k) 其他:
An individuals greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a persons greatness are people who belong to a later time.
l) 科学和社会都是不断发展的,从前认为是真理的以后也许就是错误的,一个人的成就与贡献需要时间来显现它是否伟大,是否有价值。比如DDT当初被发现时侯,因为它对害虫有很好的效果pesticide,Milluer获得了诺贝尔奖.但是现在人们的研究认为DDT的杀虫效果远低于它对环境和人造成的损害,到处都有DDT的残留。比如哥白尼的日心说当时被人物是对的,但是现在的天文知识证明太阳仅仅是太阳系solar system的中心,并不是宇宙的中心。
m) 当少数杰出的人有勇气打破旧框架提出新理论或者新的艺术风格时,一般很难被当时的流行观点所接受。比如Wegener提出板块漂移plate tectonics and continental drift。Monet的印象派impressionism当时突破了传统的绘画风格,饱受评论家的批评,但是后来证明他把印象主意推向了顶峰。
n) 但也有很多伟人是在他的时代就被认可的,当代人比如Nash,他的Nash Equilibrium对经济学的研究起到了极大的推动作用,获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。比如Watson和Crick发现了double helix结构,获得了科学界的承认与荣誉
The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.
When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.
o) 首先必须承认我们对于过去的了解只能通过史料,包括古代建筑,文学作品,民间传说,留存的艺术作品等等来完成。从这个角度说历史的确是一种创造性的事业。比如通过兵马俑terracotta warriors and horses来推算秦朝军队的作战方式,根据他们的穿着,他们的排列和残留的兵器,但是很多的东西由于长时间在地下都腐烂了,不能完全的展现当时的的样子
p) 但是这并不意味着它不追求客观,实事上,历史必须是建立在事实的基础上的,而且这种推断是由客观规律和依据的,否则它就是myth了。每个朝代每个时期有自己独特的文化,科技水平,生活方式,这些都唯一的代表了一个时代。比如现代人生活中的手机,电脑,家里的电视如果千年以后都可以被认为是这个时代的产物。因此,探索历史是一种对于客观的追求。
q) 与讲故事不同,故事是没有根据的,认为加工的,是为了表达人的一种希望而产生的。比如格林童话,Green Fairy Tale,都是作者思想的成果,并没有故事里的事情。而历史始终是有根据的,有资料作为依据的,不能等同于讲故事。
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