GRE作文提纲指导（1）

　　40Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.

　　部分同意

　　1、在科学研究结束以前，研究成果对社会的贡献是不确定的，所以不需要太关心

　　The discovery of electricity is a case in point. When the scientist first found the phenomena of electricity, some reporters asked him to predict the potential use of it. The scientist replied like this: could you predict the contribution of a man when he was just a baby? As time passes, electricity becomes one of the fundamental factors in peoples everyday life in modern world.

　　2、许多科学家凭自己的兴趣研究，最后成果仍然对社会有益

　　兴趣激发的研究更有动力，且容易成功

　　Einstein Albert who simply put his effort in the theoretical physics eventually promoted the advances in natural science. Watt James who just interested in the mechanism of the steam engine eventually propelled the Industrial Revolution in the eighteen century.

　　3、当然科学家也要考虑到研究对社会可能的影响

　　纳税人的钱;对社会有危害的研究

　　And their research should not cause serious problems in society. Clone of Human is an example. Although some scientists have strong interests in cloning human beings, they should not do that, because such research will cause many problems in ethics and morality.

　　 学者和研究人员不应该关注他们的工做是否对社会有所贡献; 他们追求自己个人的兴趣更为重要，无论那些兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊。

　　Prcis Syllabus:

　　许多人认为科学和研究应当为整个社会服务，并根据这个原因得出研究者和学者都应当尽可能的从事相对来说更有利于社会的研究。尽管这个观点表面上看似乎正确，但是争论却因为对于 contribute的这个词的不同看法而引起了，因为在人类社会中并没有统一的标准用来衡量什么学科要比另一些学科 contributes more to the human society. 因此，让科学家们根据自己的兴趣进行研究最最好的解决上述问题的方法。

　　Many people argue that scholars and researchers should make their contribution to the issues that may contribute most to the human society rather than to select the resear ch fields by their own interest. This statement seems rati onal at first glance; however, an precarious situation has been appeared from the different identifications of the term contributio n because different people have different comprehension toward the standards of this term. In order to preclude the confusions of the above argument, many people states that providin g the scholars and researchers with the opportunity to select their research fields should benefit the evolution of human world in the long run.

　　1、 首先，不可否认，确实有一些学科能够对当时社会发展起显著的推动作用。甚至一些学科就是为了解决社会问题而出现的，这些学科能够在短期内让整个社会受益，因此许多的政府和国际机构都投入了足够的资源和政策帮助科学家们从事这类的科学研究。比如，许多科学家们正在研究解决大气污染问题的方法，为了尽可能的减少大气污染对于人类生活的影响但在一段很长的时间里，判断什么样的研究最有利于社会的长远发展几乎不可能。

　　2、 正如经常被提到的，科学研究的主要目的是帮助人类认识他们所未知的事物，从这个观点出发，几乎所有的研究都是有利于社会的人们认识世界并能够帮助人们利用探索得到的知识改造世界的。比如，当年伽利略的自由落体定律，似乎并没有解决当时社会的任何问题，但是却成为后人发展物理学的基础并对人类社会的发展发挥了重要的作用。

　　3、 对于许多的科学家们来说，兴趣可能是他们选择研究课题的重要因素。首先，个人兴趣能够让科学家们更热衷于所从事的研究，相比之下，如果他们被迫选择一些他们并不感兴趣的 fields 研究不光会在短期内耗尽他们的积极性，而且还会很容易造成研究中的失误和疏忽。其次，科学家们很据自己兴趣选择研究领域能够让富有创新性和远见的科学家从事有利于人类社会长远发展的课题，并能够保持社会长期稳定的发展。相反，如果让所有的科学家从事几个有限数量的学科，虽然可能很快的解决社会问题，但是对未来的发展是有不利影响的。

　　总之，任何科学家和学者都有选择喜欢研究的领域的权力，就像任何人都有选择穿自己喜欢衣服的权力一样。所有的科学研究从长远看都是有用的，不光包括那些新兴的用于解决短期社会问题的学科，同样也包含unusual or idiosyncratic fields of research.

　　不管科学家兴趣

　　一、确实不该限制，列举理由，但需要引导

　　二、科学是智慧的结晶 Science is the result of intellect, which acts best when left unfettered.

　　1.人的nature是追求自由，若限制自由，在 physically, spiritedly confined,less creative

　　2. 研究是个艰难的过程

　　3.科学家讨厌被干涉

　　4.the advance of knowledge would be fastest,如果不是受 unitary conception决定的话

　　5.文革

　　三、我们通常不知道结果 one of the characteristics of research involves uncertainty that renders the results unforeseeable.

　　1.我们认为 contributable 的不见得，但科学家的却可能 greatness

　　2. Cold War，科学家被强制研究武器

　　四、限于当代人水平，可能不能被认同 history informs us that a lot of greatness, beyond peoples ken, cannot be recognized by its contemporary society, stemming from limitation of traditions and conventional wisdom.

　　1.Mendel， Keynes

　　五、但是需要被引导 we have to assign priority to the most profitable research on the basis of the scant resources

　　1.为了利用我们不具备的知识，Talents should be guided, but not by what people think they ought to do, but by the value others attach on the results which scientists aim

　　2. 诺贝尔奖就是个好例子，没有 regulate interest，但guide, social needs

　　40T Scholars and researchers should not be concer ned with whether their wo rk makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem.

　　对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊

　　① 从现实来看，能够立马 apply to reality 的学科确实能得到更多的资助。如：法学、商学

　　② 但从长期来看，谁能说清楚什么是有贡献的?Who is to decide which areas of academic inquiry are worthwhile? Scholars cannot be left to decide; nor can regulators and legislators. 现在看起来没什么用将来可能有大用处。如：Einstein 发展了 the principle relativity, the quantum theory, 当时没用，现在奠定了当代物理学的基础。以及发端自数学的 game theory

　　③ 在自己感兴趣的领域做事，科学家们更容易出成果。By human nature we are motivated to pursue those activities in which we excel. A enthusiasm B excel

　　Not for Edisons sustained work, we wouldnt have benefited so much from his marvelous inventions.