数。

　　6. many a + 可数名词单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数。

　　9. Not only Joan but her sisters _B_ the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.

　　A have known B know C knows D is knowing

　　not only but also 的一种变形形式，not only but

　　另一种变形形式not only but as well

　　combination n. 密码; combination to the safe 保险箱密码; securities有价证券。

　　-------------------------2000-01-------------------------

　　41. She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she _A_ too long.

　　A has been reading B had read C is reading D read

　　had read 过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。

　　has been reading 现在完成进行时：指某行为从过去一点到现在一直在进行。

　　42. Niagara Falls is a great tourist _B_, drawing millions of visitors every year.

　　A attention B attraction C appointment D arrangement

　　tourist attraction 旅游胜地; attention n. 注意力; appointment n. 委任的职位，约会;

　　date n. 日期，约会，枣;表示约会时指的是异性之间的私人约会。 arrangement n. 布置，安排

　　blind date 两人第一次见面的约会。 appointment 指公事性质的，比较正式的约会。

　　43. I dont mind _B_ the decision as long as it is not too late.

　　A you to delay making B your delaying making

　　C your delaying to make D you delay to make

　　mind 后要加动名词; delay v. 耽搁，延误(后面也要加动名词)

　　45. Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _A_ in Cuba.

　　A being cultivated B been cultivated C having cultivated D cultivating

　　46. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _C_ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　A having seated B seating C seated D having been seated

　　注意：seat是及物动词，及物动词用主动形式，后面要直接加宾语。

　　Be seated please. 请坐。 英语中只有及物动词才有被动语态。

　　47. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _B_ comfortably.

　　A is worn B wears C wearing D are worn

　　当wear表穿戴时，而句子的主语是被穿戴的东西时，wear是不及物动词，没有被动语态。

　　65. The coming of the railways in the 1830s _A_ our society and economic life.

　　A transformed B transported C transferred D transmitted

　　字根trans在四级中着重考的含义是从一个地方到另一个地方。

　　transform 改革，变革，改变; transport 运输; transfer 转移，移动;

　　transmit 传送，播送;疾病的传染，传播; transplant 移植。

　　48. Some diseases are _D_ by certain water animals.

　　A transplanted B transformed C transported D transmitted

　　49. Wouldnt you rather your child _B_ to bed early?

　　A go B went C would go D goes

　　would rather的两种用法：1 would rather + 动词原形;

　　2 would rather + 句子(句子谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气)。

　　50. Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _B_ will happen to her private life.

　　A that B what C it D this

　　51. The words of his old teacher left a _C_ impression on his mind. He is still influenced by them.

　　A long B lively C lasting D liberal

　　52. Mikes uncle insists _D_ in this hotel.

　　A staying not B not to stay C that he would not stay D that he not stay

　　insist的两种用法：1 insist on 坚持，坚决要求;

　　2 insist + that引导的从句(从句谓语动词为 + 动词原形)

　　53. We agree to accept _D_ they thought was the best tourist guide.

　　A whatever B whomever C whichever D whoever

　　they thought是插入语，可以不看; tourist guide 导游。

　　56. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful _C_ it forces people to test relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.

　　A by which B to which C in that D so that

　　句子的意思是：如果冲突以后能回家反省一下自己是好事情。

　　in that 因为; conflict n. 冲突; relative merits 相比较而言的优点; so that 以至于。

　　57. He is _A_ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.

　　A optimistic B optional C outstanding D obvious

　　optimistic adj. 乐观的; pessimistic adj. 悲观的; be optimistic about 对持乐观态度。

　　optional adj. 随意的，任选的，非强制性的; optional courses 选修课;

　　outstanding adj. 卓越的，杰出的; obvious adj. 明显的。

　　58. Sometimes I wish I _B_ in a different time and a different place.

　　A be living B were living C would live D would have lived

　　wish后加的句子一定要用虚拟语气。

　　与现在事实相反，wish后的句子经常用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

　　59. The director was critical _C_ the way we were doing the work.

　　A at B in C of D with

　　be critical of 对...爱挑剔的，批评。

　　60. In a sudden _B_ of anger, the man tore up everything within reach.

　　A attack B burst C split D blast

　　within reach 够得着; out of reach 够不着; burst 爆发，迸发;

　　burst可以与很多词语搭配表示突然发作：

　　1 能与人的情绪(喜、怒、哀、乐)搭配; 2 能与掌声、笑声搭配。

　　61. _D_ she realized it was too late to go home.

　　A No sooner it grew dark than B Hardly did it grow dark that

　　C Scarcely had it grown dark than D It was not until dark that

　　no sooner在句首时句子要用部分倒装;hardly要与when搭配;scarcely也要与when搭配。

　　62. In Britain people _C_ four million tons of potatoes every year.

　　A swallow B dispose C consume D exhaust

　　swallow 吞，咽; dispose 去掉，处理，安排; consume 消费，消耗; consumer 消费者;

　　exhaust 将资源消耗殆尽;如果与人在一个句子中搭配则表示使人精疲力竭。

　　63. Id _A_ his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community, and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.

　　A take into account B account for C make up for D make out

　　take into account 考虑; make up for 弥补，补偿。

　　65. She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it _D_ enough to eat.

　　A mild B slight C light D tender

　　mild adj. 不辣的; hot adj. 辣的; extra hot 极辣的;

　　light adj. 清淡的，容易消化的;蛋糕点心等松软的; muffin n. 松饼;

　　slight adj. 轻微的，少量的; tender adj. 肉嫩的。

　　steak n. 牛排;rare 三成熟的;medium 七成熟的;well-done 全熟的;medium rare 五成熟。

　　66. We take our skin for granted until it is burned _A_ repair.

　　A beyond B for C without D under

　　take sth. for granted 把什么事当成理所当然的而不重视; beyond prep. 超出 的范围。

　　67. The computer revolution may well change society as _C_ as did the Industrial Revolution.

　　A certainly B insignificantly C fundamentally D comparatively

　　certainly 当然的，确定无疑的(主观思想较浓厚); insignificantly 没有意义的，无足轻重的;

　　comparatively 相比较而言的; fundamentally 根本性的，从本质上来说。

　　68. _C_ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.

　　A To look at B Looking at C Looked at D To be looked at

　　70. Some women _D_ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

　　A must make B should have made C would make D could have made

　　for the sake of为了为了的利益;

　　与过去事实相反时用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词;

　　should have + 动词过去分词，表示本应该

　　-------------------------1997-06-------------------------

　　32. You cannot be _B_ careful when you drive a car.

　　A very B too C so D enough

　　cannot too 在也不为过，越越好。

　　34. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _A_ the color of his skin.

　　A regardless of B in the light of C by virtue of D with the exception of

　　35. Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full _B_.

　　A strength B capacity C length D possibility

　　strength n. 力量，体力，实力; capacity n. 才能，才智(能力方面)。

　　38. The old couple decided to _C_ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

　　A adapt B bring C adopt D receive

　　39. The government is trying to do something to _D_ better understanding between the two countries.

　　A raise B increase C heighten D promote

　　promote better understanding 增进理解。

　　40. The newspaper did not mention the _A_ of the damage caused by the fire.

　　A extent B level C range D quantity

　　extent作核心名词，表示到程度了，介词用to。

　　41. The soldier was _A_ of running away when the enemy attacked.

　　A accused B charged C scolded D punished

　　be accused of 被指控，被职责; be charged with 被指控。

　　42. Had he worked harder, he _D_ the exams.

　　A must have got through B could get through

　　C would get through D would have got through

　　had he worked harder = if he had worked harder

　　与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词的过去分词。

　　45. It seems oil _B_ from this pipe for some time. Well have to take the machine apart to put it right.

　　A had leaked B has been leaking C leaked D is leaking

　　for + 一段时间，做时间状语，谓语动词用完成时态。过去完成时要与一般过去时搭配。

　　46. When he arrived, he found _C_ the aged and the sick at home.

　　A nothing but B none other C none but D no other than

　　形容词前加the表示一类人。 none but 只有，仅有。

　　47. The pressure _B_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

　　A competing B to compete C to be competed D having competed

　　the right to vote 选举权。 动词不定式作后置定语要用主动形式。

　　the pressure to compete 竞争的压力。

　　49. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think _C_.

　　A have to be said B must say C ought to be said D need to say

　　50. Once environmental damage _A_, it takes many years for the system to recover.

　　A is done B is to do C does D has done

　　51. Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, _B_ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.

　　A as for B such as C in case of D in view of

　　contribute to 对做出贡献。

　　52. He will agree to do what you require _D_ him.

　　A for B from C to D of

　　require sth. of sb. 要求某人做某事。

　　53. The mere fact _A_ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

　　A that B which C what D why

　　fact后面要加同位语从句。

　　54. John seems nice person. _C_, I dont trust him.

　　A Even though B Therefore C Even so D Though

　　even so 即便如此，尽管如此。

　　55. I dont think it advisable that Tom _A_ to the job since he has no experience.

　　A be assigned B will be assigned C is assigned D has been assigned

　　advisable后面加句子要用虚拟语气，形式为：(should)+ 动词原形。

　　56. _D_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

　　A Other things to be equal B Were other things equal

　　C To be equal to other things D Other things being equal

　　B项如果不省略if应为：If other things were equal

　　如果从句用虚拟语气，主句也必须用虚拟语气形式。

　　other things being equal 在这里是独立主格做条件状语。

　　57. _C_ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.

