找不到好的英语六级听力练习材料?绝对是你的不二选择。大家平时多用英语磨耳朵,时间长了英语六级听力绝对会有很大的提高。
英语六级听力练习:标准3.26 点击收听
A Harvard professor said developing countries were forced down an economic path in the 20th Century that lacked innovation, entrepreneurship and technology. As a result, he said, they had stunted development, while many other nations prospered.
Professor Calestous Juma tells the story of dueling economic theories. One based on new ideas and risk taking, and the other on pessimism and ignorance.
Its a story of the haves and have nots. Juma is professor of the Practice of International Development and Faculty Chair of the Innovation for Economic Development Executive Program.
In 1911, an Austrian economist by the name of Joseph Schumpeter published a book called The Theory of Economic Development, which proposed that economies grow over time through innovation. Through new combinations that involved the application of new technologies. And this book became really a standard on how to think about economic transformation through the use of technology and entrepreneurship, he said.
Juma said Schumpeter took a different view on what was needed for robust economic growth.
It was new because up to that point people believed that economies grew because of extraction of natural resources not because of application of technologies. It was also new because he proposed that the use of new technologies resulted in revolutionary changes in economic systems.
Schumpeter, he said, based his theory on what he saw happening in developed nations.
He made the observation by looking at the impact of railroads in Europe and America. So, rich nations were already doing it, but it had not been explained in a clear and explicit way, which had to do with this idea of introducing new combinations in the economy, which [are] technological combinations -- but also the recognition that these new technological transformations were being driven by entrepreneurs. So entrepreneurship became a very central part of his thinking.
Professor Juma said new industries develop through whats called creative destruction.
His idea was that when you introduce, say, railroads in a community, which didnt have railroads before, so theyre using stage coaches, railroads will destroy stage coaches. That industry will disappear, but it will create a new industry, which is a faster industry with a greater opportunity for economic expansion. If you think of it in modern times, if we introduce downloading of music, it destroys CDs. So, its destructive to the CDs, but it creates new industries, which is downloading of music, he said.
Such developments are common today. But many economists in the 20th Century thought the developing world was not ready for Schumpeters ideas.
Juma said, So the critics said emerging economies dont have new technologies. Secondly, he said, the agent of change is [the] entrepreneur. Then they argued that the entrepreneur is not the biggest player in poor economies you need big government. You need bureaucracies. And thirdly, he put a lot of emphasis on industrial production. His critics said what the poor want is not production. They want consumption. So we give them some products that have been developed elsewhere. But it doesnt make sense to enable them to produce themselves.
Juma does not think racism was behind their beliefs, but rather pessimism about developing countries.
Because they looked at them and said theyre so poor, we cannot possibly give them the latest technologies because they are not even able to absorb them. So lets find them older technologies. So, I dont think it was racism. I think it was a mindset that was more colored by pessimism and less by an appreciation that even poor countries are able to solve their own problems when given a chance, he said.
Instead, they were given so-called -- appropriate technologies. Juma said instead of a modern water supply with sewers, they were told to dig wells. Instead of building modern electric grids, they were given fuel efficient stoves.
During the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many doubted African nations had the capability to distribute and administer antiretroviral drugs. And as a result, they said the drugs could not be effective. African nations proved them wrong.
Again that was another example of pessimism. Of saying theres really very little you can do for these countries because they dont have the infrastructure. The same infrastructure they had been denied from building in the first place, said Juma.
In the 20th Century, many had thought Ghana had the potential to become an economic powerhouse that it would become what South Korea is today.
Juma said, Its very interesting you bring up the case of Ghana because Ghana at independence got a foreign economic advisor a Nobel Laureate in economics Arthur Lewis. He was one of the critics of Schumpeter, who did not believe that a country like Ghana was capable of transforming itself technologically, whereas South Korea was able to do that. At that time, there wasnt a big difference between South Korea and Ghana.
Juma recommends giving priority to innovation, technical and engineering fields, transformative infrastructure and entrepreneurship.
The Harvard professor is working on a new book containing his ideas. It has the tentative title of How Economies Succeed: Innovation and the Wealth of Nations. Its due out in 2015.
中考英语 完型阅读 语法听力高分窍门
初中英语完型填空做出高分要诀
17岁英语奇才 拿下美国高考SAT满分
初中英语阅读理解中细节事实题怎么做?
怎样巧记初中英语不规则动词
不是最勤奋不是最聪明的中考英语高分学生谈
攻克初中英语阅读理解之如何高效阅读
中考英语阅读理解高分策略 名师讲解
独家:中考英语完型填空考查哪些内容?
2009年海淀区中考英语教研重点句型汇总
听力提高"有法可依" 突破6大法
英语听力中遇到陌生单词的处理技巧
小升初一新生常见不适表现 首位为英语成绩下滑
初中英语易混词组、词辨析
暑期英语学习 提高在家学习的效率法
初中英语阅读与表达最后一题怎么答?
过来人口述初中英语暑期学习和生活计划
初三英语学习如何规划才能在中考中获得高分?
看09中考短语归纳及练习 提早知道10年中考方向
独家:中考英语完型填空特点
中考英语交际口语易错题10例详解
中考英语118分 学生分享英语学习绝招
中学生练习纯正英语发音实战方法
如何上好初中英语阅读课?
牢记八个秘诀说“完美”的英语口语
初中英语学习心得 如何利用网络来学习
中考英语116分 只靠勤奋细心和好心态
初中英语阅读理解24字真经 名师归纳
2010年中考英语必备的学习资料推荐
英语网独家:初中英语易错知识点归类题77个
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |