一、段数量:2~4段之间,一段含4~8个句子
二、TOPIC SENTENCE内参4页
三、过渡句,承上启下
l firstsecondThird
l In the first placein the second placelast but not least
l The major problem with this argument is that
Another problem that weakens/ undermines(削弱)the logic of this argument is that
Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw(several other flaws) that undermines the argument.
四、攻击的方法:
例证法:for example / instance
假设法:if, even if, given that(考虑到),granted that(姑且承认),only when (只有当),unless, in this / that case, even so
Unless the arguer provides substantial evidence regarding / concerning / as to, the assumption thatis unfounded / problematic / unconvincing
推测法:it is possible that, it is equally possible that, another possibility is that, it is also likely thatpossibly, perhaps
五、运用闪光句型增加文采:P 88
六、数据的问题:
Begging the question把有待证实的关键性假设当作已经成立
Circular reasoning循环论证P35 2, P44 37, P53 73
2. Fallacy of missing evidence
Hasty generalization急于概括
Neglect a relevant evidence忽略相关证据
P51 66, P48 56
3. False analogy只看到表层差异,而忽略深层差异
P63 112, P42 29
4. False dilemma / either or fallacy非此即彼的错误
P59 96, P43 34
5. Non sequitor = non causal relationship
P50 62, P52 70
闪光句型:
In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us
to evaluatethat
However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding
It is very likely that
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