　　A For B Since C Now D Despite

　　注意以下三个后面加句子的表达形式：

　　1 in that 由于，因为; 2 now that 既然，由于; 3 except that 除了之外。

　　59. By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular _B_ children as Coca-Cola.

　　A for B with C to D in

　　be popular with + 人的群体 受欢迎。

　　60. Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _A_ his opinion.

　　A stuck to B strove for C stuck at D stood for

　　be convinced of 深信，确信; stick to 坚持; strive for 力求，拼命争取。

　　Dont strive for perfection. 不要凡是都力求达到完美状态。

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　　48. Its no use _B_ me not to worry.

　　A you tell B your telling C for you to have told D having told

　　Its no use + 动名词。 动名词的复合结构，宾格(形容词性物主代词)+ 动名词。

　　52. If it _A_ too much trouble, Id love a cup of tea.

　　A isnt B wasnt C werent D hadnt been

　　一般日常用语，用一般时。

　　56. She was glad that her success would ___ for the women who would follow.

　　A make things easier B make it easier C be easier D be easier to make

　　make for 导致，促成;朝某个方向前进，走向那里。

　　不要选有代词指代不明的选项。 A项中的things指的是境况，境遇。

　　60. We object _C_ punishing a whole group for one persons fault.

　　A against B about C to D for

　　68. The newest satellite can _A_ a thousand telephone conversations and a color TV program at the same time.

　　A carry B extend C bring D take

　　carry vt. 传送，传输; extend vt. 延伸，延续(extend to 延伸到，延续到)。

　　fetch vt. 去拿来，去请来，去叫来; fetch water 打水。

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　　41. The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts _B_.

　　A are producing B are produced C produced D being produced

　　48. _A_ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree.

　　A To become B Become C One become D On becoming

　　masters degree 硕士学位; 当介词on后面加动词ing形式时表示时间概念在之后。

　　49. The little man was _C_ more than one metre fifty tall.

　　A nearly B quite C hardly D almost

　　hardly more than 不足，不到。

　　36. The little man was _B_ one metre fifty high.

　　A almost more than B hardly more than C nearly more than D as much as

　　53. Medical care reform has become this countrys most important public health _C_.

　　A question B stuff C matter D issue

　　matter 事物，事情; question 有疑而问，并且有待回答的问题;

　　questions and answers Q A 问与答; issue n. 问题(强调的是政治方面的问题)。

　　1999年前，台湾问题Taiwan issue;1999年后，台湾问题Taiwan question，态度转变。

　　60. If you dont like to swim, you _B_ stay at home.

　　A should as well B may as well C can as well D would as well

　　may as well 还是，到不如。

　　70. They are teachers and dont realize _A_ to start and run a company.

　　A what it takes B what takes it C what they take D what takes them

　　start and run a company 创立并经营一家公司。

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　　23. A healthy life is frequently thought to be _D_ with the open countryside and homegrown food.

　　A tied B bound C involved D associated

　　be involved with 牵涉，卷入; be associated with 与...相关，联系起来。

　　homegrown food 自家种的食品; wine 葡萄酒; house wine 自家的酒。

　　33. The traditional approach _A_ with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.

　　A to dealing B in dealing C dealing D to deal

　　approach n. 方式，方法; approach to + 动名词。

　　43. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _C_?

　　A we are going home B we go home C we went home D we can go home

　　its about time后面加句子，要用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。

　　44. Lightning is a _A_ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.

　　A rush B rainbow C rack D ribbon

　　rush n. 冲撞，冲击，撞击; rainbow n. 彩虹，幻想; rack n. 支架，挂架;

　　ribbon n. 缎带，丝带，绒带。

　　46. Ive already told you that Im going to buy it, _A_.

　　A however much it costs B however does it costs much

　　C how much does it cost D no matter how it costs

　　however在这里不表示转折，而是句子的引导词，这种情况下它相当于：no matter how。

　　意思是，我已经决定要买了，不管多少钱。

　　47. New York _A_ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000,000 pounds this year.

　　A ranked B occupied C arranged D classified