Before the 1850s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.
Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----Harvard, Yale, Columbia---and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professors own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.
At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.
生病
体坛英语资讯:Finnish Veteren soccer defender Hyypiae to retire
爸爸的生日
体坛英语资讯:Li Na eases past second round in Madrid Masters
体坛英语资讯:Higgins wins fourth title at snooker worlds
妈妈,您辛苦了
离群的小鸡
体坛英语资讯:Real assistant coach complains referees decisions at Champions League
体坛英语资讯:Paralyzed Chinese gymnast reports sexual harassment case to US police
体坛英语资讯:World Cup final ref Webb to reign United-Chelsea match
体坛英语资讯:Pistorius flies with eagles to take early lead at Investec Royal Swazi Open
等妈妈
小白兔和小松鼠
评选五星级少先队员
我熟悉的一种植物
让座
体坛英语资讯:Barca and Madrid both lose, but Barca can be champions next week
体坛英语资讯:Xavi critical of Real Madrid ahead of Champions League return leg
过冬
体坛英语资讯:Inter, Napoli steal late wins
吃特产
小兔和小松鼠
体坛英语资讯:Barcelona qualify for Champions League final
学放风筝
体坛英语资讯:Mourinho: Its my fault we lost
给爸爸的一封信
体坛英语资讯:S. African rugby coach complains of biased overseas
我的文具盒
读《蚂蚁报恩》后感
体坛英语资讯:AC Milan within one point of Seria A title
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |